CMST 3001 Exam #1

Discuss the aim, ideas, strategies, and features of Harper's "Woman's Political Future"

- 1st paragraph - trying to tie everyone together - she's calling upon men. If you want to help yourself, help other people too. - Men and women are partners, therefore the fortunes of one are tied to another. - A movement for political change - the community of interests is a community that tries to change the world - tries to make the world more free. - Never blames men specifically in her speech -Speaks to an audience that loves Susan B. Anthony - these are the people who have been putting their lives on the line for suffrage. She's saying to not put all of the focus on suffrage. - Don't focus so much on institutions, focus more on the character of the people involved. - A ranking of values - voting is not as high on the list as we think it is. - How might we work for character? Focus on education for those who are children of slaves. - Women should work in churches to make people more moral, write letters in your papers, communicate with other people to advocate for change. Even if you don't have the vote there's still a lot of work we can do together. Paragraph 10 - three issues 1. Intemperance 2. Prostitution 3. Lawlessness (lynching)

Background on Harper

- Born in Baltimore - comes from a well to do family - family is interested in the intellectual goods of life - Taught classical rhetoric and oratory - Publishes her first collection of poetry in 1845 - very important -1859 - makes literary history by being the first black woman to publish a short story in this country - Female equivalent to Frederick Douglass

Discuss Susan B. Anthony's role as a suffragist, speaker and activist

- Born in MA to a well off family - Quaker - some of the most religious advocates in the nation - early ones to back women and gender issues. ----> growing up in this religion, access to political causes and education Settles in upstate NY - hotbed of reform activity in the US, prior to civil war and afterwards She was first interested in abolitionism and temperance. Becomes involved in suffrage after Seneca Falls In 1851 she meets Elizabeth Stanton - they complement each other perfectly. -- Stanton is the visionary to carry out mission and Anthony is the organizer; they do a little bit of each - Stanton had 8 kids so had to be home a lot, so Anthony worked when the other couldn't Suffrage activism - begins in 1850s but picks up after the civil war - Launched a national effort ----> Civil War was a catalyst because the newly freed slaves could vote but the white women couldn't - Huge fights among abolitionists and suffragists - what are we supposed to advocate for? Anthony as Rhetorician - Work with written word, writer and editor - Organizational ability to manifest other people - newsletters, announcements - With Stanton launched a weekly journal called The Revolution - helped to spread the word about women's suffrage ---> Advocated positions, tried out arguments, shared platforms and strategies Work as public speaker - Active lecturer (Delivers hundreds of lectures and speeches per year during a time when travel is hard and terrible) - Says a lot about her commitment and dedication Anthony's reputation - Not good, Grumpy, old, haggard woman - Received a lot of criticism for masculinity/mannish in behavior - People thought that if women became involved in public life, they would become masculine like her

Discuss the aim, ideas, strategies, and features of Stanton's speech

- Brings protestantism into it - "The point I wish plainly to bring before you on this occasion is the individuality of each human soul: our Protestant idea, the right of individual conscience and judgment - our republican idea, individual citizenship." Stanton focuses on who we are as humans beings regardless of past statutes. The individuality of each soul is non-debatable. Focusing on individuality is a way of trying to build a coalition. She wants other people to identify as individuals with her. Existential loneliness - focus on developing yourself. Being an individual is a way of making the plea of gaining these rights. Looks at how children are isolated, then teenagers, then marriage, then people in old age. At all points of life, we are alone. Even the most educated, upper class woman is alone. By stripping everything from our lives, we can see that we are all alone. Everyone, regardless of gender, age or race is in this boat. This allows for a connection with other people. Lots of metaphors involving men - talks about the sea of life and women being the captain of their own ships. Extended analogy between people and water - we swim upstream and drift up the current... how much power do people have over the water of nature? None! We are controlled by forces not of our own. We have to do the best we can in a situation. Mentions a specific storm - talks of how women were able to overcome it through use of their resources. Women clasped their hands together to save others - much more powerful than if they had tried to save others completely alone. Instead of focusing on the law we need to change, let's focus on the bare soul that we all have. If we can rise above our natural condition, we can find a way forward. You can't argue against her points because there's no solid evidence!!

Discuss the aim, ideas, strategies, and features of Lincoln's Second Inaugural Address

- Known as the most important and meaningful inaugural address in history - Lincoln is confronting the tensions and challenges of the war head on. - Brevity of the speech itself and the sentences make it very direct. - If the meaning of the war is only understood by God, how do we talk about it and move forward? - A speech about time In the 1st paragraph - - He puts himself on the same level as everyone else - we are equals in not understanding the war ("fellow countrymen") - Then vs. Now vs. Future (words of time: references to the past, present, and future) - speaks in passive voice - he has removed himself from calculations about presenting anything new, making predictions. Passive voice distances the subject from the verb so you don't know the actor of the verb. - He leaves it up to god, divine understanding *** Second paragraph deals with the past - "All dreaded [the Civil War], all sought to avert it" --> If both are trying to avoid it, no one tried to start it. Takes the blame off everyone's shoulders. All of us as citizens are together. It must have been divine intervention. "One" vs. "the other" - There is one sense of blame - "one group of them would make war, and one would accept war" - doesn't want to say confederacy brought war. Ambiguous in his reference here. Turnign Point --> Unity - " Both read the same Bible, and pray to the same God; and each invokes His aid against the other" * First half of the speech: one vs. the other * Second half of the speech- unity to understand the war Ultimately saying we shouldn't judge - almighty has its own purposes. We cannot judge God. Together in human ignorance - we don't understand what happened. Final paragraph - Lincoln gets to the limits of secular time - brings sacred time back to our understanding of the moment. We should move forward with God's perspective, doing our best to carry this out. Last two words: "All nations" - Ends with an international perspective, how we understand ourselves relative to the rest of the world. We need to stick more clearly about our place in the world and decide what kind of nation we want to become - foreshadows US becoming the industrial powerhouse of the globe OVERALL - What the speech is Doing: • ** Unite the Union - How does he do it? • Language, word choice, pronouns • Stitching up a wound - bring two sides together and mend the gap - How? • Word choices - "both" and "all" • Purposefully resists blaming/naming an enemy - denying responsibility for the war

Explain Leff's claim about Lincoln's speech

- Leff argues that Lincoln uses temporal shift. This affects how people perceive it. - There is a difference between *secular time* and *sacred time* - Secular time is perceived in a straight line - Sacred time is cyclical, mystical. It is about divine meanings, about transcendent perspectives, about a time that gives us a godly perspective on our situation and our moment. Also about origins and purpose. Why would Lincoln raise the time of the Civil War from secular time to sacred time? o Secular time promotes a blame that needs to be placed on someone o Sacred time promotes thought that this was part of our fate / divine / god wanted - provides a mystery that allows us to get out of blaming other people (ex. saying the South is evil for starting war/killing people so they should be punished) - In elevating to Sacred time, everyone can come to terms with the war and unite. It's not anyone's fault, the war is in God's hands.

Discuss the aim, ideas, strategies, and features of Grady's "The New South"

- Occurs at the end of Reconstruction - The south makes a deal - they will support Republican Rutherford Hayes if the north pulls federal troops out of the south ----> Troops were making sure freed slaves could vote, go to school, etc. When the troops leave, bad things happen like lynchings, clan riding through the streets... Grady is an editor of the Atlanta Constitution - his job is to effectively get people interested in the south, now that the troops are gone - believes it's his job to entice people to forget about the war, reconstruction, and give the South a new image Speech occurs on December 21st, 1886 - New England Club (Club important because they are all business people, leading economic forces of the north, who are potentially thinking about investing in the south) - Grady's job to entice them to build factories in the south, trade with the south ---> "The New Progress" - Grady claims that the economy in the south has moved past slave labor - Worth more to have someone work willingly, more efficient - Freed slaves will work in factories, they count more than they did as slaves - claims blacks are equal and prosperous: not true at all - says everything is fine, race relations are great, when it really isn't - creates opportunity for business where there isn't any ---> sales pitch: there are economic opportunities in the south that you don't want to lose out on Grady says the south is more interested in economics than politics, and in doing so he is steering the north away from focusing on the Jim Crowe Laws, denying the people the right to vote, lynchings - instead, focus on the economic opportunities of the south Tells us to look to the future and to move forward - don't worry about the politics of it and only worry about the economy - doesn't want them focusing on the Jim Crowe laws they have been passing. He says the new south presents a perfect democracy. Speech is a perfect example of the difference between saying vs. doing • Saying: creates a myth about the south in order to revitalize the south - Tells the north - you succeeded in rebuilding the south, it is better than it ever was, new opportunities down there - creates a picture of the mythic south that continues for the next several decades • Doing: • We can't take Grady at face value because he is lying to us about the south

Explain the rhetorical situation Stanton faced in delivering "Solitude of Self" and explain her approach to the situation

- She delivers the same text with some modification to two very different audiences in a very short period of time. 1. The house judiciary committee 2. The National Association of Woman's Suffrage She spoke to people within the movement and people outside the movement Judicial context is a legislative committee - about deliberation. Trying to persuade a male dominated setting. National Association of Woman's Suffrage - epideictic. A farewell address to other women. Designed for posterity. The speech was not adapted for each of these different situations.

Provide an overview of the World's Columbian Exposition, including its controversies

- Takes place in Chicago - 1893 - World's fair - designed to showcase what American had become - Grandeur was a marker of American progress that the entire world was invited to witness - Buildings were built to look good but lacked any kind of structural integrity - Called "Columbian" for Columbus - 400th anniversary of when Columbus discovered America - A lot of debate over where it would take place - Chicago took the reigns because they wanted to represent the midwest - Daniel Burnham - hired to build this world's fair. Vision was inspired by neoclassical architecture. Constructs the White City - made to show who we are visually -White City was at the center of the fair - especially on the intellectual side. This is where we show the world what we've become. -White City was joined by midway - where all of the entertainment took place - Booths that demonstrated world progress - Lectures took place in different halls - go hear the latest talks about religion. -Devil in the White City - Dr. Holmes. Builds a hotel for people to stay at during the fair - proceeds to kill all of the guests.

Discuss Lincoln's views about slavery

- We think of Lincoln as the "Great Emancipator"—MISLEADING (not the hero of race he's often painted as) - NOT an abolitionist - he was just anti-slavery ----> Abolitionism: 1) immediate emancipation of slaves, 2) equal rights for the freed slaves - Lincoln was very passionate about preserving the union ----> He was morally opposed to slavery and didn't want it to spread in new territories, but was OK with slavery where it already did exist and defended the rights of those slaveholders - - felt abolishing slavery would create issues - He represented the general moral opposition to slavery, esp. in north -Believed in colonization and supported the American Colonization Society --> he supported sending the slaves back from where they came from, and colonizing them in Liberia --> - Tries to sympathize with slaveholders leading up to the war. Argued that slaveholders are at risk of losing their property (slaves), and defends their rights. - "Right to Rise" (at the heart of the American promise) - Lincoln was against slavery because it violated his belief in this "right to rise", which was the basic human capacity to do labor and the ability to keep what you earn. Even though he didn't think people were created equal, they should still be allowed to rise and advance as far as their skills and strengths would take them - - "free labor ideology"

Race Controversy

- We were not excited to showcase our progress about race -Lynching epidemic across the country - Negro Building at the fair- where all of the black inventors showcase their stuff - controversy over this -Gender controversies - Women Building - where women can show what they're up to - there's a board of all white women manager who decide who gets to display things - they end up making a black woman the secretary and invite several prominent black women to speak.

Discuss the general purposes and functions of memorials and monuments

1. Make the past relevant to the future 2. Promote order and meaning amidst chaos and destruction (While we go through the horrors of life, memorials give us a sense of order) 3. Create a sense of continuity with the past (civil war, WWI, revolutionary war) 4. Teach civic virtues (teach people in the present and the future how to be) Memorials are integral to rhetorical culture and the way we speak to each other in public Everyone knew memorials would be the defining thing about America - we build memorials - Memorials are: -----> constant reminder -----> vehicle for memory - they carry the past with it and remind people that this was a really important thing -----> Somewhere to congregate and mourn and remember and honor outside of the home (Space for public togetherness) Push for memorialization of the Civil War - Capture the spirit and heroism and courage of the people that gave their lives for the nation - almost every town in the nation built a memorial for fallen soldiers --> There was even a memorial statue building industry that sprang up after this "Typical" civil war memorial statue - one single man holding a musket ---> the everyman statue - one soldier, one country (encourages unity image) - statue looking down - more personal element (humble, not proud of what was done)

Background on Civil War +++ (Not on study guide)

2nd Inaugural address comes at the end of Civil War Reasons for the Civil War (Civil War starts 1861) o 1. Stop the spread of slavery into the territories o 2. Secession - the power of states to leave the Union o 3. The struggle over power between the government and the states Lincoln: Above all, primarily, the war was fought to preserve the Union - it was not about slavery Emancipation Proclamation - January 1863 - made slaves in the deep south free - Lincoln freed the slaves in a place where he had NO power - Lincoln did nothing about slaves in the border states --> He didn't free the slaves there so they wouldn't join the confederacy "North" v. "South" - North and South had terribly divided interests - (people in the North were profiting just as much on slavery as the South) - Most people could not afford to have slaves - Power elites who owned slaves pushed us toward civil war

Provide a general overview of labor issues in the Gilded Age

America's workforce in the Gilded Age - Shift from agrarianism to industrialism (Shift from earning keep on farms to earning keep in factories in urban centers) - Machines replace skilled human labor - labor is broken up according to a small particular part of what you do in the factory line - By 1880, 5 million Americans are engaged in manufacturing, construction, industrial skills - By 1900, the industrial workforce comprises 1/3 of the US population ---> 1 out of every 3 laborers was an immigrant (Huge wave from eastern Europe. Opportunity to make something of yourself) Most crowded neighborhood on the planet is the lower east side of NY - public health nightmare - disease, no hot water, sewage Women have a surprising number of new job opportunities - the number of women employed in industrial settings rises from 2.6 million to 8.6 million in 20 years. Prevalence of "homework". Glass ceiling - no upward mobility 1890 census revealed there are more than 1 million children between ages ten and fifteen working in America. 20 years later there were 2 million. 15-20 hours a day on average worked by children. Sometimes parents "sold" kids to industrial servitude. No child labor laws Wage issues - 40% of the population lives below the poverty line - 500 dollars a year. Even if you worked all of the time, you couldn't get enough money to work above the poverty line. Subject to the whims of your employer - no control. Safety issues - 1900 - we have 1 million injuries in these industrial settings and anywhere from 25,000 - 35,000 deaths per year. Railroads and mines - claiming lots of lives. - Carnegie wants to build parks and libraries, but people are dying in his factories

Discuss the aims, ideas, strategies, and features of Carnegie's "Wealth"

Andrew Carnegie - Scottish Immigrant - born to a very poor family - No access to formal education but family stressed the importance and value of books and the importance of learning as much as you can on your own - Carnegie comes with family to US when he is 13 years old, Settles in PA ----> Takes many jobs to help support family Telegraph operator - Transitions to work for the PA railroad telegraphs communications network (Telegraph is new and changing the entire face of business) - Works his way up through the corporate ladder - At the PA railroad, learns about shipping, distribution, what is needed to have an effective railroad, and STEEL - Invested in oil, then steel - Rags to riches story of a poor immigrant who comes to the US, works hard, and makes sound investments, and becomes the richest man in the world Carnegie reinvents steel and what it can be used for - built first skyscrapers, bridges, railroad lines o 1989 - Carnegie Steel is the largest corporation in the world and Carnegie is the Bill Gates of personal wealth Homestead Strike - Carnegie Steel run by Henry Frick - a bad guy in every way. - Wanted to make more money so tries to impose new restrictions on the union ----> Clash of two titans: biggest corporation in the world, biggest union in the world. - Frick starts locking the gates of Carnegie Steel to keep the workers out so they can't work and get paid - Frick decides he is going to bust the union and break the strike - Hires the Pinkertons (private detectives/hired guns) - big battles with 9 workers killed, 7 Pinktertons killed - PA governor sends in the National Guard to break the strike - Strike results in worse conditions for the workers as they had less money than they would have and their were dead bodies "Wealth" - published in North American Review - lots of readers Carnegie argues that the standard of living has increased due to the wealthy - It's a fact of life - there's no turning back - wealth is part of the system - Social Darwinism - defends competition and says it's a way of life - those that deserve to be on top will naturally be on top. Interrelation between character, work, and money - Interrelation between how hard you work and how much money you have - The individual and how hard they work determines success. No systemic factors other than the existence of capitalism itself. ---> Doesn't take into account gender, race, monopoly, etc. Talks about other structures - "The Socialist or Anarchist who seeks to overturn present conditions is to be regarded as attacking the foundation upon which civilization itself rests..." Carnegie is proof of his own argument in so many ways Carnegie says there are 3 options to do with your money: 1. Leave money to family/descendants - bad because doesn't teach kids to be good people - enables them and doesn't teach them how to work hard -proof: Europe and kings and queens 2. Give it to public purposes after you have died - selfish - if you were alive you'd still have the money - people will erect statues of you in folly 3. Give it away while you're alive - When you give money while you're alive, you can make sure it's for good. If you don't give away wealth throughout your lifetime, you will collect tax. Incentive to give during your life. - Death tax is the state's incentive for you to spend your money wisely while you're alive --> Gets people away from hoarding wealth Giving money while living is how we enrich the community. Says money should not be given directly to poor people - if you give them money they won't work - instead, use your money to build up the public infrastructure so people can learn to do it for themselves. - Libraries were subscription services at the time, so only the wealthy had access to knowledge. Wealthy are wealthy because they have the experience, ability and skills to show people the right way. Should Carnegie be paying his workers more or build libraries for them? Big Idea: All about INDIVIDUALS doing things to fulfill American Dream

Explain the general context of Conwell's "Acres of Diamonds"

Conwell - baptist minister - he adds religious dimension to character, work, and money - Most in demand speaker of this time period - the speech is delivered all over the place - makes his reach so incredibly big Acres of Diamonds - 1870-1924 - delivered it over 6,000 times - he made at least a million dollars from giving this speech Speech is told through narratives and anecdotes. Anecdotes were never told in the same order - doesn't matter the order in which you tell them!

Discuss the aim, ideas, strategies, and features of Debs's "Working Class Politics"

Debs - 1910 - speaking during midterm political elections Takes the emotional route - Logical appeal isn't enough - Instantly sets apart workers from capitalists to give more pride to the workers. Sometimes the best way to be together as a group is to be against somebody. Unification and division. - The unification against an enemy (Enemy is the master class) - Analogy of workers compared to slaves ----> there is a sense of hope and accomplishment involved with this analogy of slavery - they're free and we can be too. Debs - workers themselves must take the initiative in coming together and unify as industrial unions For Debs, Socialism is the fulfillment of the American promise *** There are fights over what it means to be American - Is it Carnegie version: "Pull yourself up by you're bootstraps" - Or is it Socialist industrial democracy ------> Capitalist structure has no place in US - according to Debs ------> What means to be American is to be a socialist and fight for equality (let's include women in this fight) The binding of economics and politics - about two different political systems and we need to take a stand to overthrow the capitalists. We need to be together as workers. Debs thinks Gompers is one of THEM - the wealthy hypocrites. Workers must come together - the leaders will never do it for them - the workers, once united in one great industrial union, will vote a united working class ticket. The biggest problem is we are divided as labors - Uniting everybody in THIS industrial union that can resist the power of the master class is his goal. Industrial and social democracy - empowering the workers as equals - fundamentally American - when we think of Socialism, we think of it as outside of the American experience. Debs thinks it is the fulfillment of the American promise. ***Who do you find more American? Carnegie, Debs, or Gorman --- THINK ABOUT THIS because maybe for the test***

Critique the Freedmen's Memorial and explain the controversy around it

Design of memorial - Slaves got the money together to fund the memorial --> paid for by the freed men: the freedmen's memorial to Lincoln - Model is based on a real former slave --> The last slave picked up under the Fugitive Slave Law Memorial was and is incredibly controversial - Conflict over design of memorial - Douglas recognizes the memorial is problematic in its design in many ways and realizes that so he doesn't talk about the memorial much in his speech - Memorial depicts Lincoln holding hand over kneeling slave - Lincoln always said, "you have the right to rise" - key terms in America about liberty, sacrifice and emancipation - sense of stature and potential progress in this - it glorifies Lincoln - says he's bringing all the slaves up - Douglass is the embodiment of what he (the slave) can become Memorial features: - "Emancipation" written on it - Image of George Washington - Lincoln is dressed like a man and the slave is kneeling with a loincloth and a chain (Clothing symbolizes authority and civility vs. savagery_ Hierarchy of scale, vertical power dynamic o Lincoln is the one with the power and authority who is able to liberate the slaves o Slave in kneeling position, able to rise and get to Lincoln's position

Explain Douglass's work and relationship to Lincoln during the war

Douglass - upbringing in slavery in MD - Mother was a slave and his Father was white; witnessed the most brutal slave treatment growing up in a difficult moment of slave history - At 8 he's sent to Baltimore to work for a ship carpenter - he is given better treatment than he received earlier in his life - *he learns how to read and write* --> PIVOTAL moment in life, equal to escaping slavery Douglas says - Beats up a slave breaker (breakers took uppity slaves and broke them to make them more compliant and obedient) - Douglas plan on escaping slavery but people find out his plans and he is imprisoned for a number of years - When he gets out, he manages to obtain the papers of a free black sailor who worked on the ship - Douglas impersonates this guy and escapes slavery ---> Heads to NYC → free In NYC and Massachusetts he learned how to be an abolitionist - Campaigners realize Douglas is brilliant and a former slave who could talk about his own experiences in traveling as an orator and help the cause - Defined himself as the spokesperson for his race - most influential AA in the country • So eloquent, people don't believe that he could have been a slave ---> so, he writes an autobiography and self-identifies himself as a fugitive slave -------> Douglas must flee to Ireland and England for a few years Pressured Abe to let free blacks fight in the war - 1863 - first black regimen in the Union was launched - Through this push, he developed a relationship with Lincoln Douglas became an advisor for Lincoln during the war - Often fought about what to say/do next - On one hand he applauds the emancipation proclamation, but on the other he claims it is not enough - By the time Lincoln is up for re-election, Douglass does not support him - Start to patch things up once it is clear that the Union is going to win the war - First AA invited to the white house gathering for Lincoln's second inaugural

Provide an overview of the Free Thought Movement

Free thought is a religious and intellectual movement without a particular political focus. (example: not a movement like abolitionism with focus of freeing slaves) - Ingersoll was the lead spokesperson for the free thought movement. **** Free thought: Social justice movement focused on spreading equality and liberty in every area of public life - Brought people together and activists who wanted to make America better and more "American" Free thought advocates addressed a variety of different causes - religious liberty, death penalty, public schooling, suffrage, temperance, prison reform, monetary policy. Golden Age of free thought (1875-1914) - people start asking different questions. Try to have different conversations - explosion in new periodicals devoted to the free thought movement. Origins of free thought: 1. Influx of immigrants - waves of immigrants from new and different places than before - new people with very different belief structures living among us - prompted people like Ingersoll to question beliefs that they grew up with 2. Rise of modern science - ideas of natural selection and evolution raise a lot of questions for people (Darwin's Origin of Species) 3. New psychology - new studies and discoveries about the brain, mind, how we think - made it possible to start accounting for people differently than before (ex. chemically like the brain) - paradigms based in psychology and physiology

Discuss the key questions of reconstruction

Era of Reconstruction (1865-1877) - Begins with the end of the Civil War, ends with the inauguration of Rutherford B. Hayes in March of 1877 - Themes about rights, social movements, voting, violence Reconstruction dealt with a few key questions: 1. What do we do with the Southern States? - Did the southern states succeed or try to succeed and fail in seceding? Do we allow them back into the nation? - Lincoln himself wanted to tell us that we're all in this together, we're all Americans - but there is enough anger and frustration for many people in the north that the radical republicans weren't gonna listen to Lincoln - Radical Republicans wanted to teach the south a lesson. - How do we handle these people who didn't want to be a part of us? 2. How do we repay for rebuilding? - People were starving, families were torn apart... 3. How do we deal with former slaves? - Millions of people now need housing, schooling, food, etc. - Majority of African American population is still located in the southern states- as we're rebuilding the south how do we build structures to help integrate them into American society 4. Role of Providence in the war? - We were a chosen nation - United States was seen as a new heaven on earth in a way - How do we consider that image with the huge disaster of the Civil War, violence, and 600,000 deaths Abolition in 1865 "Dependent plantation laborers" - former slaves still being controlled by white landowners. - Freeman's Bureau distributed food and clothing to blacks across south - Black codes: Tried to make the status of former slaves that of dependent plantation workers - No civil rights... - Reconstruction act of 1867 o required each southern state to write a new state constitution? o African Americans elected to congress, etc. - part of government

Discuss the religious dynamics of the post-Civil War decades

Free thought emerges as it seems that American culture and the public seem to be getting much more religious - Dramatic increase in religious participation (church, rights and rituals) 1. Freed slaves and new churches - We have a whole new population of freed slaves - what does this population do? --> They build churches so they can gather - Free thought resulted in an increase in religious participation 2. North-South common ground - Religion is a big way that the north and south try to reconcile with each other --> Religion is a way to connect as Protestantism is a COMMON GROUND 3. Religious revivals - incredible wave of religious survivals - Tent revivals - people would get together and sing songs/ talk about religion 4. Appetite for religious inquiry - People are hungry for discussions about religion - they want to have these conversations, whether in free thought periodicals or tent revivals, people want to engage these ideas - Now there is a market for religious thought - Helps us try to figure out why Ingersoll is so successful as a lecturer - and could enthrall and capture audiences of people who believe the very thing he is challenging

Discuss the aim, ideas, strategies, and features of Gompers's "The Labor Question"

Gompers - 1888 - Addresses members of the AFL Similar type of strategy to what we've discussed prior - different sections that are very concise. Didn't belabor any certain points and no flowery language. - he was his own example in his speech Sophistry point - Teachers taught rhetoric, taught persuasion, taught people how to speak persuasively ----> *****The problem of this is that laborers don't know how to articulate the value of their labor or talk about their significance. They aren't trained in how to speak Gompers says labor is "the creator of all value" Gompers: Speech is about how to articulate the value of people for people who need to know their value ---- Gives people the talking points to use. Gompers models for his laborers how you articulate the value of labor for other people ---- How to do this? Be succinct, use Metaphors and images, No big words. -----> Forceful, practical, straightforward discourse needed to articulate the value of labor. His sections are "talking points" you can use when you are engaging someone about talking about the value of labor. Poses the question: "What shall we do to be saved?" - Acts like he is a part of the everyday working man, not the boss, not the president of the AFL Gompers talks about labor as a mass of people, not individual people - Carnegie was about individualism - Gompers focuses on the collective - says it's by bringing these people together that we will most effectively navigate American society. He doesn't get very emotional with it - doesn't use very much to rally the people all together and not many calls to action - It's not about overthrowing the system - it's about practical negotiation. all about justifying the approach of the AFL Last Paragraph VERY IMPORTANT - Section "How to Organize" - Labor is related to a brotherhood like an army fighting together for their rights (Pride associated with armies and fighting for your country - the collective, not just yourself) - Gompers showing a bit of his radical side

Explain the myth-making nature of Grady's "The New South"

Grady portrays the South as doing better than it ever has - he gives this speech to all business men from the north to persuade them into giving to the south and investing in the south.

Discuss Hogan's argument about Stanton's speech

Hogan argues this is the birth of women's feminism. -Station discusses how the movement needed to be less conservative - It's not just about the vote - we need to talk about women on a different level - Arguing for a nobler type of womanhood - How do we broaden the space? How do we work for equality in more than the realm of voting? Solitude of Self is radically different from other speeches earlier in Stanton's career - an outcome of a larger evolution. Divide with Anthony - Anthony wants to focus more on suffrage and leave other things until after that is achieved. Stanton argues that we haven't made much progress, so maybe we should broaden our appeal and tactics. People were upset with this - especially older suffragists. Formed a relationship Robert Ingersoll - focused a lot on independence, liberty, spiritual self-determination - influenced by Ingersoll

Explain the context of Anthony's "Is it a Crime?"

In 1872, Anthony showed up with her sisters to register to vote in NY - a lot of debate as to whether or not they should allow them to register. - All they want to do is register and say that I am someone who is eligible to vote - People working area have no idea what to do ------> Advisor determines to allow them to register as citizens, and let the court sort it out later 4 days later they showed up to actually vote in the presidential election - debate between poll people on what to do --> Anthony tells the poll people, "I will pay your court costs if it comes to that" - they are able to vote 2 weeks later, the local Marshall shows up at Anthony's house and arrests her - she is just one of many people who have been arrested - people were arrested if they registered, actually voted, and the poll people who let them vote In 1873, Grand Jury consisting of 20 men - brought up charges against Susan. She then did a speaking tour to rally as much support as she could before her trial date in May - goal was to reach as many potential jurors as possible. Judge moves the county to a neighboring county because of Anthony's touring - however, does nothing as Anthony then goes on a speaking tour of Ontario county Trial begins on June 17th, 1873 - Judge does not allow her to speak for her defense at her own trial Conviction & fine - Fined $100, but never pays the fine ---> NY didn't even collect it because if they did then she would have many options to appeal the fine The speech we read today is the one she gave in these different countries - she would have given this speech at this trial if she were allowed to.

Early Labor Unions ** (Not in Outline)

Knights of Labor - one of the oldest labor orgs nationally - Starts in 1869 in PA - started small and made of tailors. Over the next decade it grew, encompassing a number of different skill sets. Anyone could join, regardless of what kind of labor you did or what color or what gender you are. Wanted to be as egalitarian as possible - Not true for many other labor organizations. - tried to get rid of child labor laws - tried to enforce a 9-5 job - By 1886 - 700,00 members - Knights of Labor wanted skilled and unskilled labor. Whole bunch of membership - pushed for a lot of the reforms we recognize as being accomplished. American Federation of Labor - Samuel Gompers President - National convergence of craft unions - must have a skill to be a part of it. --> Gompers wanted to unite these people. Unskilled workers were not part of this union. - Decidedly practical. We don't want to overthrow the capitalist system. We want to take as many gains as we can. Industrial Workers of the World - Started much later than Knights of Labor - radical labor org --> Wanted nothing less than the overthrow of the US government and the capitalist system. - Believed in sabotage - most members of the IWW were communists or socialists. - Much more industrial in the sense that whether you were skilled didn't matter. If you were in it for social change, you're in.

Explain Logan's argument about Harper's speech at the Columbian Expo

Logan's argument - 3 parts 1. Suffrage rights should be linked to character and education 2. Understood in the context of women's influence 3. Suffrage carries with it the obligation to resist oppressive acts, such as mob violence. Suffrage rights should be linked to character and education - Harper believes there shouldn't be universal suffrage - not everyone should have the right to vote. - There should be Education tests! You need to be smart enough. She makes this argument because it gives her a sense of credibility. -Suffrage must also be understood in the context of women's influence. We have to think carefully about our values. We can't just set our sights on voting and voting alone - not enough. Ability to vote means the ability to make change. Logan argues that Harper is focused on COMMUNITY OF INTERESTS. We must keep our values as a community in mind to move forward. Communities are support systems There can be tensions but people are also close.

Discuss the aim, ideas, strategies, and features of Douglass's speech at the unveiling of the Freedmen's Memorial - "Oration in Memory of Abraham Lincoln"

Occurred on April 14th, 1876 - - Pivotal time: Election and end of Reconstruction - Everyone in attendance are political big wings except for the freed slaves who paid for the memorial Douglas was the best guy to speak at this unveiling - Hot and cold discussion about Lincoln in Douglas's speech ----> Representative of real relationship Frederick Douglas' speech is a challenge to a lot of these ideals - Douglas recognizes that at this memorial, he can just do the same old thing and run the same old "memorial" speech ----> This is bigger - he has to adapt it and redirect it - refers to the memorial as a "highly interesting object" - controversy Douglas spends the majority of the speech talking about Lincoln, so contradiction because he says "there is little necessity to speak of this good man" Christian mindset - establishing Lincoln as Jesus or martyr - to free men from the bondages of sin (in the same way that Lincoln freed men from slavery). Purging of the nation's sin, through blood sacrifice in the 600,000 people that perished. Douglass is confronting the audience with uncomfortable truth - first words after "friends and fellow citizens" is "I" and then "you" Doesn't really unite the audience - division between speaker and audience - trying to confront the fact that division still exists --- Sense of unity that does occur is with the blacks in the audience Douglas goes from "I" and "you" to "WE" - We refers to black freedmen in the audience - This will go into history because it is the first monument ever funded by freedmen like this - Sense of unity that exists at the beginning of the speech is a unity with black in the audience - effort, money and sweat to make memorial Refers to Lincoln as the white man's president - Says Lincoln went along with the capturing of fugitive slaves - Says that Lincoln was ready and willing to deny, postpone, and sacrifice the rights of humanity in the colored people to promote the welfare of the white people of this country - Lincoln was NOT the "Great Emancipator" - Mixed legacy - fugitive slave law ----> "You are the children of Abraham Lincoln. We are at best only his step-children; children by adoption, children by forces of circumstances and necessity." - Lincoln is not the hero that the statue suggests Text and Parallel Structure - "Under his rule we saw" ----> Saying this is a lot different than saying "we saw Lincoln do this or that" - o - Douglas is saying: things happened while Lincoln was president by I'm not ready to give Lincoln credit for it - Douglas isn't trying to trash Lincoln, but he's asking everyone to be honest about what this monument actually represents ** One of the themes of the speech is the difficulty of speaking - How do we put into words what all this means, what we should do with these values that are represented in this statue, how do we talk about Abraham Lincoln OVERALL FOR THE SPEECH - This speech is about how there is still work that needs to be done - This is the marker of a beginning of a process - about legitimizing the race of AAs as they fight to stabilize their citizenship - Lincoln legitimized the AA race as citizens *** - Also, speech is about the importance of commemoration itself, the act of memorializing, for freed slaves • the importance of us getting together to commemorate and allowed to make this shitty statue to memorialize - preserves the reputation of freedmen --------> The statue is evidence of what they're up to now. Their capacity to participate in civic life.

Discuss the aim, ideas, strategies, and features of Ingersoll's "Liberty of Man, Woman and Child"

One of the biggest arguments at the time was that Christianity was the basis of morality - Ingersoll wanted to break those things apart. He wanted to do this because Christianity promoted backwardness and ignorance. The person willing to disagree is the marker of progress Breaks apart morality and Christianity by using symbols. Pushes together the king and the priest - united to arrest the forward march of the human race. King said that mankind must not work for themselves. Priest said that mankind must not think for themselves. Length is part of the communal entertainment. Why does he use his own personal narrative about being a kid in church? Criticizing the traditional manner of some churches - applies this argument to segments of population like kids and women too! Defies the traditional roles of family members - these get away from the way of equality in the family Symbolism - taking all of these terms that are part of the American experience, and he's claiming them as part of his movement. All these struggles over what it means to be an American. Uses 'I' a lot - demonstrates independent thinking - a performance of what he wants his audience to take on. Disrupts the story of Genesis with himself. By inserting himself he's saying that people can think more individualistically for themselves. Taking the idea of creed and adapting it to his own purposes. "I believe in the fireside. I believe in the democracy of home. I believe in the republicanism of the family. I believe in liberty, equality and love." God must like an honest infidel rather than a dishonest believer - independence, equality of thought - better to think for yourself. This is not an anti-religious text - this is text that is designed to prompt religious inquiry - he's advocating for people to be autonomous - Tapping into a larger culture of people hungry for discussions of religion and big ideas - he didn't convert people to atheism - have experience and confrontation with something that makes you a little uncomfortable.

Votes for Women, General ** (Not on Outline)

Perception of women who advocate in public • Women seen as disruptive and disorderly • Suffrage advocacy disrupts the family (damaging future generations and children) • Suffrage advocacy images of a spinster Rhetoric is always about perceptions and appearances ** Susan B. Anthony fighting a war of Perception - Speech about argument and evidence but also about the act of speaking about it itself -----> she CAN and is COMPETENT enough to make these arguments in public, and for that very reason alone, she is demonstrating her capacities as a citizen and as a person ---------> similar to Douglas's angle of perception: his speech was important because it was about him being able to commemorate the memorial - the act of commemoration in itself

Explain the main issues of an dynamics of the Pullman strike

Pullman, IL - company town George Pullman - Head of the Pullman Palace Car Company - owned the town --> Decided he was going to build a town for his workers. Modern features and amenities. By 1893 there are 12,000 people living there. - Pullman makes all the rules: "I own the town, I control the houses you rent from, I control what you pay for goods, I control what you make from wages" Depression of 1893 - Pullman slashed wages by 25% (rent stays the same despite drop) - Strike approaches and is inevitable ---> The mast majority of workers are members of the ARU - American Railway Union - Leaders of the ARU (headed by Eugene Debbs) decide to go to Pullman to help resist the changes that George Pullman is enacting Strike Begins, early May 1994 - 90% of workforce walks off the job - George Pullman is feeling the pressure as business is halted - strike starts to pick up momentum - strike rose to national proportions with sympathy strikes (Because the AMU called a strike, the AFL and IWW also called strikes to support them) - George Pullman refuses to negotiate with any workers ----> Huge tensions Federal Intervention - Grover Cleveland is president and determines gov. needs to intervene for the good of the nation ---> Says the US mail is being interfered, and that was the excuse/reason to go to Chicago to put down the strike - Sends the national guard into Chicago ---> many times these troops are hired at bars and are local yahoos - • 50 people die in strike related violence around the country Strike ends early July of 1894 - federal troops overpower the strikers - 1,000 workers lose their jobs as a result of this - the workers who are allowed to return, return to conditions equal to or worse than the conditions they had when the strike began Eugene Debs and many other organizers are arrested and sent to prison - Debs serves 6 months in jail - reads Karl Marx for the first time - inspired him to take up Socialism - Debs becomes a household name as a labor organizer and political agitator Debs is leader of the socialist party at the time - Debs tries to run for president 5 times as a Socialist candidate - he wins more votes than any third party candidate in history, prior to 1992 - Socialism was a viable political alternative, because of the horrific effects of uncontained capitalism ---> Hadn't learned lessons of what was eventual to happen in the Soviet Union - Many people wanted radical political change to reign in the excess of the Gilded Age

Explain the context of the debate between Stevens and Raymond

Represents two sides: 1. Radical Republicans - Thaddeus Stevens 2. Supporters of Andrew Jackson (slave owner) and Lincoln (to an extent) - Henry Jarvis Raymond - Both were Northerners, Republicans, and White Debate takes place at the end of 1865 • Republicans control the US government --> Democratic party existed in the south - when the war is over the only people effectively left are Republicans Thaddeus Stevens - Leader for the Radical Republicans - PA Representative - Stevens thought the Southern states should not be allowed back into the union unless they gave blacks the right to vote and own land, etc. Henry Jarvis Raymond - campaigned for Johnson to become president - chairman of Republican National Committee - NY Context - when Lincoln is assassinated, there is a huge power struggle/vacuum o and people rush/struggle to try to fill it Andrew Johnson (new president after Lincoln dies) - only southern senator to remain loyal to the Union during the Civil War. (He came from east TN, and there were counties in TN in that territory that did not secede with the rest of the state; But, Johnson does have Southern sympathies) - Congress doesn't like the power Johnson has. He proposes the Amnesty Plan Amnesty Plan - Part 1: if you are or were a confederate officer, all you have to do is submit a loyalty oath to the union and then you can be readmitted to the south. - Part 2: 10% plan - you as a state can come back to the union if only 10% of your state pledges loyalty to US. ---> If you are a member of congress, this is scary because 90% of the states would be unwilling Southern citizens, so they are going to elect their representatives to go to Congress, change the laws, and vote to reestablish slavery ------> Lincoln had proposed basically the same plan before his death - Johnson carrying it on - without Lincoln's support, hard for people to get behind it

Explain Ingersoll's place in public culture and discuss his approach to oratory

Robert Ingersoll - Forgotten part of American history - 1875-1899, born in upstate NY -----> part of the country known as the burn over district (hotbed of social movements and reform activity, especially women's, Mormonism, spiritualism) - father was a Presbytyrian minister and heavily invested in abolitionism ----> while Ingersoll had different religious beliefs than his father, he loves his father's commitment to social justice Ingersoll was a colonel in the war - He and his brother raised and led a cavalry unit for the Union army - after war goes back to IL Starts his own law practice - Becomes one of the most prominent attorneys - everyone knew him - Very important high profile cases, scandal cases - Makes a name for himself and a lot of money Ingersoll considered the most eloquent Americans alive - Biggest lecture draw of the time, known for his oratory - He is very easy to misunderstand - Larger than life personality - Whitman: "Ingersoll's speeches are marvels of beauty....very select few who are alive and keep others alive with him" - *** Most prominent free thought lecturer Gained fame when he gave the nomination speech for James Blaine (1876) at the Republic National Convention - Considered one of the greatest speeches ever written - The next day every newspaper reprints his speech - Becomes known as the guy who gives eloquent and powerful speeches EDIT FROM HERE - becomes a highly prominent proponent - In any given night, he could earn between 50 and 100 thousand dollars per appearance Small town America - most believers were probably Christian Typical lecture stop - local newspaper would publicize, there would then be some opposition - ministers were not supportive. On the day of his lectures, people would stand outside and pass out bibles.

Summarize Stanton's suffrage activities and work as a rhetor

Stanton gets her start in upstate NY - From a prominent family in a little town - Family was involved in reform activities - educational reform was really important for her - Father was a famous legal educator - she received a legal education as well from him - Understood argumentation, rebuttals, evidence, etc. - Married an abolitionist - if you're a reformer, you did a lot of activities - 7 kids - removes her from public life a little bit. -1848 - Invited to tea at a friend's house - the birth of the convention. Planned in Seneca Falls, NY. Sprung from talk of abolition. Incredibly successful. They end up writing the Declaration of Sentiments This text we studied is an adaptation of the Declaration of Sentiments Stanton ends up meeting Anthony as a result of her work in this field. Stanton was the visionary, but because of her kids, she had to stay home a lot. Anthony was sent out to share these ideas. Stanton would deliver lectures on some of the most serious topics of the day, but in the most entertaining way. A lot of the times she sounded a lot like Anthony - logical, legalistic, argumentative style. Solitude of Self is opposite of her typical style. She has a history of Addressing legislative committees - one of the first women in American history to testify before different legislative committees - usually at the state level. Unheard of at the time. Other texts: History of Woman Suffrage (1881-85) - describes key figures in the women's suffrage movement. Woman's Bible (1895) - she took the bible and changed it to be more gender inclusive. A lot of suffragists were not happy because they considered it distracting to their movement. She gives up her leadership position after this Solitude of Self is a spiritual meditation of equality of the sexes. About human rights more than anything.

Discuss the aims, ideas, strategies, and features of Conwell's "Acres of Diamonds"

Starts off with an opening story about Al Hafed - very wealthy guy with a lot of land, a priest comes and tells him about diamonds - the guy goes to look for the diamonds but the entire time it was in his backyard - he gives up his land, travels all over the place then ultimately finds out that his back yard (where he was when he started) was filled with diamonds POINT: the resources for your success are right around you already - you don't have to go looking for them. Argues that wealth is right at home, not in some distant land Example of making toys for kids - ask your own children. Don't be stubborn, look around you and look at the world and serve those needs Themes of the Gilded Age: - Everyone has these capabilities! - Everyone can be Andrew Carnegie - appeal to the common man Point: Story of Christianity is intertwined with the story of Capitalism - serve others and work hard and you will be rewarded. Your success in life is evidence of what kind of person you are More of a democratic appeal here vs. Carnegie's - what does this reveal? There are people and they have a lot of potential - it's on them to do great things. - If you see an old guy who is poor - what do you know about that guy? He didn't look around him for the diamonds

Discuss the aim, ideas, strategies, and features of Anthony's "Is it a Crime?"

Strategies 1. Rhetorical questions (Make people come to the conclusion themselves; Participating in the argument) 2. Other people's rhetoric 3. Evidence (many legal documents) 4. Analogical arguments/relations( Women to slavery, Women to revolutionaries) Specific Strategies 1. "We the people" not "we the white male citizens" (people important because all inclusive) 2. Women compared to slavery in marriage and rights 3. Taxation without Representation (nod to American Revolution) Uses 'we' and 'us' and makes her argument very obvious - identification with audience She positions her speech as forensic She sets up an argument that fits in with the court system - always oriented towards questions of fact and evidence - oriented temporally towards the past - evidence extremely important If she had framed it as deliberative, she would be putting herself in a position of framed guilt. She doesn't want to give Congress the power. Argues that the right to vote is a God given right, a natural right - the Constitution's job is to actually give this to the people - it secures the right to vote - We must amend the constitution! Why would she configure her argument like this? - People aren't going to go against God and nature - Grounding something outside of man made legal structures puts the burden on the constitution/ legal structures themselves - Very powerful argument in the 18th and 19th century - constitution secures and guarantees the rights that are ALREADY given to us by God Important that she labels women as "persons" because black men used to be property but now are seen as free people - deductive reasoning - if/then - if she's a woman, then she's a person and she gets these rights She argues that women are in the same positions as slaves were, relative to their masters. Now that slaves have the right to vote, so should women. Parallel draws from oppression that people see in slavery. - She could be offending people by saying this - too much to argue at one time. Comparing white women's plight to the plight of slaves. The white men are the ones holding women as slaves, and that's who her audience is. She argues that if men won't let her vote, then she's not going to pay her taxes. No taxation without representation - this is a nod to the American Revolution - analogy between the plight of women in 1873 and the revolutionaries Deductive argument makes her seem like a lawyer. Wants to turn every little village into its own courtroom, making the argument as though she were in court - She uses evidence from founding documents, legal decisions, the federal constitution, state constitution, previous presidents - she wants to show that she is competent and has credible sources The fact that she can argue this stuff (research, evidence, order) as effectively as any man means she is a citizen, therefore she should be given the right to vote - act of making a masculine argument is important - says that if you allow us to vote in public life, this is what we can do. OVERALL - Let people do these things and circumvent Congress - Do, live, perform the Natural Rights ----> Stop worrying about the stuff (congress, government, etc.) that gets in the way - All that matters is God and you and the rights given by him to you ----> start living out the man made legal system - screw it, just go out and vote and be that citizen - let women everywhere exercise their vote

Compare and contrast the speeches of Stevens and Raymond

Thaddeus Stevens speaks first - Talks about the South as an old and a new South - Calls the South dead carcasses that need life breathed back into them ----> Significance of referring to the south as dead: there needs to be a rebirth - the country needs to cleanse itself before we can heal as a Union, establish a new identity, and rebuild - the sins of this nation have been purged by blood and now we need a new beginning -----------> Dead things have no power - who's in charge of dealing with the dead?The US. - Who has all the power in this situation? The NORTH. OVERALL: *** Thaddeus: The south DID leave, but now they are within our borders again - what do we do with them now? Henry Jarvis Raymond - Refers to Southern states as rebel states - *** Said the South never seceded Question: when does secession happen A. when you say, "I secede" B. when you say, "I secede", and then fight a battle and WIN the war - With Raymond there is still a sense of agency with the south - they tried to secede but they failed - it's like attempted murder. Temporal context - Thaddeus is about looking to the past - Jarvis is about looking to the future and focuses on how do we move forward, not accounting for the wrongs of the past Who are we not talking about in this debate? - The slaves - "Southern states" refers to whites in those states, for the most part - One glimpse into slave issue given by Stevens at the end of his debate: •** Without the right of suffrage in the late slave States (I do not speak of the free states) I believe the slaves had far better been left in bondage. ---> Even if everyone were equal, whites would still be superior - Thus, there's no reason to not make freed slaves equal because they need the help of white men to help them succeed.

Explain what the Gilded Age is and discuss its key issues, as presented in lecture

The gilded age is the age of wealth and power, and was the time between the Civil War and World War I during which the U.S. population and economy grew quickly, there was a lot of political corruption and corporate financial misdealings and many wealthy people lived very fancy lives. • The wealth problems of the gilded age resulted in the Great Depression Wealth disparities - 1% of the population owns well over 50% of the nation's wealth. - In 1890, 11 million of the nation's 12 million families earned less than 1200 dollars a year for the family - In 1897 the combined value of corporations is 5 billion Arrival of the modern corporation - The idea of a corporation changed everybody's perception of public life - how do they change people's relationships to work and their own money and lives? Idea of a company town - corporation would build a town Corporations are deemed people for the right of the law. Same rights as natural people. Fight over what it means to be "American" - are these corporations part of the American experience? - do they represent the American dream or do they crush it - many oppressed immigrants - are they apart of this American story or not? Money, character, and work - The interrelationship between money, character and work - your character, who you are as a person, relates to the amount of money you're able to earn and the kind of work you're able to do - Who you are is closely connected/ inspeperable from your money and your work

Explain the development of Lincoln's oratory during the war

• The mythic of Lincoln emerges through his oratory - Lincoln was monumental, mythical figure that many misunderstood - He was a brilliant speaker and great at knowing how to speak about an issue for a particular audience --> Ability of timing and audience adaptation were greatest strengths ** - Knows how to talk about states rights, slavery, free labor ideology and is able to climb the political ladder in the US - Oratory is the way in which Lincoln climbed the political ladder - The Civil War changed Lincoln in fundamental ways - there was both spiritual and political growth - He spoke a lot like a lawyer in the beginning of the war but by the end of the war, he turned to religion and became more spiritual --> At the end of the war, Lincoln was less concerned with legal questions. He was more concerned with what the war MEANT. --> The law doesn't provide us with good answers so he turned to GOD -Began to read the bible and Shakespeare every day - Speaks more metaphorically after the war - Asks a lot of questions we don't have the answers to - Lincoln set the standard for the way we talk. Before Lincoln people spoke for hours with long flowery sentences and fluff. With Lincoln, he speaks with shorter, more concise and exact words, ideas got more exact- more like us