CHDV 3210 Final

In California: Benefits are payable for a maximum of 6 weeks during a 12 month period. For claims beginning on or after January 1, 2016, weekly benefits range from $50 to a maximum of $1,129. Your weekly benefit amount is approximately 55 percent of your earnings up to a maximum weekly benefit amount California Paid Leave Program after January 1, 2018. - AB 908 will increase weekly benefits for eligible employees to 60% or in some cases 70% of the employees' weekly wages

Are family leaves even guaranteed?

c. Neighborhood violence

Community policing is one way to reduce... a. Gentrification b. Affirmative action c. Neighborhood violence d. Homelessness rates

b. Situational couple violence

Esther and Oscar are typically a happy couple and rarely fight. However, after a big argument, the conflict continued and escalated to violence. What type of partner violence is being displayed in this example? a. Intimate partner violence b. Situational couple violence c. Isolation d. Coercion

Religion has the potential to shape and strengthen families over the long term - Places primary focus on sanctity and importance of family and marriage -Viable support systems (e.g., parenting classes, family enrichment programs, counseling, friendships, etc.) -Behavioral prescriptions and lifestyle values - Higher adolescent religiosity less problem behaviors, substance abuse, and delinquency - Religious based coping - Feeling love and protected, having a sense of control through prayer & ritual

How can Religion can a protective mechanism for families?

There is some evidence that children exposed to community violence on a repetitive, ongoing basis can suffer cognitive impairments that lead to poor academic achievement and school failure.

How can exposure to violence influence school achievement?

The existence and degree of intersections depend on how wages are measured, which groups are compared, and how the relationships are modeled.

How can intersectionality be applied to gender?

Religion also contributes prevention efforts through congregational outreach to the community - 90% of U.S. congregations have programs directed at community needs - Outreach tends to be directed toward at-risk families and children - Programs for social and educational outreach efforts --> E.g., reducing violence and enrichment

How can religion be seen as prevention in the community?

- 80% of Fortune 500 companies only accept job applications, which creates a barrier to job applications - internet also affect education equity and access

How can the internet be a hindrance to access to jobs?

There is evidence that shows car access improves employment, wages, and earnings, and access to safe neighborhoods with good schools and environment quality.

How can the lack of transportation be a hindrance to access to jobs?

This is a label ascribed to the practice of dividing students into ability groups (high, average, or low achievers) so that students receive curriculum tailored for the college, vocational, or general path

How do we find differences within schools through academic tracking and ability grouping?

We can limit size of cities by setting boundaries or develop rural areas to make them more attractive and reduce congestion in urban areas.

How do we improve urban areas?

This was meant to protect residential property owners at a time when home values in California were increasingly rapid, by capping poverty taxes. This ended up helping commercial properties NOT homeowners. There was a loss of revenue and led to disproportionality in funding across neighborhoods.

How does Prop 13 contribute to the Academic Achievement Gap?

Childcare expenditures represent a heavy burden for families with few economic resources.

How does childcare affect lower-income families?

An increased risk of externalizing behaviors (e.g. aggression) among children exposed to repetitive violence also has been documented. In Forman-Smith and Tolan's (1998) Chicago study, violence exposure in boys predicted current aggression after accounting for earlier aggression.

How does exposure to violence lead to externalizing behaviors?

Increased misconduct in the lower-track classrooms could be a function of boredom. Misconduct is correlated with prison entry.

How does one end up on the School to Prison pipeline?

This creates self-fulfilling prophecy where teachers have lower expectations for students in lower tracked classes. Low teacher and students expectations are a critical component.

How does similar learning environments create or predetermined expectations lead to "self-fulfilling prophecy?"

Social and education inequities based on race, class, and gender ex. Jim Crow Laws

How does the Historical Debt contribute to the Academic Achievement Gap?

Exclusion of People of Color from the Civic process ex. Former voting laws

How does the Sociopolitical Debt contribute to the Academic Achievement Gap?

Events in the local neighborhood involving crime, weapons use, and violence or potential violence perpetrated by people outside of the immediate family.

How is Community Violence defined?

This was developed by using a formula based on food consumption patterns.

How is poverty index measured?

It varies by family size and is updated every year. Poverty guidelines are simplified for program administration.

How is poverty threshold varied?

Religious organization, especially those in urban areas, have a vested interest in revitalizing neighborhoods and communities - Religious leaders have led large movements for social action --> E.g., Martin Luther King Jr. mobilized religious organizations in black churches

How is religion in urban areas seen as empowerment force?

It is attained in three ways: 1. Positive adaptation under high-risk environment 2. Recovery from trauma 3. Competent functioning in the face of chronic or acute life stressors

How is resilience defined?

b. Jamal should report the incident if he feels there is reasonable suspicion that another child is a potential victim of this abuse

Jamal was a former victim of child abuse. Now as a 20 year adult attending college, he is coming to terms with this experience and wants to report the abuser. What would you recommend Jamal to do? a. Jamal should report the incident, the abuser will definitely go to jail for their actions even if it's years later b. Jamal should report the incident if he feels there is reasonable suspicion that another child is a potential victim of this abuse c. Jamal should just forget about it, the incident happened years ago and there's nothing anyone can do

a. Attachment theory

Lesley did not have a secure relationship with her parents. Twenty years later, she struggles with building a bond with her partner and often times falls victims of her partner's physical abuse. What theory is more likely to explain this type of family violence? a. Attachment theory b. Family Systems Theory c. Control Theory d. Social Learning Theory

1. Capital 2. Life Chances 3. Social Mobility

SES impacts and is impacted by what?

d. All of the above

Social mobility depends on... a. Individual characteristics (e.g., intelligence) b. Opportunity structures (e.g., a university) c. Frictional Factors (e.g., luck) d. All of the above

c. Modified comprehensive reform

The Thomas Pappas School highlighted in class provides homeless students with busing services, psychological services, food programs, and other services beyond school hours. What type of homeless education reform is being applied at this school? a. Transitional reform b. Supplemental support reform c. Modified comprehensive reform d. None of these

True

True or False: An example of power resources theory is a union mobilizing voters to even power relations.

b. False

True or False: Early Head Start is a child care subsidy program that serves children from birth to 10 years old. a. True b. False

False

True or False: Gentrification decreases property values making it easier for lower income individuals to buy a home

True

True or False: Research shows that around half of women who were abused by their partners ended up staying in their relationship.

False

True or False: Structural strain theory indicates that broad societal imbalances and inequalities contribute to the togetherness and collaboration of certain groups within highly disadvantaged communities.

True

True or False: Voter fraud in the United States is quite rare with few cases actually being convicted.

d. Control Theory

Tyler is married to Vanessa and frequently uses coercion and isolation to assert his power over his wife. He is very controlling and thrives from maintaining power in his relationship. What theory explains this type of family violence? a. Exosystem Factor Theory b. Attachment Theory c. Family Systems Theory d. Control Theory

This type of school receives government funding but operates independently of the established state school system in which it is located. This offers "school choice"

What are Charter Schools?

These are designed to support both paternal employment and child development by lowering to cost of child care and making high-quality child care affordable to low-income families. High quality child care promotes child development, as it provides children the opportunity to learn and develop.

What are child care subsidies?

Family influences include: 1. Low parental monitoring 2. Poor parental relationships 3. Disorganized family structure 4. Gang association of family members --> Gang members often report that their family members, such as siblings, cousins, and uncles, are also gang members, but that membership is rarely deliberately passed down directly from parents to children

What are family predictors of joining a gang?

Magnet programs are meant to integrate students from different neighborhoods.

What are magnet programs?

This is associated with: 1. emotional and behavior problems, among young people 2. substance abuse 3. anxiety, depression, and post-traumatic stress disorder

What are neighborhood and community violence associated with?

- nationwide, the majority of gang members are males. - Some individual factors found to be associated with gang membership include: 1. Delinquency 2. Frequent alcohol and drug use 3. Low guild/remorse

What are predictors of joining a gang?

- Strong social skills - A supportive family (e.g parental monitoring, warmth and control) - connections with religion/religious institutions - all factors that make adolescents less likely to seek gang affiliation than their peers.

What are protective factors of joining a gang?

1. child care 2. family leave 3. quit your job or resume not working 4. have a family member to take care of your child.

What are some options for child care?

- creates pressure for resources and social service - public systems cannot handle so many people because: 1. may create unemployment 2. increased crime rate 3. inadequate housing 4. pollution 5. traffic

What are some problems of urbanization?

1. Criminal Justice System Partnerships - e.g mentoring programs for prior offenders 2. City-council partnerships - e.g Gang or violence-reduction funds for agencies to develop gang prevention programs 3. School partnerships - e.g. funding safe and drug free schools 4. Faith community partnerships 5. Neighborhood partnership - e.g. community policing strategies

What are some strategic partnerships and interventions to reduce neighborhood violence?

1. Parental Participation in school related activities 2. Parental Encouragement of positive school behaviors 3. Parental expectations for achievement and attainment

What are some types of Parental Involvement?

Separate but Equal

What are the Jim Crow Laws?

Children tend to earn higher grades, have better school attendance, and have few discipline problems.

What are the benefits of parental involvement?

Pros: brings more efficiency and convenience to a community Cons: drives up prices, especially real estate, which can force original residents to move to less-desirable neighborhoods.

What are the pros and cons of urbanization?

1. Schools help eliminate inequality 2. Schools help transform society 3. Schools are spaces of opportunity and increasing equity

What are the three perspectives on school and education?

They can adapt parenting strategies to limit the influence of neighborhood violence like increase monitoring efforts. They can also organize effectors to protect children on their way to school.

What can parents do to lessen exposure to violence?

These are defined as densely developed residential, commercial and other nonresidential areas. This surrounds a city and are very developed. There is a density of human structures such as houses, commercial buildings, roads, bridges, and railways. They can also refer to towns, cities, and suburbs.

What defines an urban neighborhood?

This suggest that race and gender intersect in the labor market to produce unequal outcomes.

What does Approaches to intersectionality suggest?

- Economic: money - Social: who you know and your societal privileges - Cultural: educational and intellectual (e.g. linguistic capital), understanding of what is required in a particular context - Psychological: positive emotions, confidence, and self-efficacy

What does Capital include?

This refers to movement to a different occupation within a similar social class, or to residential or geographic mobility

What does Horizontal Social Mobility refer to?

This refers to the chances an individual has throughout his or her life cycle to live and experience things in life. --> accumulate over time --> can positively or negatively impact the individual - Social stratification systems also place individuals and families in different social locations and establish a set of life chances

What does Life Chances refer to?

1. Opportunity structure: channels available to realize achievement (e.g university) 2. Individual characteristics: intelligence, motivation, motor skills, or value systems 3. Frictional factors: chance, luck, fortune.

What does social mobility depend on?

Technological innovations have increased the need for highly skilled workers, pulling their wages up.

What does the Skill Mismatch Thesis state?

This indicates that broad societal imbalances and inequalities contribute to the isolation of certain groups within highly disadvantaged communities.

What does the Structural Strain Theory indicate?

The new economy produced low-paying service jobs and high paying jobs, depleting opportunities for middle range employment.

What does the polarization thesis state?

This refers to movement up or down the class ladder.

What does vertical social mobility refer to?

1. The relationship to the victim 2. Physical proximity to the event 3. Recency and severity of exposure 4. Previous traumatic experiences and losses 5. Development status

What factors affect the impact of violence?

- Social support from a child's family (parent) - Schools and peer groups help build resilience from repeated violence exposure - Family cohesion and positive coping on the part of parents also appear to lessen the negative impact of community violence

What factors social support factors promote resilience of negative effects of neighborhood violence?

Districts delayed their desegregation plans and Black parents would instead have a "freedom of choice" to send their children to a White school.

What happened post Brown vs. Board?

- Gang members are more likely than their non gang affiliated peers to engage in crime and violence - This increased their risk of violence related injuries and death - While only an estimated 5% of the US population has ever joined a gang, gang membership has reached 14-30% of the population in many urban areas

What happens in organized crime?

The Supreme Court decision that led to the desegregation of public schools in the U.S.

What is Brown v. Board of Education (1954)?

This serves children between birth and 3 years of age. It is based on a "whole child: model, providing comprehensive services that include preschool education; medical, dental, and mental health care; nutrition services; parenting

What is Early Head Start (EHS)?

A shift in an urban community toward wealthier residents and/or businesses and increasing property values; often resulting in poorer residents being displaced by wealthier newcomers.

What is Gentrification?

This is the term for White students going to school elsewhere such as private schools.

What is White Flight?

They believed that it would led to: - easier classroom management - Similar learning environments - it's fair, it does not hold anyone back - Protects views on one's ability when with equal ability peers

What is ability grouping and academic tracking rationale?

Examples would include: - excusing children from chores in order to do school work. - Exposing children to the low-paid farm work available to people without an education that highlight personal or financial sacrifices in support of children's schooling

What is an example of nontraditional parent involvement?

Low wages, no health insurance, no pension, lack union protection, employment, insecurity

What is considered a "bad job?"

Everyone has the same resources

What is equality?

Those in need get the resourced they need to succeed.

What is equity?

The only family leave available to Americans is unpaid, limited to three months, and covers only about half the labor forces. States also determine the benefits

What is family leave limited to?

This refers to the process in which a particular society transforms from an agrarian society (based on producing and maintaining crops and farmland) to an industrial society

What is industrialization?

This is a strategy practiced by low-income and ethnic minority parents in support of their children's education?

What is nontraditional parent involvement?

This is the time a father takes off work at the birth or adoption of a child. This kind of leave is rarely paid. A few progressive companies offer new dads paid time off ranging from a few days to a few weeks. California was the first state to offer paid family leave.

What is paternity leave?

This is the ranking of persons and groups in a hierarchy of unequal social positives, such as social class or caste.

What is social stratification?

This is measured using indicators such as education, occupational prestige, and income.

What is socioeconomic status?

This serves children up to the day before a child's 13th birthday. Parents are able to select the child care provider of their choice. The head of the household must be working, seeking employment, seeking permanent housing or enrolled in a vocational training program.

What is the California Alternative Payment Program (CAPP)?

This serves children from infancy until the day before the child enters Kindergarten. Parents may choose from participating Family Day Care Home providers in designated zip codes.

What is the California Family Child Care Network (CFCC)?

Countries with greater inequality of incomes also tend to be countries in which a greater fraction of economic advantage and disadvantage

What is the Great Gatsby Curve?

This is based on the premise that students are reluctant to transfer to such schools due to intimidation. Schools themselves must implement desegregation strategies.

What is the Green v. County School Board of New Kent County (1968)?

Racial segregation in school has been higher than in the past 40 years.

What is the current outcome for race and schools?

This is the process shift of a population from rural areas to urban areas. People are often motivated by economic factors, rural migration, and even suburban concentration into cities.

What is the definition of Urbanization?

Urbanization can be viewed as a consequence of industrialization where people come to cities in search of work and better living standards.

What is the key difference between urbanization and industrialization?

The Economic debt, which are funding disparities in schools.

What is the reason for the academic achievement gap?

- structures opportunities and power - shapes cultural beliefs and values - affects environmental or ecological contexts

What is the significance of socioeconomic status?

It may be driven by local and global economic and social changes, and is generally a product of modernization and industrialization.

What is urbanization driven by?

1. There was an influx of immigration in early 1900s --> Accommodation to different ability levels 2. Business leaders wanted a productive work force 3. Colleges and universities wanted a more standardized pre-collegiate curriculum

When did acedemic tracking begin and why?

Lower tacked students tend to be Black, Hispanic, or Native American. Economically disadvantaged students are also disproportionately represented.

Which kinds of students tend to be lower tracked?

c. A high density of agricultural land

Which of the following does NOT describe an aspect of an urban city? a. A high density of commercial buildings b. A high density of railways c. A high density of agricultural land d. A high density of houses

d. All of the above

Which of the following factors promote resilience of the negative effects of violence? a. Social support from a child's family b. Positive coping c. Peers d. All of the above

d. High parental monitoring

Which of the following is likely to serve as a protective factor of gang involvement? a. Low remorse b. Gang association of a family member c. Poor social skills d. High parental monitoring

e. All of the above

Which of the following people are considered mandated reporters? a. Mental Health Professionals b. Police officers c. Clergy member (e.g., religious practitioner) d. Only answers a and b e. All of the above

She is the 1st African-American student to integrate in an all-white elementary school in the South.

Who is Ruby Bridges?

- the availability of jobs - proper infrastructure (e.g. roads) - availability of social service (e.g. education, recreation, postal service, police station) - entertainment

Why are people attracted to urban areas?

There continues to be an academic achievement gap that needs to be addressed.

Why do some people need equity over equality?

- Inequality lowers mobility - it heightens the income consequences of innate differences between individuals - in changes opportunities and incentives - it shifts the balance of power - some groups are in a position of structure

Why is it important to understand wage inequality?