Chem chapter 16 review

What are enzymes?

Biological catalysts produced by cells.

How can one get sickle cell anemia?

Containing hemoglobin with one incorrect amino acid unit.

Monounsaturated fatty acid

Contains one carbon-to-carbon double bond per molecule.

What are the two kinds of nucleic acids?

Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) and ribonucleic acid (RNA).

What monosaccharides are both polymers of glucose?

Starch and cellulose.

What is the structural unit of all living things?

The cell.

What is biochemistry?

The chemistry of all living things and life processes.

What is catabolism?

The degrading of molecules to provide energy.

What is metabolism?

The entire series of coordinated chemical reactions that keep cells alive.

What is the simplest amino acid?

Glycine.

What is a lipid?

A cellular component that is insoluble in water but soluble in organic solvents of low polarity (hexane, diethyl ether, and chloroform.)

What is a zwitterion?

A compound in which the negative charge and the positive charge are on different parts of the same molecule.

What is the iodine number?

A measure of the degree of unsaturation of fat or oil.

What is a polypeptide?

A molecule with more than 10 animo-acid units.

What is a ketose?

A monosaccharide with a ketone functional group.

What are nucleotides made up of?

A pentose (five-carbon sugar), a phosphate unit, and a heterocyclic amine base.

What are proteins polymers of?

Amino acids.

What are the two types of starches found in plants?

Amylose and amylopectin.

What is the difference between amylose and amylopectin?

Amylose has glucose units joined in a continuous chain like beads on a string whereas amylopectin has branched chains of glucose units.

What is a peptide bond?

An amide linkage between two amino-acid units.

How are proteins arranged in a pleated-sheet conformation?

An extended zig zag arrangement.

What are disaccharides?

Carbohydrates whose molecules can be hydrolyzed (split by water) to yield two monosaccharide units.

What three major types of substances must animals obtain energy from?

Carbohydrates, fats, and proteins.

What elements do all proteins contain?

Carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, and nitrogen. Sometimes sulfur.

What does RNA do?

Carries out protein assembly.

What are the two classes of metabolic reactions?

Catabolism and anabolism.

What is the structural material of plants?

Cellulose.

What are polysaccharides?

Composed of large molecules that yield many monosaccharide units on hydrolysis.

Saturated fatty acid

Fatty acids with no carbon-to-carbon double bonds.

What does the hydrolysis of sucrose create?

Glucose and fructose.

What does the hydrolysis of lactose yield?

Glucose and galactose.

What are the three most familiar dietary monosaccharides?

Glucose, galactose (component of lactose), and fructose (fruit sugar).

What is animal starch called?

Glycogen.

Polyunsaturated fatty acid

Has two or more carbon-to-carbon double bonds.

What kinds of forces operate between protein chains?

Hydrogen bonds, ionic bonds, disulfide linkages, and dispersion forces.

What are fatty acids?

Long-chain carboxylic acids.

What are aldoses?

Monosaccharides with an aldehyde functional group.

What are the chains of DNA and RNA made up of?

Nucleotides.

What are the two main types of secondary structures?

Pleated sheet and a helix.

Secondary structure

Polypeptide chains can fold into regular structures such as the alpha helix and the beta pleated sheet.

What are the four organizational levels of proteins?

Primary structure, secondary structure, tertiary structure, and quaternary structure.

Tertiary structure

Protein folding creates a spatial relationships between amino acid units that are relatively far apart in the protein chain.

What does DNA do?

Provides a mechanism for heredity and serves as the blueprint for all the proteins of an organism.

What are nucleic acids?

Serve as the information and control centers of the cell.

What are monosaccharides?

Simplest sugar that cannot be further hydrolyzed.

Primary structure

The primary structure of a protein molecule is simply the order of its amino acids. The order of amino acids is from the amino group (N-terminal) to the carbonyl group (C-terminal).

What is anabolism?

The process of building up, or synthesizing, the molecules of living systems.

What is the main structural difference between starch and cellulose?

The way their glucose units are hooked together. Starch is arranged in alpha linkage (Oxygen atom connecting glucose units is pointed down) and cellulose is arranged in beta linkage (Oxygen atom connecting glucose units are pointed up).

What is a tripeptide?

Three amino acids combined.

What does hydrolyzed mean?

To be split by water.

What does an amino acid consist of?

Two functional groups: amino group (--NH2) and a carboxyl group (--COOH).

Quaternary structure

Two or more polypeptide chains can assemble into multiunit structures.

What is a dipeptide?

When only two amino acids are joined.