Cognitive Psych

_____ is a tendency to use the same set of solutions to solve similar problems, whereas _____ is using the same solution for two problems with the same underlying structure.

A mental set; analogical transfer

Imagine you are out at a bar, trying to make new friends. You see a blonde woman who appears to be nice, but you think, "I don't think I'll approach her - blondes tend to be ditzy." This is an example of _____.

Representatives bias

All of the following are processes proposed to underlie problem-solving EXCEPT:

Selective introspection

The sentence "The man gave a cloud to his girlfriend" has questionable____

Semantics

Meaning is to ____ as grammar is to ____

Semantics; Syntax

Trial-and-error approaches work well when there are____

Several solutions

Language consists of all of the following kinds of domains except:

Size

Which animal demonstrates a "Language" closest to that of humans?

Songbirds

_____ propose that reasoning relies primarily on general heuristics focused on the surface properties of the quantifiers in the argument rather than on reasoning analytically.

Surface approches

"All doctors are smart. All those who are smart are wealthy. All doctors are wealthy." This is an example of _____.

Syllogistic reasoning

____ is a process by which a conclusion follows necessarily from a serious of premises

Syllogistic reasoning

_____ processes are largely automatic, rapid, and unconscious as _____ processes are controlled, slow, and conscious.

System 1; system 2

While sitting in class listening to your professor's lecture, a student sneezes. Miraculously, you still understand the particular point the professor was attempting to make. This illustrates ____

The phoneme restoration effect

You are reading a story, and you notice the sentence, "The fly birds home." What is wrong with this sentence?

The syntax

According to ____, we construct one syntactic structure based on a set of parsing principles that focus on syntactic information alone

The syntax-first approach

You are watching a movie, and you recognize the leading actress from several other movies. You insist that you know her name, but you just can't remember it. This is known as ____

The tip-of-the-tounge state

In Gick and Holyoak's study (1980), what was the key to having participants solve the problem of how to help the patient with the inoperable tumor?

They had to be told that the stories were related

Which of the following is NOT a way that morphemes are used?

To switch to a different language

All of the following are examples of ill-defined problems EXCEPT:

Turning your car on

A Sudoku puzzle is an example of a(n) ____

Well-defined problem

____ are problems that have a clearly defined goal state and constraints, whereas ____ are problems that lack a clearly defined goal state and constraints

Well-defined; ill-defined

____ aphasia is to problems with language comprehension as ____ aphasia is to language production

Wernicke's; Broca's

Which of the following does NOT affect word recognition?

When you learned them

Research suggests that several factors impact how likely we are to correctly follow the rules of logic. All of the following are factors EXCEPT:

Who told us the content

All of the following are types of inductive reasoning EXCEPT:

Representation-explanation approaches

____ focus on how we represent arguments.

Representation-explanation approaches

Early theories of problem-solving focused primarily on ____

Trial-and-Error

Diana is trying to bake chocolate chip cookies from scratch. She has made several batches so far, but cannot figure out what ingredient she is missing. Finally, on her 5th batch, her cookies have come out perfectly. This process illustrates _____.

Trial-and-error

____ morphemes can stand alone, whereas ____ morphemes must be attached to other morphemes

Free; Bound

A dictionary is arranged in alphabetical order. It seems as though our mental lexicon is organized primarily according to ____

Frequency

What brain area seems to play a large role in problem-solving?

Frontal Lobe

Deductive reasoning involves all of the following EXCEPT:

Examining the likelihood of a conclusion being true

All of the following are explanations for differences in problem solving between experts and novices EXCEPT:

Experts are smarter

How many morphemes are in the word "cows"?

2

How many phonemes are in the word "tubes"?

4

Imagine that you are writing a paper and are entering all of your references into your bibliography manually. You complete that paper and begin a new one. You start to, again, enter all of your references manually, even though your friend just told you about a great program that does all of that for you and allows you to reformat things within seconds. However, you insist on continuing with your old ways. This illustrates _____.

A mental state

A problem is:

A situation in which there is a difference between a current state and a desired goal state

In trying to say the tongue twister, "She sells sea shells by the sea shore", you accidentally say, "She shells she shells by the sea shore". This is an error of _____

Addition

Sheldon from the Big Bang Theory uses an established formula to solve a complex physics problem. This is an example of a(n) _____.

Algorithm

A prescribed problem-solving strategy that always leads to the correct solution in problems with a single correct solution is a(n) _____, while a problem-solving strategy that does not always lead to the correct solution is a(n) _____.

Algorithm; heuristic

Gick and Holyoak's (1980) story involving a general and his army as compared to a surgeon and his patient with an inoperable tumor is an example of _____.

Analogical Transfer

Forrest Gump's famous quote, "Life is like a box of chocolates - you never know what you're going to get," is an example of _____.

Analogical reasoning

Your friend is telling you a story about Tom. She states, "Tom proposed to his girlfriend last night. She said yes!" You assume that "she" is referring to Tom's girlfriend because of ____

Anamorphic inference

You are talking to your mother, telling her that you have been working hard and you need to e-mail a completed assignment to your professor. You accidentally say, "I have to e-mail my professor to my assignment." This is an error of _____.

Anticipation

____ developed the logical rules of syllogistic resoning.

Aristotle

One of the most persistent findings in the research on expertise is that:

Experts' advantages are limited to problems within their area of expertise

Imagine that you are taking your dog on a walk through a trail in the woods, and you see an unfamiliar animal. You immediately recognize that it is a bird due to its features, but it is one you have never seen before. Your ability to recognize it as a bird is due to _____.

Category Induction

Imagine that you attend a party with a group of friends, where you all eat a delicious 4-course meal. However, that night, you all end up sick, and you conclude that you must have all gotten sick from the food you ate. This is an example of _____.

Causal reasoning

When you are having a conversation with someone, you often do not stop between words to emphasize that you are saying distinct words. This is known as ____

Coarticulation

According to Garrett et al. (1975, 1988, 1989), language production proceeds through a series of processes:____, ____, and ____

Conceptualization; formulation; articulation

Roberts (2005) defined three general approaches of deductive reasoning, all of which are included EXCEPT:

Conclusion-heuristics approaches

____ propose that errors arise from general biases against making particular conclusions.

Conclusions interpretation approaches

____ is a process by which a conclusion follows from conditional statements

Conditional reasoning

Wason (1960, 1972) identified three general strategies that his participants used for hypothesis testing. All of the following are included EXCEPT:

Correlation

Imagine that you are driving, and the car a few feet ahead of you gets into an accident. You think, "What if I had left a few seconds earlier; that could've been me!" This is an example of _____.

Counterfactual thinking

_____ is about absolute truth, while _____ examines the likelihood of a conclusion being true.

Deductive reasoning; inductive reasoning

_____ reasoning concerns making and evaluating arguments from general information to specific information as _____ reasoning concerns making and evaluating arguments from specific information to general information.

Deductive; inductive

____ is derived from phrase structure rules, while ____ is the linear order that actually gets produced

Deep structure; surface structure

One of the best ways to establish causal relationships is:

Doing experiments that require an independent and dependent variable

Sometimes it feels as though we use logic to reason, while other times we use other methods, like making a split-second decision without any time to think. This best illustrates _____.

Dual-process framework

You decide that you are going to apply to graduate school for a Master's degree in psychology, and that you want to graduate within 3 years of starting the program. First, you look up all of the schools that have the program you are interested in, and you apply. You receive word that you have been accepted to 3 schools! In order to aid in your decision of which school you should attend, you list all of the pros and cons for each. Then, you sleep on it and make a decision the next morning on which offer to accept. A year into the program, you think to yourself that this was the best decision you could have made, and that you cannot wait to see how this education affects your life. This last portion reflects what stage of decision making?

Evaluation

Consider the following scenario. You are at work, and the strap on your show breaks. You have to figure out a way to fix it; otherwise, you will not be able to walk properly with both shoes! You use a paperclip to hold the strap on. This example rejects the idea of ____

Functional fixedness

____ is a common barrier to our ability to solve problems

Functional fixedness

____ is focusing on how things are usually used, while ignoring other potential uses.

Functional fixedness

DeCasper et al. (1994) found that fetuses could distinguish between old and new stories int he womb. They measured this via ____

Heart rate

Inductive reasoning is an application of a(n) _____.

Heuristic

_____ are mental shortcuts that we use to reduce the processing burden on our cognitive systems.

Heuristics

Language includes the elements of sounds, words, phrases, and sentences, each of which are related to each other ____

Hierarchically

IDEAL framework stands for:

Identify, Define, Explore, Anticipate, Look back

While working in a lab, you encounter a problem with your experiment. You spend days trying to figure out what is wrong, and finally, it pops into your head that the temperature in the room is incorrect, causing fluctuations in your results. This is an example of _____.

Insight

Researchers hav found that people most often use ____ when problem-solving

Introspection

While baking a cake, you say the steps out loud as you are carrying them out. This is an example of ____

Introspection

An issue in language comprehension variation in how phonemes are produced is known as ____

Invariance problem

One of the major differences between laboratory reasoning tasks and everyday reasoning tasks is that:

Laboratory reasoning tasks are often solved as a mens of achieving other goals

Broca's aphasia is associated with damage to the ____, whereas Wernicke's aphasia is associated with damage to the ____

Left inferior frontal cortex; Left posterior temporal cortex

The mental collection of all the words we know is called a ____

Lexicon

All of the following are heuristic search process EXCEPT:

Means-backward strategy

____ is a problem-solving strategy that involves reposted comparisons between the current state and the goal state.

Means-ends strategy

According to Johnson-Laird et al. (2001), reasoning proceeds through three stages, which are:

Model construction, conclusion-formation, and conclusion-validation

____ are the smallest representations that convey meaning and grammatical properties

Morphemes

In Kahneman and Tversky's prospect theory, they hypothesized that people tend to _____ low-probability outcomes and _____ high-probability outcomes.

Overweight; underweight

Studies examining the eye movements of participants trying to solve math problems found that _____.

People fixate on the things that they are thinking about

The subfield of linguistics that examines the use of language within particular contexts is called ____

Pragmatics

According to Garrod and Pickering (2004), the mechanism through which alignment of the phonological, syntactic, semantic, and situational models occurs is ____

Priming

____ is the process of developing a solution designed to change the state of affairs from the current state to the goal state:

Problem solving

In language development, language ____ typically lags behind language ____

Production; comprehension

"If it snows today, I am not going to go to work. It is not snowing outside. I am going to work." This is an example of a(n) _____.

Propositional statement

____ are those that are either true or false

Propositional statements

How we mentally represent a problem can ____ finding the solution

both help and hinder

The ideal model of decision making involves:

ranking criteria in terms of their importance