Chpt 24_

Fair Employment Practices Committee

FDR established this initially to give fair employment to blacks, forbidding discrimination in defense industries. the agency created by FDR during WWII to monitor compliance with his order that no defensive industry was to practice racial discrimination

Nye Committee

This group investigated arms manufacturers and bankers of World War I. Claimed they had caused America's entry into WWI. Public opinion pushed Congress to pass the Neutrality Acts to keep us out of WWII.

Manhattan Project

-scientists (Albert Einstein) pushed ahead to discover the secret of an atomic bomb -gov funded wuth $2 billion -industrial power combined with sci knowledge -desert in Alamogordo, New Mexico on July 16, 1945 the 1st atomic device was tested

Quarantine Speech (1937)

1937 - In this speech Franklin D. Roosevelt compared Fascist aggression to a contagious disease, saying democracies must unite to quarantine aggressor nations. FDR encouraged democracies to quarantine their opponents (economic embargos); criticized by isolationists

Atlantic Charter

1941, outlined a vision in which a world would abandon their traditional beliefs in military alliances and spheres of influence and govern their relations with one another though democratic process, with an international organization serving as the arbiter of disputes and the protector of every nation's right of self determination.

America First Committee

A committee organized by isolationists before WWII, who wished to spare American lives. They wanted to protect America before we went to war in another country. Charles A. Lindbergh (the aviator) was its most effective speaker.

Zoot-suit riot

Aimed toward Mexican-American teenagers involved in gangs and were know as "zoot-suiters." Animosity towards them produced a four-day riot in Los Angeles, during which white sailors stationed at a base in Long Beach invaded Mexican-American communities and attacked zoot-suiters. The police did little to restrain the sailors, who grabbed Hispanic teenagers, tore off and burned their clothes, cut off their ducktails, and beat them. When Mexicans tried to fight back, the police moved in and arrested them. In the aftermath of the riot, Los Angeles passed a law prohibiting the wearing of zoot suits.

Rationing

Americans at home reminded to conserve materials in all aspects of life to support the military; resulted in saving up of money to cause economic boom after war

Hiroshima & Nagasaki

Atomic Bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki involved the nuclear attack on the Japanese city of Hiroshima by the United States Army Air Forces on August 6, 1945 with the nuclear weapon "Little Boy," followed three days later by the detonation of the "Fat Man" bomb over Nagasaki during World War II against the Empire of Japan, part of the opposing Axis Powers alliance. the prevailing view is that the bombings ended the war months sooner than would otherwise have been the case, saving many lives that would have been lost on both sides if the planned invasion of Japan had taken place.

D-Day

During World War II (1939-1945), the Battle of Normandy, which lasted from June 1944 to August 1944, resulted in the Allied liberation of Western Europe from Nazi Germany's control. Code named Operation Overlord, the battle began on June 6, 1944, also known as D-Day, when some 156,000 American, British and Canadian forces landed on five beaches along a 50-mile stretch of the heavily fortified coast of France's Normandy region. The invasion was one of the largest amphibious military assaults in history and required extensive planning. Prior to D-Day, the Allies conducted a large-scale deception campaign designed to mislead the Germans about the intended invasion target. By late August 1944, all of northern France had been liberated, and by the following spring the Allies had defeated the Germans. The Normandy landings have been called the beginning of the end of war in Europe.

Munich Conference

European diplomatic conference in 1938 where Britain and France conceded to Hitler's demands for Czechoslovakia

SS St. Louis

June 1939, S.S. St. Louis set sail from Hamburg carrying German Jews who wished to escape the Nazi regime in Germany to Cuba, then the US, then Canada, all of whom denied them entry. Finally they had to sail back to Germany where many of the Jewish passengers were then put into concentration camps Ship with 900 Jews that Hitler let leave. US does not accept them

Lend-lease

Law that made the US the "arsenal for democracy" by providing supposedly temorary military material assistance to GB

Potsdam Conference

Meeting between Stalin, Churchill, and Truman to discuss post-WWII; compromise: each side would take reparations from its own occupation zone, divided up GER, created Council of Foreign Ministers; marked the end of wartime alliance

12/7/41

Pearl Harbor (December 7, 1941) The Japanese naval air force made a surprise attack on the U.S. naval base in this place in Hawaii. Several battleships of the U.S. Pacific fleet were damaged or sunk. This attack resulted in an Amercian declaration of war the following day. Canada also declared war on Japan. Canadian soldiers in Hong Kong were soon fighting as the Japanese attacked the British colony the same day as this. 7:50-10:00 AM, December 7, 1941 - Surprise attack by the Japanese on the main U.S. Pacific Fleet harbored in Pearl Harbor, Hawaii destroyed 18 U.S. ships and 200 aircraft. American losses were 3000, Japanese losses less than 100. In response, the U.S. declared war on Japan and Germany, entering World War II.

Bracero Program

Program established by agreement with the Mexican government to recruit temporary Mexican agricultural workers to the United States to make up for wartime labor shortages in the Far West. The program persisted until 1964, by when it had sponsored 4.5 million border crossings.

Japanese Interment

Similar to the Red Scare in WWI, many Americans feared Japanese Americans were a threat to American safety. 110,000 Japanese-Americans were forced into these camps because the US feared that they might act as saboteurs for Japan in case of invasion. The camps deprived the Japanese-Americans of basic rights, and the internees lost hundreds of millions of dollars in property. In the Supreme Court ruling in Korematsu v. U.S. (1944), the Supreme Court upheld the constitutionality of the concentration camps.

Teheran Conference

Stalin, FDR, and Churchill in nov/dec 1943 -agreement on broad plans esp those for launching Soviet attacks on Germany from the east simultaneously with that prospective allied assault from the west the 1943 meeting between FDR, Stalin, and Churchill in which plans were made for a Soviet attack on Germany from the east to be coordinated with an Allied invasion from the west

Korematsu v. United States

Supreme court ruled that an entire race could be labeled a "suspect classification," meaning the gov. was permitted to deny the Japanese their constitutional rights because of military considerations

Coral Sea

a Japanese defeat in World War II (May 1942) -- a crucial naval battle was fought in this area. An American carrier task force, with Australian support, engaged in the first battle in which all the fighting was done by carrier-based aircraft. Japan won

Yalta Conference

established world organization; Soviet Union pledged to allow democratic procedures in Eastern Europe; pledge broken, led to Cold War

Four Freedoms Speech

goals famously articulated by United States President Franklin D. Roosevelt in the State of the Union Address he delivered to the 77th United States Congress on January 6, 1941. In an address also known as the Four Freedoms speech, Roosevelt proposed four points as fundamental freedoms humans "everywhere in the world" ought to enjoy: sppech and expression, religion, want, fear. want and fear were new ideas which excited americans by going beytond the constituional values

Rosie the Riveter

symbol of women workers during the war

Island Hopping in the Pacific

the American navy attacked islands held by the Japanese in the Pacific Ocean. The capture of each successive island from the Japanese brought the American navy closer to an invasion of Japan. The main idea of this battle plan was to go from the US to Japan island by Island, to control all those islands and lead the way for a full scale invasion of japan.

Good Neighbor Policy

withdrawal of American troops from foreign nations (especially Latin America) to improve international relations and unite western hemisphere; Clark Memorandum (rebukes the "big stick"); peaceful resolution of Mexican oil fields