CMPC Study Set
T/F? Confrontation can enhance and deepen the trust and safety of a workin relationship once initial rapport is established
True
Cue Utilization Model
When arousal is LOW, we receive an influx of unhelpful information bc of broad focus of attention. When stress/arousal INCREASES, it helps athletes focus on relevant CUES Can hit a threshold when arousal levels are too high and make it hard to maintain focus/attn becomes too narrow
locus of control
Whether one believes the events that occur around him or her are self-driven or driven by the external environment
IZOF
Zones in which individuals perform best, Makes athletes confident, relaxed and motivated. Described as peak flow Not just a single point Pleasant/Unpleasant Functional/Dysfunctional
Sociograms
a graph database that depicts the relationships among individuals in a group in order to map the group's social network
Motivational Interviewing goals and acronyms:
a style of collaboration/ communication designed to support individuals in the change process via their own decision making and motivations OARS = Open ended questions, affirmations, reflections, summaries PACE: partnership, acceptance, compassion, evocation Spirit of MI (CACE): Compassion, acceptance, collaboration, evocation
Spectrum of motivation ("organismic integration")
amotivation external introjected identified integrated intrinsic
What is a case study and why is it used?
an in depth exploration of a person, group, community project, program etc. useful when practical issues or logistics make it difficult to design a large scale causal-inference study
What 4 factors contribute to a coach's interpersonal knowledge? (another 4 c's)
closeness committment co-orientation complimentarity
What are some of the psychosocial responses to sport injury? BCEP ("bicep")
cognitive (injury related thoughts/ coping related thoughts/ self perception) emotional responses (anger, confusion, sadness) behavioral (active problem focused, avoidant emotion focused) pain
What are 3 psychological factors that impact sport injury rehab outcomes?
cognitive affective outcomes: how athletes think/feel after end of rehab Behavioral outcomes what athletes are able to do at the end Physical outcomes how well the body has healed at the end of rehab most direct path for psych outcomes is from psych to cognitive affective outcomes
Which has greater support for psychological responses to sport injury? Cognitive appraisal models or stage models?
cognitive appraisal
"Although Simeon has experienced many recent stressful life events, he doesn't take these events too seriously and has managed to avoid injury. According to the stress-injury model, Simeon has reduced his risk of injury through his" (AASP study guide example)
cognitive appraisals
Which interventions have good theoretical grounding but no experimental evidence for injury rehab?
counseling, expressive writing, performance enhancement groups, relaxation training, social support (mainly due to lack of experiments not efficacy)
goal context theory
distinguishes between intrinsic and extrinsic goals internal goals (growth, affiliation, contribution in community) are supportive of basic needs satisfaction external goals (social recognition, looks, etc.) can undermine psych needs.
what aspects of performance can mindfulness help?
improve attention, flow, self compassion, emotion regulation, goal clarity, and goal setting, improve subjective and objective performance, develop intra and interpersonal presence decreases worry
Factors that predict adherence to sport injury prevention)
intrinsic (ability to adhere, intention to, knowledge of injury risk, perceived benefits) gender, age, experience, previous injury extrinsic (availability, low ratios of players to coaches) adherence increased when interventions emphasize enhancement rather than prevention social influences (coach, teammates)
What are the 3 different factors of the Multifactorial Model of Sport Injury Etiology? describe them
intrinsic factors; extrinsic factors; inciting factors intrinsic/internal: age, gender, body comp, body weight, health, previous injury external: teammates, protective equipment; environment inciting events: joint motion; playing situation; training schedule
Theory of Planned Behavior
key for behavior change is the intention to perform the behavior. Influenced by: attitude toward behavior subjective norms (social pressure) perceived behavioral control doesn't account for emotional and unconscious influences; poor predictive validity; untestable
Marten's Model for Effective leadership
leadership qualities, leadership styles, follower qualities, situational factors
Health Belief Model
likelihood of adopting health change behavior depends on person's evaluation of threat of illness as well effectiveness of recommended behavior (doesn't account for beliefs, attitudes or other individual determinants that dictate a person's behavior; doesn't account for habitual behaviors
Chronbach's alpha
measure of internal reliability
intrinsic
participate because they are interested in the activity. enjoy it and are inherently satisfied by it.
introjected motivation
performance is due to ego involvement; guilt or pride is keeping them involved
Cote & Gilvert's definition of coaching success
"the consistent application of integrated professional, interpersonal and intrapersonal knowledge to improve athlete's competence, confidence, connection and character in specific coaching context"
sensorimotor stage
(0-2) learning the world through sensation and movement. recognize that they are separate from the people and things around them; actions can impact the world around them
preoperational
(2-7) language centric; using words to represent objects and thing symbolically; ego centric; have difficulty seeing things from others perspective
4 Tenets of Bordin's Conceptualization
1. all genre's of psychotherapy have working alliances and are differentiated by the type of alliance needed 2. effectiveness of therapy is a result of strength of alliance (if not entirely the result of) 3. approaches to therapy are marked by the required demands they make on patient and therapist 4. strength of alliance is fxn of closeness of fit between demands of the type of alliance and the personal characteristics of patient and therapies
formal operational
11+; problem solving; abstract thinking; can begin to think abstractly and reason about hypothetical problems; can comprehend philosophical, ethical, social, and political issues that require theoretical and abstract reasoning
1st, 2nd and 3rd wave of CBT
1st: behavior modification 2nd: modification of dysfunctional cognitions/thought processes 3rd: psychological and behavioral processes that facilitate health and wellbeing rather than reducing psychological and emotional symptoms
Nideffer's Model
2x2 model: Breadth, Depth broad/external broad/internal narrow/external narrow/internal
Chelladurai's Multidimensional Model of Leadership (APR)
3 components: Actual leader behavior Leader behavior preferred by athlete required leader behavior (read more in depth on this)
concrete operational
7-11; logic comes online; perceptions accurate; understand reversibility (water cup example "conservation"); can think logically about concrete events
REBT (ABCDEF)
Activating agent > Irrational Belief > Consequences Should: Disputing > Effective philosophy being developed which leads to new Feeling
thanstheoretical model
precontemplation - no desire/awareness for change (reluctant to MST despite there being a need) Contemplation Stage - recognize importance of change and committed to taking action in next 6 months (recognize the need to consult with an MPC to learn mental skills and weight pros/cons) Preparation - planning to change behavior and committed to following through (developing goals and a timeline to learn mental skills; MPCs can help facilitate by making sure plans are realistic and have a plan for dealing with distractions) Action - implementing plan and making behavior modifications, typically for less than 6 months (engaging in MST here) Maintenance - change behaviors are established in daily life, typically for 6+ months. Attempts made to prevent relapse and consolidate gains (athletes applying mental skills) Termination - self efficacious in engaging in new behaviors (athletes effectively and effortlessly applying mental skills in a variety of situations. MPCs mainly there for support at this point)
multidimensional Theory of anxiety
Cognitive anxiety & somatic anxiety effect performance differently different/unrelated impacts (orthogonal) somatic anxiety--same U shape relation to performance cognitive--negative linear relationship with performance
Knowledge requirements for effective coaching (6)
professional pedagogy (ability to coach) interpersonal intrapersonal setting vision/strategy understanding coaching roles
According to the international sport coaching framework, values, philosophies and goals to guide action are influenced by:
professional knowledge interpersonal knowledge intrapersonal knowledge
What are 3 factors that impact goal orientation?
Cognitive development level (can't compare others till teenage years; naturally task involved through developmental years; have to distinguish between effort and ability which is harder for children; kids usually task involved) Goal orientations (once understanding of normative ability comes online is when goal orientation comes into play; people usually a mix of both; perception of ability matters here; high ego w/ high perceived ability can be good; high ego but low perceived ability can be hard) Perceptions of motivational climate: coach values and recognizes effort & improvement; Fosters cooperation among team; Treats mistakes as avenues for continued learning and recognizes that all athletes play an important role
AASP Ethics (CIRCSS)
Competence Integrity Respect for People's Rights & Dignity Concern for Others Wellbeing Social Responsibility Scientific and Professional Responsibility
Performance Outcomes and Psychological Outcomes of coaching (4 c's) Cote & Gilbert which are performance and which are psych?
Competence (Performance) Confidence (Psych) Connection (Psych) Character (Psych)
2 forms for evaluating consultant effectiveness?
Consultant Evaluation Form Session Rating Scale
Consultant Evaluation Form
Designed to assess perceptions of the MPC and the amount/type of athlete-MPC contact 11 point ordinal scale valuable/reliable can be used during/after season and after delivering group/individual sessions
What is psychodynamic therapy and how does it apply to sport?
psychodynamic therapy is focused on identifying the root of the problem within the individual; may look into past; not a contextual behavioral therapy; bringing unconscious to conscious within the individual sport application: looking at how underlying factors within the individual are impacting how they perform & relate to the team; not so much at how the team is impacting them (kind of the opposite of feminist?)
How does the Multifactorial Model of Sport Injury Etiology describe the process of injury?
Discusses how internal risk factors predispose an athlete; how external factors make an athlete more susceptible to injury; and how inciting events result in injury
How does physiological/calm training show up in the body?
EMG (muscle tension, goes up) HRV (goes down for relaxation/balance) HR (more stress more HR) Peripheral body temp (more stress, lower it goes bc blood goes to major organs) EDA (electrodermal activity) more arousal, greater EDA respiration rate and depth -- increase with arousal
"During her third session with an MPC, Aanya reveals that she is not doing any home exercises. Aanya says the rehabilitative exercises are a painful reminder of the fact that she cannot play, which is making her sad, frustrated, and tearful. Which pathway explaining the ways psychological factors can influence sport injury rehabilitation outcomes is illustrated here?" (AASP CMPC study guide)
psychological factors contributing to rehabilitation behavior
What contributes to psychological readiness after injury?
realistic expectations High levels of confidence and motivation Low levels of fear and anxiety regarding return to sport
Session rating scale
relationships goals & method approaches taken overall
Reliability vs validity
reliability = consistent validity = does what its set out to do
6 Tents of ACT
self as context present moment values defusion committed action acceptance Goal: promote behavior change in a way that is consisent with personal values
According to the international sport coaching framework, what are the 6 primary functions of a coach?
set the vision and strategy shape the environment build relationships conduct practices and prep for comps read and react to the field listen and reflect
What are the 6 core coaching competencies according to the international sport coaching framework?
setting vision shaping environment building relationships running practices read/react to field learning/reflecting
cognitive evaluation theory
sub theory of SDT activities, when combined together, help individuals experience competence, autonomy, and relatedness which enhances motivation ex: helping athletes perceive an internal locus of control by giving them choice in team activities competence: enhanced when athletes receive feedback about their skills and performance levels and are helped to see their improvement relatedness: coaches are intentional about athletes lives outside of sport and interact with them on a frequent basis
organismic integration
sub theory of SDT that says there are multiple ways for an individual to act in a particular way extrinsic + internal combine to create total motivation
Goal Orientation
task vs. ego task = focused on personal effort and improvement in tasks they perform ego = focused on ability and performance compared to others addresses how children and adults different when it comes to cognitive processes around motivation
Mindfulness
the awareness that emerges through paying attention on purpose in the present moment and nonjudgmentally to the unfolding experience moment by moment can be considered a state, a disposition, trait, skill or practice
What are 2 issues that an MPC may encounter when it comes to supporting rehab?
the interprofessional team approach (collabs rarely happen outside of elite sport settings; discrepancies on who should provide primary/secondary support) making and receiving referrals (may be infrequent due to perceived or actual unavailability of psych trained practitioners)
identified motivation
they see the benefits of it and it's important to them. have buy in, but not intrinsically motivated. have identified importance, but not integrated it
integrated movitation
total buy in. activity is in like with their objectives. i'm committed to running 5 times a week to help me achieve my goal of running a half marathon, which is really important to me.
Factors that help prevent sport injury?
training, equipment, regulation, psychosocial aspects (stress mgmt) MPCs most likely to help manage stress response (meta analyses on psychosocial intervention found medium effect size)
Triangulation vs. Multimodal Assessment
triangulation is necessary when it comes to evaluation, rather than multimodal assessment with assumed transferability can use: questionnaires interviews observations these should not be assumed to transfer from individual to group context and vice versa assessment is an ongoing process
Describe Bordin's conceptualization of the working alliance
various types of working alliances exist, but Bordin argues that the strength of the alliance proves to be the major change factor achieved through psychotherapy
What helps build rapport?
Effective attending behaviors, listening skills, basic listening sequence, body language, empathically confronting, reflecting meaning, giving feedback client centered approach concrete and applicable mental skills appropriate boundaries
4 Stages of MI
Engaging, Focusing, Evoking, Planning
Draw and Describe Carron's Model of Cohesion
Environmental Factors influence: Personal factors, team factors, leadership factors Team factors are also influenced by personal and leadership factors The influences on these team factors then influences cohesion (task & social), which influences group outcomes an individual outcomes
Solution Focused - Brief Therapy
Guide client away from problem talk to solution talk Holds that there is no single truth because reality is socially constructed through human interaction (emic approach) Primary techniques: miracle question, interpretation and reframing
Example of Attribution Theory
If, for example, Johnny attributes his baseball team's loss by 5 points to his pitching, then he may experience shame. However, if Johnny attributes the loss to the high level of skill on the competing team, then he may be proud that he and his team held them to a five-point lead
Wingate Approach for biofeedback (IISTR)
Introduction - learn self reg techniques Integration - identifying / training most effective response modality Simulation - training with simulated competitive tests Transformation - transitioning out of lab into field Realization - achieving optimal self regulation in comp
Social Cognitive Theory
Learning occurs in a social context. Active agents who can influence and be influenced by their environment. (bobo doll experiment) Behavior impacted by: Cognitive /personal factors (knowledge, expectations, attitudes) Environmental Factors (social, political, physical, norms) Behavior factors (skills practice, self efficacy)
According to the international sport coaching framework, what are the two different types of coaching, and at what levels?
Participation and performance Participation: children, adolescents, adults Performance: emerging athletes, performance athletes, high performance athletes
Control Model of Debilitative and Facilitative Competitive Anxiety (Jones)
Perception of control over goal attainment impacts ability to cope with stress demands Appraised as facilitative or debilitative, which moderates anxiety performance relationship Facilitative = When athletes perceive they can cope with performance pressure and they are able to achieve goals Debilitative = no control over whether they can achieve goals or cope with performance pressure Control model of debilitative and facilitative competitive anxiety suggests that how individuals interpret their anxiety is most predictive of whether anxiety can help or hurt their performance. Self confidence and skill level impact perceptions of control Affect and mood state impacts appraisal too: affect leads to facilitative affect leads to debilitative
how does the Multifactorial Model of Sport Injury Etiology align with the Stress Injury model?
Personality -- Internal Hx of stressors -- extrinsic Stress response -- state of susceptibility
Psychosocial factors influencing stress injury model
Personality; History of Stressors; Coping Resources
What are the 4 factors that indicate that effectiveness of an intervention? (QRPP) "crap"
Quality fo support Psychological skill and wellbeing Responses to support Performance case study helps identify all of these factors in totality
Basic Listening Sequence (Quickly, Encouraging Pink Skunks Really Fast)
Questioning Encouraging Paraphrasing Summarizing Reflecting Feelings
Piaget's Stages of Cognitive Development
Sensorimotor, preoperational, concrete operational, formal operational
General Adaptation Syndrome
Seyle's concept that the body responds to stress with alarm, resistance and exhaustion Alarm: body goes into fight or flight mode and mobilizes resources Resistance: if stressor does not continue, then body repairs itself (HR, cortisol, lowers). but if resistance stage lasts too long, then the body adapts to higher levels of stress (COPES) Exhaustion: struggling with stress for too long without recovery can result in drainage of physical, mental, emotional resources to the point where body can no longer fight)
What are some of the psychosocial variables that influence sport injury?
Stress (leads to muscle tension & attentional distrcation, narrowed peripheral vision) strongest support for narrowed peripheral vision personality hx of stressors mood states responses to stress (research mixed for lack of coping resources)
Which component of the stress injury model had the stronger correlation to injury than any other components of the model?
Stress reponse
Stress Injury Model
Stressful event occurs → cognitive appraisal influences stress response → which influences physiological and attentional changes (muscle tension, attentional narrowing) → which can influence injury
Which contributes to greater overall cohesion? Task or social?
Task task & social are independece of each other
Inverted U Hypothesis
Anxiety - performance relationship is curvilinear As arousal increases, performance increases to a peak, adn then drops off Based off Yerkes Dodson curve
Describe and draw integrated model of psychological response to sport injury
Appraisal of stressor and ability to cope influences how athletes response cognitively, emotionally, behaviorally to injury; appraisal influenced by personal and situational factors
Where can interventions be targeted for Stress Injury Model?
At the appraisal level and at the coping resources level
6 components of health belief model (BABSSS)
Barriers Cues to Action Benefits Severity Self efficacy susceptibility
What interventions have experimental support for injury rehab? "Big Guys In Mini Skirts"
Biofeedback, goal setting, Imagery, Modeling, Self Talk
Catastrophe model (hardy & fazey)
Looks at the interaction between cognitive anxiety and physiological arousal. Under low levels of cog anxiety, physiological arousal is beneficial to performance up to a certain threshold (following an inverted U pattern). However, as cognitive anxiety increases AND physiological arousal increases, there is a catastrophe point in which performance rapidly deteriorates and can only be recovered if physiological arousal and cognitive anxiety are diminished.
Attribution Theory (CCS)
Looks at: locus of causality (internal [effort]; external [ref]) locus of control (individual feels they have control over outcome in similar situations [hydration, sleep, prep] vs uncontrollable [how teammates play] stability (will it happen again or not [stable = heigh of an athlete; height of a mountain; unstable = weather; opponents skill level]) Optimal attribution pattern = one that leads athlete to believe success is likely to occur again in the future
Reversal Theory
Low levels of arousal can be viewed as boredom while high levels can be viewed as excitement or anxiety Reversals back & forth between these two can impact performance by helping/hindering based on interpretation boredom = hinders relaxed = helpful (depending) excited = helpful (depending) anxious = hinders
REAIM
Reach Effectiveness Adoption Integration Maintenance
Kirkpatrick's Model of Evaluative Training
Reaction (reaction to training) Learning (what was learned) Behavior (assess if job performance changes bc of training Result (assess cost v benefit of training program? overall better off or worse or the same)
tranference
when client imposes behavior on consultant that they would a significant other
countertransference
when consultant imposes behavioral or emotional response on client that they normally would a significant other
When are athletes able to return to sport from a cognitive affective perspective?
when they possess (or have access to) psychological resources that facilitate a safe, productive, and enjoyable return to sport—and are free of psychological attributes that impede such a return (Brewer & Redmond, 2017)