CITI Trainings: RCR & Authorship

If a friendship with an applicant could interfere with a hiring decision, this is typically referred to as:

A personal conflict of interest.

Which justification would an IACUC most likely accept if a research team plans to withhold pain relief (analgesia) from animals during a project?

Documented evidence that the analgesic agent will interfere with the aims of the project.

Which of the following most accurately describes a conflict of commitment?

It occurs when outside activities interfere with obligations to one's primary employer.

Which of the following is true regarding industry-sponsored research?

Industry sponsors of research may seek to place restrictions on the disclosure of research results.

Which one of the following statements most accurately describes how plagiarism has been defined in this module?

Plagiarism applies not only to ideas that are found in print but also those that are communicated verbally.

The view that there is a social contract between researchers and the public is most accurately described by stating that:

The public supports research in various ways and researchers have a corresponding obligation to avoid abusing the public's trust.

The most important factor in determining whether a research collaboration will be successful is:

Whether there is ongoing communication among the team members about their goals and responsibilities.

If there is sufficient evidence to proceed, what is the next main phase that takes place after the inquiry in response to a research misconduct allegation?

An investigation

Which one of the following is most likely to constitute an act of plagiarism?

Copying someone else's text word-for-word without using quotation marks and adding a citation at the end of the material.

Which type of research misconduct most likely occurred if someone intentionally removes data points from the data set in order to generate a deceptive conclusion?

Falsification

Which of the following is true regarding research misconduct?

Federal funding agencies typically rely on an institution to make the initial response to an allegation of research misconduct.

Which of the following is the most effective strategy for preventing research misconduct?

Good mentoring

According to the U.S. Federal Research Misconduct Policy, fabrication involves:

Making up data or results and recording or reporting them.

According to the U.S. Federal Research Misconduct Policy, falsification involves:

Manipulating research materials, equipment, or processes, or changing or omitting data.

Which of the following is most likely to help the journal publication process mitigate reproducibility problems?

Moving away from a review process that favors the publication of positive results.

Which of the following statements about mentoring is true?

Mentors can provide valuable advice to trainees regarding career decisions and contacts with leaders in their field of research.

Prior to implementing any significant change in the use of animals, what is the most important thing that the research team must do?

Obtain IACUC approval for the change.

Which of the following statements is true regarding the responsibilities of reviewers?

Reviewers should identify the positive and negative aspects of a manuscript, and indicate where improvements are needed.

Within the context of RCR, stewardship primarily refers to:

The obligation to use resources available for research ethically in order to conduct the best research possible.

Which of the following is most likely to own the data resulting from a research project?

The organization that receives federal funding for a project.

Which of the following is true regarding the U.S. Federal Research Misconduct Policy?

To have a misconduct finding, the action must have been committed intentionally, knowingly, or recklessly

Which of the following statements is true regarding the regulations that govern research?

U.S. funded research collaborations are often governed by U.S. regulations no matter where the research takes place.

Which of the following is true regarding the traditional peer review process?

Under single-blind review, the identity of the author is revealed to the reviewer.

Authors who reuse portions of text that have appeared in one of their earlier published papers run the risk of being accused of:

Self-plagiarism

Which of the following most accurately describes U.S. federal policy related to RCR instruction?

Some federal agencies have RCR policies but they differ in terms of the particular format of training that is required.

Which of the following is most directly related to successful mentoring?

Someone who is committed to the professional development of the trainee.

Within the context of RCR, social responsibility primarily refers to:

The obligation to design technology or acquire information in ways that take into account what effects those actions may have on society.

Within the context of RCR, compliance primarily refers to:

The obligation to follow specific directives, such as laws and regulations, that govern a research activity.

What is the most appropriate process for research collaborators to use in determining which journal they should submit their work to?

The research team should discuss the issue early on and while the project is ongoing.

In any collaboration, data ownership is typically determined by:

The type and source of funds used to support the project.

Conducting numerous, separate statistical analyses increases the chance that one or more of the results appear to be statistically significant, but are actually attributable to random variation or measurement error. The problem is referred to as:

Family-wise inflation of error rate

The main focus of NIH's conflict of interest policy is:

Financial conflicts of interest

Which of the following most accurately describes an institutional conflict of interest?

It occurs when an institution's financial or non-financial interests could interfere with its research activities.

The defining characteristic of a mentor is someone who:

Takes a sincere interest in the growth and development of a trainee.

Which of the following is a key reason why international collaborations can be challenging?

The collaborators may have different disciplinary and cultural backgrounds and practices.

What is the primary responsibility of oversight bodies (such as an IRB or IACUC)?

To determine compliance with regulatory requirements, including those relating to protecting research subjects.

The entity that normally is supposed to determine whether an academic researcher's conflict of interest can be managed is:

A conflict of interest committee

Which statement best describes information that must be included in a consent form?

A description of the research's potential benefits and risks

Which of the following statements best exemplifies the importance of mentoring?

A mechanism to transmit values and standards of professional conduct.

Which of the following is most likely to create a poor relationship between a mentor and a trainee?

A mentor who recruits trainees merely for the mentor's own career advancement.

Which of following protocols is the one that is most likely to require IRB review?

A study to evaluate a newly designed wheelchair by asking elderly individuals to use it.

What is the most appropriate course of action for a trainee who has a problem with a mentor?

After trying to communicate directly with the mentor, the trainee should seek advice from a senior person that the trainee trusts.

Which of the following is the general guideline that IACUCs use to evaluate the potential pain of a procedure conducted with animals?

Any procedure that causes pain or distress in human beings may cause pain or distress in other animals.

A reviewer's main responsibility is to:

Behave professionally.

A literature review by Freedman, Cockburn, and Simcoe in 2015 estimates that in the U.S., the failure of research to replicate is associated with a cost of:

Billions of dollars per year

Which of the following statements is true regarding authorship practices?

Both within and between disciplines, practices differ with regard to who should be included as an author, and in what order they should be listed.

The publication of short methods sections:

Can contribute to reproducibility problems because important details about materials and procedures are likely to have been omitted.

Which of the following is true regarding the reporting of research results?

Clear specification of the methods and procedures used is essential.

Which of the following most accurately describes good mentoring practice?

Encouraging trainees to receive mentoring from a collection of individuals.

Which of the following statements is true concerning data selection?

Establishing a data selection strategy prior to collecting data decreases the chance of a biased outcome.

Which of the following statements is true regarding the International Committee of Medical Journal Editors (ICMJE) guidelines?

Individuals who do not meet the criteria for authorship but who have made a noteworthy contribution are normally listed in the acknowledgments section.

Which statement most accurately describes the process leading to the development of the Nuremberg Code:

It was created in response to the harms caused by Nazi researchers around the time of the Second World War.

Which of the following is true about the management of conflicts of interest?

Management plans are often created to reduce the impact of conflicts of interest.

Paraphrasing another author's paragraph by substituting one or two words in each sentence and then adding one citation to the author at the end of the paragraph:

May constitute plagiarism because the original material has not been sufficiently modified to constitute a proper paraphrase.

Ethical writing and scholarship is based on an implicit contract between the author and readers, whereby readers assume that what they read is accurate, has been written by the author, and has:

Not been disseminated before unless noted otherwise.

Which of the following represents plagiarism?

Presenting someone else's ideas or words and claiming them as one's own.

Reviewers have a responsibility to promote ethical peer review by:

Preserving the confidentiality of the submission.

When authors summarize the work of others, they typically should:

Provide a condensed (shorter) version of the original material.

Which statement best describes what an IRB is responsible for reviewing?

Research involving a human subject

Which of the following is true regarding data sharing and stewardship?

Researchers who receive federal funding may have to adhere to a data sharing requirement.

The three ethical principles discussed in the Belmont Report are:

Respect for Persons, Beneficence, Justice

A Type I error, or a false positive, refers to a situation when:

Results are found to be statistically significant, but they are actually due to chance.

A Type II error, or a false negative, refers to a situation when:

Results are not found to be statistically significant, but a significant effect is actually present.

Which of the following situations is most likely to constitute an instance of plagiarism?

Summarizing a published article in 2-3 distinct paragraphs and including this in a paper.

Which of the following is empowered by the U.S. federal government to review and approve research activities involving vertebrate animals?

The Institutional Animal Care and Use Committee (IACUC)

Which entity is responsible for monitoring institutional compliance with PHS Policy?

The Office of Laboratory Animal Welfare (OLAW)

Which of the following most directly contributed to the establishment of the National Research Act and the creation of the Belmont Report?

The Tuskegee Study

Which of the following is true regarding the use of animals in research?

The attending veterinarian must be allowed to have access to all research animals at all times.

Which of the following is the most appropriate step to take if authors believe that their manuscript was reviewed unfairly?

The author can contact the editor with their concerns.

The reuse of one's previously published material in a new journal article is most appropriate if:

The author informs all the relevant parties and obtains permission to do so.

Which of the following is true regarding an acknowledgments section?

The contributions of technicians and other researchers are often listed in the acknowledgments section if they do not meet all of the criteria for authorship.

Which of the following most accurately describes the responsibilities of a trainee in the mentoring relationship?

The trainee must take an active role in the relationship and clearly communicate needs and expectations.

Which of the following most clearly illustrates Russell and Burch's Replacement concept?

The use of computer modeling software instead of using animals in an experiment.

According to federal research misconduct policies, what is the maximum number of consecutive words that one can use before it is classified as an instance of plagiarism?

There is no official, federal standard for the number of consecutive words that can be used.

What is the primary purpose of the "3Rs" concept from Russell and Burch?

To decrease the use of animals in research and to minimize pain and distress caused by animal experiments.

Which statement best describes the role of an IRB:

A committee that reviews different types of human subjects research

Unless the subject matter is considered common knowledge, citations are necessary when writing about:

Ideas, methodologies, or data from other authors and also your own previously published ideas, methodologies or data.

If a researcher creates the idea for a project and is not listed in the preferred author order position on resulting publications, is this considered to be research misconduct under federal policy?

No; instead it is a type of authorship dispute.

According to U.S. Federal Research Misconduct Policy, which of the following is considered to be research misconduct?

Plagiarism

The typical first main phase in response to a research misconduct allegation is called:

The inquiry

Which of the following is true regarding the traditional peer review process:

Under single-blind review, the identity of the author is revealed to the reviewer.

Which of the following is most likely to be considered plagiarism?

Using materials from a source without proper citation.

If researchers allow their moral or other personal beliefs to influence their objectivity, this is most likely an example of:

A conflict of conscience

What are the three main goals of data lifecycle management (DLM)?

Confidentiality, availability, and integrity

Which of the following is a responsibility of each author?

Confirming that data have been accurately presented in the paper.

Which of the following is true about conflicts of interest?

Conflicts of interest increase the likelihood of bias.

The main reason that grant proposal reviewers with a conflict of interest should remove themselves from the review process is because:

Control the quality of published papers.

The main reason that the Royal Society of London developed the modern form of peer review was to:

Control the quality of published papers.

Which of the following is true regarding data acquisition?

Data acquisition should follow a detailed collection plan that is set in advance.

Which of the following is true regarding data analysis?

Data analysis methods should usually be specified in advance before a study begins.

Which of the following statements most clearly illustrates the principle of beneficence?

Determining whether the benefits of a study outweigh the risks.

A research collaboration can be enhanced by:

Discussing intellectual property issues while the collaboration is forming.

Institutional policies on tenure and promotion can contribute to reproducibility problems by:

Encouraging researchers to publish a high number of low quality articles.

Which of the following statements most accurately describes the review process for grant proposals?

Funding agencies usually have committees, often with external reviewers, that assess the quality of the proposal.

Within the context of RCR, integrity primarily refers to:

Having a sincere commitment to upholding one's word and adhering to ethical and professional standards

Which of the following is the primary criterion for authorship?

Having made a significant intellectual contribution to the work.

Which of the following is true regarding authors who seek to publish the same content in multiple papers?

If the same content s used in multiple papers, it is essential that this information be properly disclosed to journal editors and other relevant entities.

The U.S. National Institutes of Health (NIH) is seeking to increase research reproducibility by:

Implementing a grant review process that evaluates various factors such as the rigor of the research premise and study design.

Which of the following is the main reason why proper training in euthanasia techniques is important?

Improper techniques can cause unnecessary pain and distress in animals.

The two main criteria that the National Science Foundation (NSF) uses to evaluate grant proposals are:

Intellectual merit and broader impact.

What is the main function of the Bayh-Dole Act of 1980 as it relates to academic institutions?

It allows institutions to have control over the intellectual property from federally-funded research.

An idea is most likely to represent "common knowledge" if:

It can be safely assumed that the readers and the author are both thoroughly familiar with the idea and its source.

What is the main function of a Technology Transfer Office with respect to collaborative research?

It helps collaborative researchers to commercialize their work.

Which of the following most accurately describes the "reproducibility crisis?"

It is a problem that can potentially affect any research field.

Which of the following most accurately describes the practice of ghost authorship?

It is a situation where the individual who wrote the manuscript is not listed as an author.

Which of the following most accurately describes data lifecycle management (DLM)?

It refers to the tools and processes for handling data during a research study and after it concludes.

Which of the following is true about hypothesis-free research?

It should normally be disclosed because the practice can introduce bias into a study.

Which author is normally responsible for sharing reprints of a publication with readers?

The corresponding author.

Which of the following is true regarding academic-industry collaborations?

The industry sponsor typically owns the data from research that it funds.

Which of the following most accurately describes the process that must occur when working with research animals covered by U.S. federal regulations?

The research team must obtain IACUC approval for the proposed research procedures prior to starting the work.

As a first step, what must be done before enrolling a young child in a research protocol?

The risks and benefits must be explained to the child's parents or legally authorized representative.

Which of the following best describes when a protocol may be eligible for expedited review by the IRB?

The study involves no more than minimal risk and meets one of the allowable categories of expedited review specified by the federal government.

Which of the following most accurately describes the main goal of RCR education and training?

To promote greater awareness of proper research practice and research ethics.

In the research context, the term validity most commonly refers to:

Whether operationalized terms actually measure what they purport to measure.