Cognitive Psychology Exam 2- Chapter 6

The coding of a stimulus into memory refers to which of the following? a. Process b. Form c. Consciousness d. Location

b. Form

___________ memories are those that we are not aware of. a. Explicit b. Implicit c. Declarative d. All of these are correct

b. Implicit

Which of the following involves procedural memory? a. Knowing how it feels to be scared b. Reading a sentence in a book c. Knowing how an automobile engine works d. Recalling a childhood memory

b. Reading a sentence in a book

Which of the following deserves credit for the recency effect? a. episodic memory b. semantic memory c. short-term memory (STM) d. long-term memory (LTM)

c. short-term memory (STM)

What criterion did Tulving use to define the difference between semantic memories and episodic memoires? a. veracity b. time c. experience d. location

c. experience

The predominant type of coding in long-term memory is a. concrete. b. semantic. c. phonological. d. visual.

b. semantic.

Your text discusses how episodic and semantic memories are interconnected. This discussion revealed that when we experience events, a. episodic memory for events lasts longer than semantic memory for the events. b. the knowledge that makes up semantic memories is initially attained through a personal experience based in episodic memory. c. semantic memory of events is enhanced when it is not interfered with by associated episodic memories. d. semantic and episodic memories about events tend to last about the same length of time in our memory.

b. the knowledge that makes up semantic memories is initially attained through a personal experience based in episodic memory.

What tool did doctors use to measure the short-term memory capacity of KF following his motorcycle accident? a. mirror drawing b. digit lists c. word lists d. novel faces

b. digit lists

Henry Molaison's inability to form lasting memories was the result of removing which part of his brain? a. hypothalamus b. hippocampus c. corpus callosum d. amygdala

b. hippocampus

The fact that different types of memory share mechanisms falls under the category of memory ________. a. dissociation b. interaction c. division d. specialization

b. interaction

Which of the following types of exam questions is an example of recognition memory? a. fill-in-the-blank b. multiple-choice c. short answer d. essay

b. multiple-choice

Identifying voxels in an fMRI scan that light up when a person sees a photo of a particular scene for the first time is an example of ________. a. remember/know processing b. physiological coding c. mental time travel d. proactive interference

b. physiological coding

Political propaganda is an effective tool to manage and control the public due to the effect of ________. a. coding b. priming c. semanticization d. conditioning

b. priming

Abby has traveled away from home and has no memory of events and other personal details about her life. Based on this information, it appears that she suffers from ___. a. amnesia b. psychogenic fugue c. Alzheimer's disease d. dissociative identity disorder

b. psychogenic fugue

Your text describes an "Italian woman" who, after an attack of encephalitis, had difficulty remembering people or facts she knew before. She could, however, remember her life events and daily tasks. Her memory behavior reflects a. intact episodic memory but defective procedural memory. b. intact semantic memory but defective episodic memory. c. intact episodic memory but defective semantic memory. d. intact procedural memory but defective episodic memory.

c

Murdoch's "remembering a list" experiment described the serial position curve and found that memory is best for ___________ of a list. a. the last words b. the middle words c. both the first and last words d. the first words

c. both the first and last words

Regarding a person's future, episodic memory seems to be ________. a. inaccurate b. dissociated c. adaptive d. procedural

c. adaptive

Why does counting backwards after reciting a list of words eliminate the recency effect? a. The first words are sent to short-term memory (STM). b. The first words are lost in long-term memory (LTM). c. The last words are sent to long-term memory (LTM). d. The last words are lost in short-term memory (STM).

d. The last words are lost in short-term memory (STM).

Suppose a subject began recall of a list of words after counting backwards for 30 seconds. What would be the likely consequence of doing this? a. It would illustrate the primacy and recency effects. b. The words would be more likely to enter into long-term memory. c. The primacy effect is eliminated. d. The recency effect is eliminated.

d. The recency effect is eliminated.

Which stimulus is most likely to be semantically coded? a. a hot dog b. a toy dog c. a photo of a dog d. a barking dog

d. a barking dog

The type of coding that occurs in a particular situation primarily depends on the ________. a. source b. stimulus c. task d. neurons

c. task

Believing that a particular statement is true simply because you have seen the statement in previous instances is known as the ________ effect. a. propaganda b. conditioning c. recency d. primacy

a. propaganda

Your book discusses the memory functioning of patient H.M. who underwent brain surgery to relieve severe epileptic seizures. H.M.'s case has been extremely informative to psychologists by demonstrating that a. short-term memory can operate normally while long-term memory is impaired. b. impairment of one memory system (long-term or short-term) necessarily leads to deficits in the functioning of the other. c. a double dissociation exists for short-term and long-term memory. d. long-term memory can operate normally while short-term memory is impaired.

a. short-term memory can operate normally while long-term memory is impaired.

The propaganda effect demonstrates that we evaluate familiar statements as being true a. simply because we have been exposed to them before. b. only when we agree with them. c. unless we are told explicitly that the statements are false. d. only when we are aware we've seen them before.

a. simply because we have been exposed to them before.

One of the defining characteristics of implicit memory is that a. people are not conscious they are using it. b. it always leads to episodic memory for events. c. people use it strategically to enhance memory for events. d. it is enhanced by the self-reference effect.

a. people are not conscious they are using it.

Which of the following is NOT an example of an implicit memory? a. Semantic memory b. Repetition priming c. Classical conditioning d. Procedural memory

a. Semantic memory

Which of the following correctly lists types of memory from least to most complex? a. Visual, semantic, episodic b. Semantic, visual, episodic c. Episodic, visual, semantic d. Semantic, episodic, visual

a. Visual, semantic, episodic

Lamar has just gotten a new job and is attending a company party where he will meet his colleagues for the first time. His boss escorts him around to small groups to introduce him. At the first group, Lamar meets four people and is told only their first names. The same thing happens with a second group and a third group. At the fourth group, Lamar is told their names and that one of the women in the group is the company accountant. A little while later, Lamar realizes that he only remembers the names of the people in the first group, though he also remembers the profession of the last woman he met (the accountant). Lamar's experience demonstrates a. a build-up and release of proactive interference. b. the cocktail party phenomenon. c. the phonological similarity effect. d. a partial-report procedure.

a. a build-up and release of proactive interference.

Neuropsychological evidence indicates that short- and long-term memories probably a. are caused by different mechanisms that act independently. b. both rely most heavily on a semantic coding mechanism. c. represent different aspects of the same mechanism. d. are caused by different mechanisms that depend upon each other.

a. are caused by different mechanisms that act independently.

When investigating the serial position curve, delaying the memory test for 30 seconds a. decreases the recency effect. b. increases the primacy effect. c. has no effect on the curve. d. increases both the primacy and the recency effects.

a. decreases the recency effect.

The primacy effect (from the serial position curve experiment) is associated with ___________ memory. a. long-term b. sensory c. short-term d. implicit

a. long-term

Which of the following memories would NOT be an example of long-term memory? a. acknowledging that you just sat down b. remembering your first day of kindergarten c. recollecting what you had for breakfast an hour ago d. recalling a family vacation from 10 years ago

a. acknowledging that you just sat down

Primacy effect is to recency effect as ___ is to ___. a. beginning; end b. end; beginning c. recall; recognition d. recognition; recall

a. beginning; end

Which term best reflects the aspect of memory that people lose with age? a. experience b. knowledge c. sensation d. semantics

a. experience

When you just ride a bike without consciously thinking about how to do so, this illustrates ___ memory. a. procedural b. explicit c. semantic d. episodic

a. procedural

All of the following illustrate implicit memory EXCEPT ___. a. semantic knowledge b. priming c. conditioning d. procedural memory

a. semantic knowledge

Why is classical conditioning considered a form of implicit memory? a. Because learning the association between the neutral and conditioned stimulus requires effort. b. Because it involves learning an association without being aware of the reasons behind it. c. Because it is based on motor skills similar to procedural memory. d. Because it usually involves memory for the episode in which it occurred.

b. Because it involves learning an association without being aware of the reasons behind it.

___________ memories are to experiences as ___________ memories are to facts. a. Implicit; episodic b. Episodic; semantic c. Procedural; episodic d. Semantic; implicit

b. Episodic; semantic

Which of the following is NOT a conclusion from the case of H.M., who had an operation to help alleviate his epileptic seizures? a. Short-term and long-term memories can operate independently of each other. b. Long-term memories are unaffected by damage to the hippocampus. c. Short-term and long-term memories are controlled by different mechanisms. d. The hippocampus is necessary for forming new long-term memories.

b. Long-term memories are unaffected by damage to the hippocampus.

In which of the following examples of two different brain-injured patients (Tom and Tim) is a double dissociation demonstrated? a. Both Tom and Tim have good semantic memory but poor episodic memory. b. Tom has good semantic memory and poor episodic memory, while Tim has good episodic memory but poor semantic memory. c. Tom and Tim both show deficits in episodic and semantic memory. d. Both Tom and Tim have good episodic memory but poor semantic memory.

b. Tom has good semantic memory and poor episodic memory, while Tim has good episodic memory but poor semantic

Work with brain-injured patients reveals that ___________ memory does not depend on conscious memory. a. personal semantic and remote b. implicit and procedural c. declarative and non-declarative d. semantic and episodic

b. implicit and procedural

According to Tulving, the defining property of the experience of episodic memory is that a. it always corresponds to events from our past that actually happened. b. it involves mental time travel. c. it accesses knowledge about the world that does not have to be tied to any specific personal experience. d. it involves both explicit and implicit memories.

b. it involves mental time travel.

Ronnie told his friend Sasha, "Last Thursday when it got below freezing and the roads were icy, I went to that new sushi place on Rte 38 for the $12.99 all-you-can-eat special." Which part of Ronnie's autobiographical memory is episodic? a. The dinner special cost $12.99. b. I had dinner at the sushi place. c. The sushi place is on Rte. 38. d. Roads get icy below 32 degrees.

b. I had dinner at the sushi place.

Which of the following statements best reflects Tulving's concept of semantic memory? a. I live it. b. I know it. c. I sense it. d. I feel it.

b. I know it.

The accuracy of recalling items in a list decreases as the length of the list increases due to which of the following? a. abstraction b. distraction c. semanticization d. dissociation

b. distraction

When the police ask the victim of a crime to look through mugshots of past criminals, they hope that the victim's ________ will help them to identify and arrest a suspect. a. coding b. recognition c. semanticization d. recall

b. recognition

Which of the following would be an example of mental time travel? a. thinking about how you're going to get through a busy, stressful day b. recollecting a trip to New York City, where you and a friend climbed to the top of the Statue of Liberty c. planning ahead for a future vacation to Florida d. imagining how your life might be in 5 years

b. recollecting a trip to New York City, where you and a friend climbed to the top of the Statue of Liberty

There is contemporary research that, in addition to the hippocampus, structures in the ___ lobe may be linked with ___ memory. a. temporal; long-term (only) b. temporal; long- and short-term c. occipital; long-term (only) d. occipital; long- and short-term

b. temporal; long- and short-term

Regarding free recall of a list of items, which of the following will most likely cause the recency effect to disappear by preventing rehearsal? a. Presenting the stimulus list at a slower pace b. Using a very long list (greater than 30 items at one item per second) c. Counting backward for 30 seconds before recall d. Inserting a 30-second delay before recall

c. Counting backward for 30 seconds before recall

Ming is taking a memory test. She is more likely to recall the name of a popular singer if she had a. just seen the singer on TV. b. recently seen the singer on TV and read about the singer in a magazine. c. attended the singer's concert last year with her boyfriend. d. just read about the singer in a magazine.

c. attended the singer's concert last year with her boyfriend.

The constructive episodic stimulation hypothesis describes how our memories are connected to our ________. a. emotions b. knowledge c. future d. neural networks

c. future

The recency effect occurs when participants are asked to recall a list of words. One way to eliminate the recency effect is to a. have participants see the words on a screen, rather than hear them. b. have participants say "la, la, la" while studying the list. c. have participants count backwards for 30 seconds after hearing the last word of the list. d. present the list more slowly.

c. have participants count backwards for 30 seconds after hearing the last word of the list.

K.C., who was injured in a motorcycle accident, remembers facts like the difference between a strike and a spare in bowling, but he is unaware of experiencing things like hearing about the circumstances of his brother's death, which occurred two years before the accident. His memory behavior suggests a. intact episodic memory but defective procedural memory. b. intact procedural memory but defective semantic memory. c. intact semantic memory but defective episodic memory. d. intact episodic memory but defective semantic memory.

c. intact semantic memory but defective episodic memory.

Semantic memory is to ________ as episodic memory is to ________. a. implicit; explicit b. fragile; permanent c. knowing; remembering d. images; sounds

c. knowing; remembering

Lucille is teaching Kendra how to play racquetball. She explains how to hold the racquet, how to stand, and how to make effective shots. These learned skills that Lucille has acquired are an example of ___________ memory. a. autobiographical b. semantic c. procedural d. working

c. procedural

This multiple-choice question is an example of a ___________ test. a. word-completion b. recall c. recognition d. personal semantic memory

c. recognition

A patient with impaired episodic memory would most likely have the greatest difficulty in a. recalling where to find eating utensils in the kitchen. b. recognizing famous people. c. remembering graduating from college. d. remembering the meaning of some words.

c. remembering graduating from college.

Procedural memories are also known as ________ memories. a. task b. explicit c. skill d. static

c. skill

Memory enhancement due to repetition priming is a result of the test stimulus being a. similar in meaning to the priming stimulus. b. different from the priming stimulus. c. the same as or resembling the priming stimulus. d. different in meaning from the priming stimulus.

c. the same as or resembling the priming stimulus.

Wickens et al.'s "fruit, meat, and professions" experiment failed to show a release from proactive interference in the "fruit" group because a. the response task remained the same. b. the stimulus category changed. c. the stimulus category remained the same. d. the response task changed.

c. the stimulus category remained the same.

When Javier talks about last night's basketball game with his friend Carol over coffee, which of the following internal thoughts reflect Javier's working memory? a. "The price of a latte went up 15 cents." b. "Carol's father died recently; be sensitive." c. "The game was close and exciting." d. "Carol and I first met working at KFC."

c. "The game was close and exciting."

Which of the following would be an example of auditory coding in long-term memory? a. visualizing what the White House looked like when you saw it last summer b. recalling the general plot of a novel you read last week c. a song you have heard many times before, repeating over and over in your mind d. representing the sounds of letters in the mind just after hearing them

c. a song you have heard many times before, repeating over and over in your mind

According to your text, which of the following movies is LEAST accurate in its portrayal of a memory problem? a. Memento b. The Bourne Identity c. The Long Kiss Goodnight d. 50 First Dates

d. 50 First Dates

Suppose you recall that you had a pleasant conversation with a cashier the other day when you went to get coffee. This memory should be viewed as primarily being ___. a. semantic b. autobiographical c. procedural d. episodic

d. episodic

Which of the following statements is the most accurate with regard to autobiographical memories? a. Autobiographical memories are highly accurate from as early as 3 years of age. b. It is not possible to have an autobiographical memory that has only semantic or episodic content. c. When autobiographical memories are impaired, their episodic content will block access to related semantic content. d. Autobiographical memories can involve both episodic and semantic content.

d. Autobiographical memories can involve both episodic and semantic content.

Which of the following is an example of a semantic memory? a. I remember seeing a volcano erupt in Hawaii last summer. b. I remember my earth science teacher telling me how volcanoes erupt. c. I remember "volcano" was the first word on the list Juan read to me. d. I remember the big island of Hawaii has many active volcanoes.

d. I remember the big island of Hawaii has many active volcanoes.

A man suffering from Korsakoff's syndrome would be able to perform which of the following activities without difficulty? a. Recognizing people he has recently met b. Following a story in a book c. Remembering what he needs to buy when he gets to the grocery store d. Identifying a photograph of his childhood home

d. Identifying a photograph of his childhood home

The following statement represents what kind of memory? "The Beatles stopped making music together as a group in the early 1970s." a. Implicit b. Procedural c. Episodic d. Semantic

d. Semantic

Which of the following is most closely associated with implicit memory? a. Release from proactive inhibition b. The self-reference effect c. Encoding specificity d. The propaganda effect

d. The propaganda effect

From a cognitive psychology perspective, memories from specific experiences in our life are defined as being ________. a. subjective b. reflective c. personal d. autobiographical

d. autobiographical

Explicit memory is to ___________ as implicit memory is to ___________. a. primacy; recency b. episodic; semantic c. self; others d. aware; unaware

d. aware; unaware

"I remember being really excited last year, when my college team won the national championship in basketball." This statement is an example of ___________ memory. a. semantic b. implicit c. procedural d. episodic

d. episodic

As people get older, their memories of past experiences tend to have an emphasis on ________. a. feelings b. episodes c. procedures d. facts

d. facts

The primacy effect is attributed to a. a type of rehearsal that improves memory for all items in a list. b. recall of information still active in short-term memory. c. forgetting of early items in a list as they are replaced by later items. d. recall of information stored in long-term memory.

d. recall of information stored in long-term memory.

According to Tulving, an episodic memory is distinguished by the process of ________ it. a. knowing b. coding c. semanticizing d. reliving

d. reliving

The dramatic case of patient H.M. clearly illustrates that ___________ is crucial for the formation of long-term memories. a. synaptic consolidation b. deep processing c. vitamin B1 d. the hippocampus

d. the hippocampus

Researchers understood that KF had experienced a decline in short-term memory capacity because he had a digit span of ________ . a. six b. four c. one d. two

d. two

What is the upper limit for holding information in long-term memory? a. about 15 seconds b. about 10 years c. about 25 years d. no limit

d. no limit

After spending all day at the library, Kathy said, "My brain is stuffed. I can't study anymore. Nothing I read is sticking." Kathy is experiencing ________ interference. a. restrictive b. semantic c. episodic d. proactive

d. proactive

Which of the following deserves credit for the primacy effect? a. position b. semantics c. coding d. rehearsal

d. rehearsal