Chp 14: The ANS

Which of the following does not describe the ANS?

A system of motor neurons that innervates all muscle cells.

The parasympathetic ganglion that serves the eye is the ________. A) ciliary ganglion B) pterygopalatine ganglion C) submandibular ganglion D) otic ganglion

A) ciliary ganglion

In aging, autonomic inefficiency is often due to ________. A) clogging of preganglionic axon terminals with filaments B) cerebral hemorrhage C) major loss of axons D) peripheral vascular changes

A) clogging of preganglionic axon terminals with filaments

In contrast to the somatic nervous system, the autonomic nervous system ________. A) has two efferent neurons B) has two afferent neurons C) stimulates its effector cells D) has both afferent and efferent fibers

A) has two efferent neurons

Raynaudʹs disease ________. A) is characterized by exaggerated vasoconstriction in the extremities B) is induced by heat stress C) occurs primarily in association with injury to the spinal cord D) is frequently life-threatening

A) is characterized by exaggerated vasoconstriction in the extremities

The parasympathetic nervous system is characterized by peripheral ganglia near the ________. A) organs and by short postganglionic fibers B) organs and by long postganglionic fibers C) spinal cord and by short postganglionic fibers D) spinal cord and by long postganglionic fibers

A) organs and by short postganglionic fibers

Beta-blockers ________. A) increase a dangerously low heart rate B) attach mainly to the β1 receptors of cardiac muscle C) have widespread sympathetic effects D) are potent antidepressants

B) attach mainly to the β1 receptors of cardiac muscle

Which of the following is not a result of parasympathetic stimulation? A) salivation B) dilation of the pupils C) increased peristalsis of the digestive viscera D) relaxation of the urethral sphincter

B) dilation of the pupils

Erection of the penis or clitoris ________. A) is primarily under sympathetic control B) is primarily under parasympathetic control C) is the result of coordinated activation by both sympathetic and parasympathetic input D) depends very little on autonomic activation

B) is primarily under parasympathetic control

The parasympathetic fibers of the ________ nerves innervate smooth muscles of the lens of the eye, the muscles that cause the eye to bulge to accommodate close vision. A) optic B) oculomotor C) trochlear D) abducens

B) oculomotor

The mass reflex reaction ________. A) is also known as autonomic areflexia B) represents a return of reflex activity with no controls from higher centers C) usually precedes spinal shock D) results from overexcitatory input from the cortex

B) represents a return of reflex activity with no controls from higher centers

The secretions of the adrenal medulla act to supplement the effects of ________. A) parasympathetic innervation B) sympathetic stimulation C) vagus nerve activity D) neurosecretory substances

B) sympathetic stimulation

Over 90% of all parasympathetic fibers are derived from cranial nerve number ________. A) V B) VII C) X D) XII

C) X

The possibility of some control over autonomic responses is demonstrated by ________. A) split brain studies B) stress-induced hypertension C) biofeedback D) nightmares

C) biofeedback

The white rami ________. A) are found only in the C1‐T1 cord segments B) are unmyelinated C) carry preganglionic axons to the sympathetic chain D) carry postganglionic fibers to the periphery

C) carry preganglionic axons to the sympathetic chain

Which is not a plexus of the vagus nerve? A) cardiac B) pulmonary C) celiac D) esophageal

C) celiac

The parasympathetic tone ________. A) prevents unnecessary heart deceleration B) accelerates activity of the digestive tract C) determines normal activity of the urinary tract D) causes blood pressure to rise

C) determines normal activity of the urinary tract

Control of temperature, endocrine activity, and thirst are functions associated with the ________. A) medulla B) cerebellum C) hypothalamus D) thalamus

C) hypothalamus

Sympathetic division stimulation causes ________. A) decreased blood glucose, increased GI peristalsis, and increased heart rate and blood pressure B) increased blood glucose, increased GI peristalsis, and decreased heart rate and blood pressure C) increased blood glucose, decreased GI peristalsis, and increased heart rate and blood pressure D) decreased blood glucose, increased GI peristalsis, and decreased heart rate and blood pressure

C) increased blood glucose, decreased GI peristalsis, and increased heart rate and blood pressure

The vagus nerve does not innervate the ________. A) pancreas B) kidneys C) parotid gland D) gallbladder

C) parotid gland

Which of these effectors is not directly controlled by the autonomic nervous system? A) smooth muscle B) cardiac muscle C) skeletal muscle D) most glands

C) skeletal muscle

Autonomic ganglia contain ________. A) an outer connective tissue capsule around the cell bodies of preganglionic motor neurons B) synapses between postganglionic fibers and their effectors C) the cell bodies of motor neurons D) both somatic afferent and efferent neurons

C) the cell bodies of motor neurons

The route of major parasympathetic outflow from the head is the ________. A) sympathetic trunk B) phrenic nerve C) vagus nerve D) sacral nerve

C) vagus nerve

Visceral reflex arcs differ from somatic in that ________. A) visceral arcs contain two sensory neurons B) somatic arcs contain one additional component that visceral arcs do not possess C) visceral arcs involve two motor neurons D) visceral arcs do not use integration centers

C) visceral arcs involve two motor neurons

A drug that might be used specifically to reduce heart rate in cardiac patients could be ________. A) anticholinesterase B) epinephrine C) norepinephrine D) a beta-blocker

D) a beta-blocker

The site of origin of the preganglionic fibers of the parasympathetic nervous system is the ________. A) thoracolumbar region of the spinal cord B) higher brain centers C) sympathetic chain D) brain stem and the sacral region of the cord

D) brain stem and the sacral region of the cord

Cardiovascular effects of the sympathetic division include all except ________. A) constriction of most blood vessels B) dilation of the vessels serving the skeletal muscles C) increase of heart rate and force D) dilation of the blood vessels serving the skin and digestive viscera

D) dilation of the blood vessels serving the skin and digestive viscera

Sympathetic nerves may leave the spinal cord at which vertebrae? A) second cervical B) third lumbar C) first coccyx D) first thoracic

D) first thoracic

Where would you not find an autonomic ganglion? A) in the head B) in the cervical region C) close to the visceral effectors they serve D) in the armpit

D) in the armpit

The autonomic nervous system ________. A) cannot be self-controlled B) has one primary division C) is not affected by drugs D) is directly controlled by the reticular formation of the brain stem

D) is directly controlled by the reticular formation of the brain stem

Which is a uniquely sympathetic function? A) regulation of pupil size B) regulation of cardiac rate C) regulation of respiratory rate D) regulation of body temperature

D) regulation of body temperature

Fibers that enter and leave the sympathetic chain without synapsing form structures called ________. A) white rami communicantes B) gray rami communicantes C) spinal nerves D) splanchnic nerves

D) splanchnic nerves

The smooth muscle of the digestive viscera is served largely by the ________. A) lumbar splanchnic nerves B) cephalic plexus C) pelvic nerves D) tenth cranial nerve

D) tenth cranial nerve

In congenital megacolon (Hirschsprungʹs disease) ________. A) sympathetic innervation of a segment of the colon fails to develop B) feces are forced out of the colon prematurely C) medication usually returns the abnormal segment of the colon to normal D) the distal portion of the large intestine fails to develop parasympathetic innervation

D) the distal portion of the large intestine fails to develop parasympathetic innervation

All preganglionic axons of the autonomic nervous system release ________. A) dopamine B) serotonin C) the same transmitter as the only one released by the sympathetic postganglionic axons D) the same transmitter as the one released by parasympathetic postganglionic axons

D) the same transmitter as the one released by parasympathetic postganglionic axons

Sympathetic fibers leave the spinal cord in the ________. A) craniosacral regions, and the postganglionic fibers secrete norepinephrine B) thoracolumbar region, and the postganglionic fibers secrete acetylcholine C) craniosacral region, and the postganglionic fibers secrete acetylcholine D) thoracolumbar region, and the postganglionic fibers secrete norepinephrine

D) thoracolumbar region, and the postganglionic fibers secrete norepinephrine

All splanchnic nerves are sympathetic.

FALSE

Because the ANS is a visceral motor system, afferent pathways are of no importance and actually are rarely found.

FALSE

Cranial nerves VII, IX, and X contain postganglionic fibers of the parasympathetic nervous system.

FALSE

In contrast to the parasympathetic division, the sympathetic division has numerous ganglionic neurons in the gray matter of the spinal cord.

FALSE

Most body organs are innervated by only the sympathetic division of the nervous system.

FALSE

Norepinephrine-releasing fibers are called cholinergic fibers.

FALSE

Since many of the same cardiac cells are innervated by both parasympathetic and sympathetic fibers, the influence of the two divisions on the heart is synergistic.

FALSE

Splanchnic nerves are mixed motor and sensory nerves.

FALSE

The blood vessels of the skin are one of the few areas of the body where the vessels are innervated by both the sympathetic and parasympathetic divisions.

FALSE

The chain ganglion, like the dorsal root ganglion, contains soma from sensory neurons.

FALSE

The gray rami communicantes consist of myelinated postganglionic fibers.

FALSE

The parasympathetic division is a branch of the somatic nervous system.

FALSE

β-adrenergic receptors are the only receptors found on the heart.

FALSE

Sympathetic responses generally are widespread because ________. A) inactivation of ACh is fairly slow B) NE and epineiphrine are secreted into the blood as part of the sympathetic response. C) preganglionic fibers are short D) preganglionic fibers are long

NE and epineiphrine are secreted into the blood as part of the sympathetic response.

Acetylcholine is the substance released by the axonal endings of the somatic efferent fibers and by the parasympathetic nerve fiber endings.

TRUE

Alpha-adrenergic effects are usually stimulatory and mediatory.

TRUE

Autonomic reflex centers occur in the spinal cord, medulla, and midbrain.

TRUE

Events recorded in a lie detector examination are controlled by the sympathetic division.

TRUE

Most blood vessels are innervated by the sympathetic division alone.

TRUE

Most disorders of the autonomic nervous system reflect abnormalities of smooth muscle control.

TRUE

Splanchnic nerves pass through the abdominal aortic plexus.

TRUE

The adrenal medulla is considered a ʺmisplacedʺ sympathetic ganglion by some.

TRUE

The autonomic nervous system may cause activation or inhibition, depending on the division that is active and the target that is affected.

TRUE

The celiac ganglion is primarily associated with the sympathetic division.

TRUE

The craniosacral division is the same as the parasympathetic division.

TRUE

The rami communicantes are associated only with the sympathetic division of the ANS.

TRUE

The structures that specifically exhibit vasomotor tone are mostly under sympathetic control.

TRUE

The sympathetic chain is composed of collateral ganglia.

TRUE

Thermoregulatory responses to increased heat are mediated by the sympathetic nervous division.

TRUE

Through direct neural stimulation, the sympathetic division promotes many metabolic effects via hormone release.

TRUE

The parasympathetic division uses only ________ as a neurotransmitter in the ganglionic neurons.

acetylcholine

Two major classes of adrenergic receptors, ________ and ________ are found in the ANS.

alpha; beta

Parasympathetic functions include ________. A) a stimulation of heart rate and force of contraction B) allowing the body to cope with an external threat C) constriction of bronchioles and lens accommodation for close vision D) mobilizing storage energy sources

constriction of bronchioles and lens accommodation for close vision

The sympathetic division is referred to as the ________ system.

fight-or-flight

The only sympathetic preganglionic neuron to go directly to an organ is one branch of the ________ splanchnic nerve.

greater

Emotions influence autonomic reactions primarily through integration in the ________. A) lateral horn of the spinal cord B) hypothalamus C) lateral geniculate of the thalamus D) inferior colliculus

hypothalamus

Pain from the diaphragm will be referred to the anterior cutaneous area of the ________.

neck

The two cholinergic receptor types are ________ and ________.

nicotinic; muscarinic

The ________ division alone stimulates the lens of the eye.

parasympathetic

The ________ division causes erection of the penis and clitoris.

parasympathetic

The ʺresting and digestingʺ division of the autonomic nervous system is the ________. A) parasympathetic division B) sympathetic division C) somatic division D) peripheral nervous system

parasympathetic division

Sweat glands are innervated by the ________ fibers alone.

sympathetic

Preparing the body for the ʺfight-or-flightʺ response is the role of the ________. A) sympathetic nervous system B) cerebrum C) parasympathetic nervous system D) somatic nervous system

sympathetic nervous system

The ________ receptor type is used by the heart, and when activated increases heart rate.

β1