Cog Final

The experiment that demonstrated the phonemic restoration effect suggests that when a sound is missing, we rely on: a. analysis from a spectogram b. bottom-up processing of syllables c. top-down processing of semantic context

c. top-down processing of semantic context

Short Answer: In discussing language ambiguity, Chomsky's insight was that we should distinguish between the deep structure and the surface structure of sentences. Consider the following two sentences: ~ The child ate the ice cream cone. ~ The ice cream cone was eaten by the child. Compare these two sentences in Chomsky's terms of *deep* and *surface* structure.

Deep structure conveys the meaning of a sentence. Surface structure is the particular ordering used to convey that meaning. These two sentences have identical deep structure because they both have the same meaning. However, they have opposite surface structure because the choice and order of words used to show that meaning is different.

Consider the sentence, "Because he always jogs a mile seems like a short distance to him." The principle of late closure states that this sentence would first be parsed into which of the following phrases? a. "Because he always jogs" b. "Because he always jogs a mile" c. "he always jogs"

a. "Because he always jogs"

Someone who is just learning English might mistakenly say, "She on the chair sits." Which aspect of the language hierarchy does this disregard? a. Syntax rules b. Parsing rules c. Semantics rules

a. Syntax rules

Short Answer: Winawer et al. (2007) tested how English-speaking and Russian-speaking participants discriminated between different shades of blue. In contrast to Chomsky's view of a universal language, results of this study support the Linguistic Relativity Hypothesis. Using your own words, answer each of the following questions in a sentence or two. a. What were the findings of the study? b. How did the investigators interpret these findings? c. How do the findings support the linguistic relativity hypothesis?

a. The results were that the Russian-speaking participants responded faster when the bottom colors came from different categories (either goluboy for light shades or siniy for dark shades) than when they were from the same category. This did not occur for the English-speaking participants. b. The researchers now believe that linguistic categories can have an influence on how well a person does on a perceptual task. In other words, language can effect cognition. c. The Linguistic Relativity Hypothesis states that language has an effect on the way a person thinks. The findings support this hypothesis because the Russian-speakers had an advantage to the task because they had more language to decipher between the shades of blue.

Which of the following provides the best example of functional fixedness? a. Using a juice glass as a container for orange juice b. Using a pair of pliers as a paperweight c. Using a wine bottle as a vase

a. Using a juice glass as a container for orange juice

When a study participant is asked to list examples of the category fruit, it is most likely that: a. an apple would be named before a pomegranate b. an pomegranate would be named before an apple c. an apple and a pomegranate have an equal likelihood of being named first

a. an apple would be named before a pomegranate

The finding that people tend to incorrectly conclude that more people die from tornados than from asthma has been explained in terms of the: a. availability heuristic b. representativeness heuristic c. confirmatory bias

a. availability heuristic

Most people are able to recognize a variety of examples of chairs even though no one category member may have all of the characteristic properties of "chairs". This illustrates the principle of: a. family resemblances b. exemplars c. necessary and sufficient features

a. family resemblances

When decision making is affected by the context in which the choices are offered, it is called: a. framing effects b. confirmation bias c. permission schema

a. framing effects

In the mental rotation Cog Lab experiment, as the number of degrees of rotation increases, the amount of time it takes to look for a match _____________: a. increases b. decreases c. stays the same

a. increases

A __________ is the smallest unit of meaning in a language. a. morpheme b. phoneme c. semantics

a. morpheme

fMRI studies on category-specific imagery neurons show that: a. perception and mental imagery of an object activate the visual cortex b. only perception activates the visual cortex c. only mental imagery activates the visual cortex

a. perception and mental imagery of an object activate the visual cortex

When the "abstract" version of the Wason four-card task is compared to a "concrete" version of the task (in which beverages and ages are substituted for letters and numbers). a. performance is better for the concrete task b. performance is better for the abstract task c. performance is the same for concrete and abstract tasks

a. performance is better for the concrete task

According to the studies by Rosch, participants responded faster on the same-different task when they were presented with good examples of colors than when they are presented with weak examples of colors. Rosch interpreted these results as support for the ________ approach to categorization. a. prototype b. exemplar c. network

a. prototype

A cognitive map: a. provides a mental image of our spatial relations in our environment b. is always an exact reproduction of spatial relations in our environment c. cannot help us remember directions, because we need to look at a pictured map

a. provides a mental image of our spatial relations in our environment

Pinker calls the verb change from "cook" to "cooked" a(n): a. regular transformation b. irregular transformation c. instinctual transformation

a. regular transformation

Suzi is tall, blonde, and very attractive. If we judge the probability of Suzi's being a model quite high because she resembles our stereotype of a model, we are using the: a. representativeness heuristic b. availability heuristic c. law of small numbers

a. representativeness heuristic

The interactionist approach to parsing states that: a. semantics is activated as a sentence is being read b. semantics is activated only at the end of a sentence c. phrase structure determines initial parsing

a. semantics is activated as a sentence is being read

Coincidences are extremely striking, and often lead people to believe in: a. superstition biases b. stereotypes c. illusory correlations

a. superstition biases

The solution to the candle problem involves realizing that: a. the match box can be used as a shelf b. the match box can be used as a container for tacks c. the candle can be cut in half

a. the match box can be used as a shelf

The use of racial profiling to make decisions about people is likely to involve: a. the representativeness heuristic b. the availability heuristic c. the framing heuristic

a. the representativeness heuristic

Results of the Gick and Holyoak study found that a majority of participants' solved the radiation problem when: a. they received explicit prompts that hinted there was a relation with the Fortress story b. they spontaneously discovered a relation between the problems c. they suddenly discovered an insight into the problem

a. they received explicit prompts that hinted there was a relation with the Fortress story

How many phonemes are there in the word "cat"? a. three b. two c. one

a. three

Which of the following represents a superordinate level category? a. Vehicle b. Car c. Toyota

a. vehicle

In the sentence "Jennifer loved Ben" the -ed is a: a. phoneme b. bound morpheme c. free morpheme

b. bound morpheme

________ are mental representations used to group things together into categories. a. units b. concepts c. entities

b. concepts

Metcalfe and Wiebe gave participants problems to solve and asked them to make "warmth" judgments every 15 seconds to indicate how close they felt they were to a solution. The purpose of this experiment was to: a. show that some problems are easier to solve then others b. demonstrate a difference between how people solve insight and non-insight problems c. show how people progress through the problem space as they solve a problem

b. demonstrate a difference between how people solve insight and non-insight problems

Visual imagery is based on: a. mental representations of the current sensory inputs b. experiencing a sensory impression in the absence of sensory input c. sensory representations of a stimulus

b. experiencing a sensory impression in the absence of sensory input

Research compared humans and pigeons on their decision-making performance when faced with the Monty Hall dilemma. Results suggest that: a. pigeons are fooled more and win less than humans b. humans are fooled more and win less than pigeons c. humans and pigeons are fooled the same amount and win the same amount as each other

b. humans are fooled more and win less than pigeons

Shepard and Metzler's mental rotation experiment was important for research in spatial cognition because it showed that: a. people cannot rotate mental images beyond 90 degrees b. imagery and perception may share the same mechanisms c. people can only perform mental rotation on real-world objects

b. imagery and perception may share the same mechanisms

Inductive reasoning: a. involves reasoning from a general rule to specific instances b. involves reasoning from specific instances to a general rule c. leads to a definite conclusion

b. involves reasoning from specific instances to a general rule

Using an inefficient solution for later problems on the water-jug test illustrated that __________ can be an obstacle to problem solving. a. functional fixedness b. mental set c. unnecessary constraints

b. mental set

Which of the following members would most likely be ranked highest in prototypicality in the "birds" category? a. penguin b. robin c. ostrich

b. robin

Which of the following represents a subordinate level category? a. Furniture b. Rocking Chair c. Chair

b. rocking chair

Results of mental rotation research such as our Cog Lab experiment suggest that: a. rotating mental images is different from rotating real images b. rotating mental images is much like rotating real images c. we cannot compare rotation of mental images to rotation of real images

b. rotating mental images is much like rotating real images

Findings from Kosslyn's imagery research suggest that the mechanism responsible for imagery involves: a. propositional representations b. spatial representations c. epiphenomenal representations

b. spatial representations

Which view of parsing states that the grammatical structure of a sentence determines parsing? a. semantic b. syntax-first c. interactionist

b. syntax-first

People often believe that after a run of bad luck a change is "due" to occur. This mistaken reasoning is called: a. the hot hand effect b. the gambler's fallacy c. the superstition error

b. the gambler's fallacy

"Black boxes" consists of __________ morphemes. a. two b. three c. four

b. three

Studies by Kahneman and Tversky indicate that people tend to ignore base-rate probabilities and overestimate descriptions as being similar to their stereotypes. These decision-making processes: a. violate heuristics b. use representativeness c. use analytic thought

b. use representativeness

Neurocognitive findings from studies by Farah and colleagues support the idea that: a. visual imagery and visual perception use different brain areas b. visual imagery and visual perception use the same brain areas c. visual imagery is secondary to implicit conceptual knowledge

b. visual imagery and visual perception use the same brain areas

The main difference between the syntax-first approach to parsing and the interactionist approach to parsing is: a. why morphemes are free or bound b. when semantics is involved c. whether semantics is involved

b. when semantics is involved

The Tower of Hanoi problem is a good example of how _________ can help in problem solving. a. insight b. working backward c. analogy

b. working backward

In the Monty Hall door problem, if you switch from your original choice after Monty opens a door, what is the probability of being correct? a. 33% b. 50% c. 66%

c. 66%

A problem may be referred to as ill defined because it is difficult to specify __________for the problem. a. an initial state b. an analogy c. a single correct answer

c. a single correct answer

Which of the following problems is NOT an example of an arrangement problem? a. an anagram problem b. a matchstick problem c. a word analogy problem

c. a word analogy problem

Duncker's radiation problem illustrates the role of __________ in problem solving. a. rearrangement b. insight c. analogy

c. analogy

The typical purpose of subgoals in problem solving is to: a. solve insight problems b. move the solver directly from the initial state to the goal state c. bring the problem solver closer and closer to the goal state

c. bring the problem solver closer and closer to the goal state

Researchers created a novel puzzle design in order to study the emergence of mental rotation abilities in children. They found that: a. children's mental rotation abilities emerge in adolescence b. children are born with an innate ability to mentally rotate objects c. children's mental rotation abilities emerge between 3- and 5-years of age

c. children's mental rotation abilities emerge between 3- and 5-years of age

Research studies that examined how intelligence is correlated with problem solving across the lifespan suggest that: a. fluid intelligence and crystallized remain stable across the lifespan b. fluid intelligence increases with age and crystallized intelligence decreases with age c. crystallized intelligence increases with age and fluid intelligence decreases with age

c. crystallized intelligence increases with age and fluid intelligence decreases with age

You are given two pieces of information: 1) To vote in a presidential election you must be at least 18 years old, and 2) Billy voted in the last presidential election. You can logically conclude that Billy is at least 18 years old. This is an example of using ___________ reasoning. a. conjunctive b. inductive c. deductive

c. deductive

Which of the following is NOT an example of the language subfield of pragmatics? a. taking turns in a conversation b. using standard greetings c. diagramming a sentence structure

c. diagramming a sentence structure

Which of the following would be in a basic level category? a. Animal b. Poodle c. Dog

c. dog

Actual members of a category that a person has encountered in the past are called: a. icons b. prototypes c. exemplars

c. exemplars

In a case of visual neglect, a patient with right parietal lobe damage will: a. fail to report some sensory input from both the right and left visual fields b. fail to report sensory input from the right visual field c. fail to report sensory input from the left visual field

c. fail to report sensory input from the left visual field

One reason that most people do not easily solve the original (abstract) version of the Wason Selection Task is that they: a. confuse validity and truth b. ignore the confirmation bias c. ignore the falsification principle

c. ignore the falsification principle

The fictional map experiment designed by Kosslyn used the __________ technique: a. categorization b. priming c. mental scanning

c. mental scanning

In the study of categorization, a prototype is: a. an usual member of the category b. the first member learned for the category c. the average example of a member of the category

c. the average example of a member of the category

Three-year-old children sometimes say, "I goed to the park," instead of, "I went to the park." This is an example of: a. using the past instead of the present tense b. treating a regular verb as an irregular verb c. treating an irregular verb as a regular verb

c. treating an irregular verb as a regular verb

The main focus of the imagery debate is: a. whether imagery is similar for all people b. whether imagery can be used to solve spatial problems c. whether imagery is based on mechanisms related to language

c. whether imagery is based on mechanisms related to language

The McGurk effect is an illusion that occurs when there is a conflict between what we hear and what we see. In this confusion: a. your brain sees and hears the same thing b. your brain changes what you see based on what you hear c. your brain changes what you hear based on what you see

c. your brain changes what you hear based on what you see