Cog Psych - Week 5 - Declarative, Semantic and Episodic Memory
Samantic memory
A form of long term memory Consisting of general knowledge about the world such as concepts, language and so on
.Declarative memory (aka explicit memory)
A form of long term memory involves knowing that something is the case it involves facts - semantic memory and events - episodic memory
Episodic memory
A form of long term memory related to personal experience (or episodes) occurring in a given PLACE at a specific TIME
savings method
A measure of forgetting introduced by Ebbinghaus in which the number of trials for relearning is compared against the number for original learning.
implicit memory
A memory that does not depend on conscious recollection
Parkinson's disease
A progressive disorder involving damage to the basal ganglia; the symptoms include muscle rigidity, limb tremor and mask-like facial expressions
Most used hierarchal level in general adult conversation?
Basic-level
Three approaches to categorisation
Definitional Prototype Exemplar
Definitional approach to categorisation
Determine category membership based on whether an object meets the definition of a category • Does not work well
Category-specific deficits
Disorders caused by brain damage in which semantic memory is disrupted for certain semantic categories
semantic memory relies on what brain areas?
Enotorinal, perirhinal and parahippocampal cortices that underlie the hippocamous
Episodic memory relies on what area of the brain?
Hippocampus
Where is it though memories are consolidated?
Hippocampus
Explicit memory
Memory that involves conscious recollection of information
Concepts
Mental representations of categories of objects or items
Repression
Motivated forgetting of traumatic or other threatening events (especially from childhood)
Hierarchy level normally used on free-naming tasks
People almost exclusively use basic-level names
Retrograde amnesia
Poor recall for memories formed before the onset of amnesia Semantic memory generally more intact than episodic memory
according to Spiers et al. (2001) amnesia patients with damage to the hippocampus or fornix had much fewer problems with what type of memory?
Semantic Episodic memory was impaired in all their cases
Synaesthesia
The tendency for one sense modality to evoke another
Schemas
Well-integrated chunks of knowledge about the world, events, people, or actions stored in long-term memory. • Some schemas are in the form of scripts: • Information about sequences of events. • Can be broken down into clusters
Consolidation
a psychological process involved in establishing long-term memories; this process lasts several hours or more and newly formed memories are fragile
Where are semantic memories stored?
anterior temporal lobes are where semantic memories are stored on a semi-permanent basis. Areas such as perirhinal and entorhinal cortex are probably involved in the formation of semantic memories
What concept hierarchy is used most often
basic-level categories
Recovered memories
childhood traumatic memories forgotten for several years and then remembered in adulthood
proactive interference
disruption of memory by previous learning (often of similar material)
retroactive interference
disruption of memory for previously learned information by other learning or processing occurring during the retention interval
Decay
forgetting due to a gradual loss of the substrate of memory forgetting sometimes occurs because of decay processes occurring within memory traces decay frees our cognitive resources of trivial information
retrograde amnesia
impaired ability of amnesic patients to remember information and events from the time period prior to the onset of amnesia
Semantic dementia
involves damage to the anterior temporal lobes there is a widespread loss of information about the meanings of words and concepts patients with this condition differ widely in symptoms and the pattern of brain damage. However, episodic memory and executive functioning are reasonably intact in the early stages.
Oudiette and Paller, 2013 concluded that?
memory consolidation during sleep instrumental for actively maintaining the storehouse of memories that individuals carry through their lives
Where are long term memories stored?
neocortex including the temporal lobes
Name two types of interference
proactive retroactive
Directed forgetting
reduced long-term memory caused by instructions to forget information that had been presented for learning
which hierarchal level is used to process faces
subordinate
Specialist knowledge tends to lead to which hierarchal level being used?
subordinate (more detailed)
In relation to concept hierarchies Roschet et al. 1976 proposed three levels
superordinate (global) basic-level categories (basic) subordinate (specific)
Hub-and-spoke Model
the anterior temporal lobe serves as a hub that integrates information from other brain areas modality-specific spokes interact with the hub.
encoding specificity principle
the notion that retrieval depends on the overlap between the information available at retrieval and the information within the memory trace; memory is best when the overlap is high
Distinctiveness
this characteristic memory traces that are distinct or different from other memory traces stored in long-term memory
reconsolidation
this is a new consolidation process that occurs when a previously formed memory trace is reactivated; it allows that memory trace to be updated
Exemplar
• Concept represented by multiple examples (rather than prototype). • Examples are actual category members, not abstract averages. >e.g., Markers will be given examples of a HD report, D report, C report, and a P report.
Prototype
• Items in a category resemble one another in a number of ways. • This approach assumes that we store a prototype for a category, and determine category membership based on how similar an item is to the prototype.