Cognitive Psychology, psych 128 Fresno State, FSU Psych 128 exam 1, AP Psychology - Chapter 3 pages 101-128, psych 128 exam 1, Psych 128 Exam 1 Review, Psych 128- Fresno State- Dr. Oswald, Cognitive Psychology: Chapter 2, Intro to Cognitive Psycholog...

Auditory coding in LTM

Recalling the sound of a song you heard on the radio yesterday would be an example of

Denrites

Receive information from other neurons

regressions

moving backward in the text to earlier material in the sentence; good readers are less likely to make regressions

Stroop Task

name the ink color of a color word if there is a mismatch between ink color and word.

If kittens are raised in an environment that contains only verticals, you would predict that most of the neurons in their visual cortex respond best to the visual presentation of a

picket fence

Cerebral Cortex

the outer layer of the cerebrum, composed of folded gray matter and playing an important role in consciousness.

Parietal Lobe

Skin senses→ touch, temp., pain

Serial (conjunction) searches require _______ attention

High

mental chronometry

the measure of mental time created by Broadbent

Genetic Knockout

-Procedures that create animals that lack certain kinds of cells or receptors in the brain

31. Damage to Wernicke's area is in which lobe of the brain? A. Temporal B. Occipital C. Parietal D. Frontal

A. Temporal

A _______ is sent down the ________ of a neuron.

Action potential; axon

18. Which stage in Treisman's "attenuation model" has a threshold component? A. The attenuator B. The dictionary unit C. The filter D. The "leaky" filter

B. The dictionary unit

51. Imagine we conducted a series of attention experiments. The idea that attention is associated with objects would be indicated if reaction time were A. reduced when targets appeared at the site of a prior cue than if they appeared distant from a cue site. B. reduced when targets appeared within a cued object compared to within an adjacent object. C. increased when targets appeared within a cued object compared to within an adjacent object. D. increased when targets appeared at the site of a prior cue than if they appeared distant from a cue site.

B. reduced when targets appeared within a cued object compared to within an adjacent object.

Theory of Natural Selection

Characteristics that enhance an animal's ability to survive, and therefore reproduce, will be passed on to future generations.

9. Which of the following would likely be an input message into the detector in Broadbent's model? A. All messages selected by the filter B. All messages within earshot C. A message with a German accent D. All sensory messages

C. A message with a German accent

Good continuation

Camouflage -law of good continuation, we tend to close gaps in good contours slight unnoticeable imperfections.

Auditory nerve

Contains the axons of all the receptor neurons from the hair cells in the inner ear

Context effects

Context helps us to recognize letters in many different styles, top-down theories

Neurons receive information from other neurons through the:

Dendrites

Olfactory receptor cells

Each have about a half dozen to a dozen little "hairs" that project into the cavity; receptor sites are on these hair cells that send signals to the brain when stimulated by the molecules of substances that are in the air moving past them

Fixation

Each time you briefly pause on a face or an object

Direct Pathway Model

Early 1950s and 1960s, pain thought of this way pain occurs when receptors in the skin called nociceptors are stimulated and send their signals in a direct pathway from the skin to the brain. (Bottom-up process)

continuous

Early Studies of brain tissue that used staining techniques and microscopes from the 19th century described the "nerve net." These early understandings were in error in the sense that the nerve net was believed to be

Alzheimer's disease

Effected damage in Basal Forebrain, neurofibrillary tangles and neuritic plaques loses much of inhibition. cannot rise to level of semantic reasoning

Perception

Experience resulting from stimulation of the sense. (Combination of Bottom-up and Top Down Processing)

Principles of Perceptual Organization

Explains how small elements of a scene or a display become perceptually grouped to form larger units. These "laws" are described as "heuristics".

Likelihood

Extent to which the available evidence is consistence with the outcome.

What would a split-brain patient say if they saw TRIDENT + FAMILY

Family

Hermann Ebbinghaus

German psychologist who pioneered the experimental study of memory; forgetting curve and spacing effect; had subjects learn long lists of nonsense syllables; association: key element of human info processing, making a link between 2 concepts; automatic spreading activation between related items

The 'Radiation' problem (Analogical transfer)

Given the info of a person with cancer that's inoperable, and couldn't use chemo because it would kill all the good cells on the way to the tumor and kill patient anyways. People can't solve. Then given the evil dictator, where he places mines on ea. road leading to his castle that are sensitive to large groups of people. Most people can solve by giving solution to break up the large group into multiple small ones, and each smaller group simultaneously charges from the different roads. When shown that the same concept can be applied to the chemo (shooting it at the patient from multiple angels and locations) people don't realize it.

Aristotle

Greek philosopher; noted the importance of experience on knowledge acquisition (crystallized intelligence) and the necessity of empirical evidence in order to make assumptions about things

Automatic processing

Happens without intention This is how we are able to do more than one thing at a time -Requires few cognitive resources -Ex. Driving, Eating, Walking, Speaking

Vestibular senses

Having to do with movement, balance, and body position

Volume

How soft or loud a sound is

Implicit vs Explicit memory

Implicit memory: Memories that occurs when an experience affects a person's behavior, even though the person is not aware that he or she has had the experience. Also called, nondeclarative memory. Explicit Memory: Memory that involves conscious recollections of events or facts that we have learned in the past. Also known as declarative memory or conscious memory.

D

In ERP methodology, the number that follows the N or the P (N400 or P300, for example) stands for A. the positivity or negativity of the response. B. how likely the response is, with higher numbers indicating a more likely response. C. how strong the response is in millimeters on the reading. D. the time at which the response peaks in milliseconds.

Ganzfield Effect

In sensory deprivation, the brain increases neural noise in search of the missing stimulus

Stroboscopic motion

In which a rapid series of still pictures will seem to be in motion

Phi phenomenon

In which lights turned on in sequence appear to move

Top-down process

Is a process that begins with a person's prior knowledge or expectation. Involves the ability to recognize objects based on just a few Geons.

Attention Characteristics

Is not the same as awareness. (preconscious processing) → having attention preoccupied with something else. Example: like when Dr. Oswald had to give class after 9/11

Which neuroimaging method to use?

It depends on your research questions. An fMRI and other blood flow measures (PET) provide good spatial resolution (the number of pixels utilized in construction of a digital image) but coarse temporal resolution (precision of a measurement with respect to time). Use DTI for distributed processing and fMRI for localization of function. ERP provides good temporal resolution but low spatial resolution

one is handled by the sketch pad and one is handled by the phonological loop.

It is easier to perform two tasks at the same time if

Closure

Items are grouped together if they tend to complete a figure (Gestalt Principle)

What do the examples of Joe and Vicky demonstrate about the two hemispheres of the brain?

Localization of function; specialization of the two hemispheres

more action potential

Microelectrodes pick up the electrical signal and are placed near the axon. The neuron is active for ~1 second. The size of the action potential is not measured because its size remains consistent. The rate of firing is measured and low intensities are slow firing and high intensities are fast firing. 1ms per action potential.

Misinformation Effect:

Misleading information presented after a person witnesses an event can change how the person describes that even later.

What are the three parts of the brain?

Neocortex (forebrain), mid-brain, hindbrain

Acetylcholine

Neurotransmitter associated with Alzheimer's disease

Linear Perspective

Parallel lines converge in distance Monocular Depth Cue

Rods

Peripheral -no color -contrast and motion -less light -slower

The receiving neuron will take a neurotransmitter on a _______ which is located on a _______

Receptor; dendrite

Visceral pain

Receptors that detect pain and pressure in the organs

he layer of neurons that lines the back of the eye is called the

Retina

Five basic tastes

Sweet, sour, salty, bitter, umami

Attention takes time?

Switching between your tasks that you are giving attention to, therefore it takes time.

Damage to Wernicke's area is in which lobe of the brain?

Temporal

Light-From-Above Assumption

The assumption that light is coming from above. This is a heuristic that can influence how they sound, and how they are used in relation to words.

My mindfulness article:

The authors found improvements in the ability to identify the different lengths of vertical lines in both retreat groups.

Somesthetic senses

The body senses consisting of the skin senses, the kinesthetic sense, and the vestibular senses

B

The idea that specific functions are processed in many parts of the brain is known as A. localization of function. B. distributed processing. C. modularity. D. aphasia.

Describe Broca's aphasia

The inability to produce speech

Describe Wernicke's aphasia

The inability to understand speech

Gibson's theory of perception

The information in our sensory receptors is all we need to perceive anything Do not need the aid of complex thought processes to explain perception Use texture gradients as cues for depth and distance

cell body, dendrites, and axon

The key structural components of neurons are

C

The key structural components of neurons are A. cell body, dendrites, and transmitters. B. axon, dendrites, and modules. C. cell body, dendrites, and axon. D. transmitters, dendrites, and axon.

Parietal

The landmark discrimination problem is more difficult to do if you have damaged your ___________ lobe

A

The layer of neurons that lines the back of the eye is called the A. retina. B. grandmother cell. C. reference electrode. D. feature detector.

Experience-Dependent Plasticity

The mechanism through which the structure of the brain is changed by experience.

Olfaction (olfactory sense)

The sensation of smell

Top-down perceptions

The use of pre-existing knowledge to organize individual features into a unified whole

Sound waves

The vibrations of the molecules of air that surround us; have the same properties of waves- wavelength, amplitude, and purity

Papillae

The visible bumps on the tongue; taste buds lines the walls of these

Pinna

The visible, external part of the ear that serves as a kind of concentrator, funneling the sound waves from the outside into the structure of the ears

D

The way patterns of neural firing represent a specific stimulus or experience is known as A. the action potential. B. a propagated signal. C. convergence. D. the neural code.

According to Treisman's "attenuation model," which of the following would you expect to have the highest threshold for most people?

The word "platypus

Tangled rope

Two different ways to get to the same conclusion Gestalt(rows instead of columns)/Hemholtz (likelihood principle)

Pathways to Percieve

What stream: identifying an object Where stream: identifying an object's location One path for identifying an object Temporal lobe lesions in monkeys Can indicate where but not what Another for spatially locating Parietal lobe lesions in monkeys Can indicate what but not where

C

You are walking down the street and see a really nice car drive by. You notice many features of it: its color, movement, shape, location, and so forth. All of these features are processed A. in one localized area of the brain. B. by the grandmother cells in the brain. C. in different parts of the brain. D. through fMRI potentials.

Give me an example of a figure-ground illusion

[insert example here]

A person with lesions in the visual cortex may report not being able to see information; however, if forced to answer about an item, the person can often correctly guess the location and orientation of various objects. This suggests that some processing of visual information occurs outside of conscious awareness, a process called ____. a. blindsight b. peripheral vision c. change blindness d. signal detection theory

a

____ involves being able to select which stimuli to attend to. a. Orienting b. Alerting c. Executive attention d. Searching

a

The temporal lobe is a. where signals are received from the auditory system. b. important for higher functions such as language, thought, and memory, as well as motor functioning. c. the first place in the cerebral cortex where visual information is received. d. important for language, memory, and hearing. It is also where the primary visual cortex is located.

a. where signals are received from the auditory system

cerebral cortex

area of most cognitive functions.

Research indicates that the neurotransmitter ____ is involved in alerting. a. epinephrine b. norepinephrine c. serotonin d. dopamine

b

plasticity

behaviorable variability available to an organism

Niesser Constructivist Model

construct attention around things that are important

Which of the following is NOT a primary function of attention? a. vigilance b. search c. selective attention d. consciousness

d

Early studies of brain tissue that used staining techniques and microscopes from the 19th century described the "nerve net." These early understandings were in error in the sense that the nerve net was believed to be a. composed of discrete individual units. b. composed of cell bodies, axons, and dendrites. c. composed of neurotransmitters rather than neurons. d. continuous.

d. continuous.

Paul Broca's and Carl Wernicke's research provided early evidence for a. prosopagnosia. b. neural net theory. c. distributed processing. d. localization of function.

d. localization of function.

anterograde amnesia

deficit in learning new information

pandemonium model of Selfridge

feature detectors must have two properties: must be mutually inhibitory and must be hierarchical

feature theory

features what a computer does, humans are not computers

control processes

intentional strategies that people may use to improve their memories (i.e., rehearsal)

Scene schema is

knowledge about what is contained in a typical scene.

Hemoglobin molecules in areas of high brain activity

lose some of the oxygen they are transporting

amplitude

loudness; height of wave sound

Wertheimer

main founder of Gestalt psychology; phi phenomenon

sensory code

neurons represent various characteristics of the environment

A grandmother cell responds

only to a specific stimulus.

Atkinson-Schiffrin Theory

proposed that memory involves a sequence of separate steps; in each step, information is transferred from one storage to another

Lockhead and Crist

proved structural theory

According to your text, the ability to divide attention depends on all of the following EXCEPT

task cueing.

motion parallax

the close stuff goes by faster

long-term memory

the relatively permanent and limitless storehouse of the memory system; enormous capacity; information stored in the long-term memory is relatively permanent and not likely to be lost

Clairvoyance

"Clear sight"; refers to the supposed ability to "see" things that are not actually present

Telepathy

"Distant feeling"; commonly used to refer to the claimed ability to read another person's thoughts, or mind reading

Stephen Palmer

(1975)- Scene Schema- Experiment- First presented a context scene and then briefly flashed one of the target pictures (Kitchen scene- flashed loaf of bread, mailbox, and drum)

Applying Feature Integration Theory: Visual Search

(A spice on the spice rack - the spice is the target) Bottom Up processing/ Automatic/ Preattentive/Survival Skill/Focused Top Down Two types of search: 1. Feature: only need one feature to find target' -bottom up -Finding a car in a parking lot if you car is the only purple car in the parking lot -The preattentive stage is a feature search 2. Conjunction: need to combine 2+ features to find the target -top down/controlled/ clue together different features -The focused attention stage is a conjunction search -Finding a car in a parking lot but there are a lot of purple cars and you need to combine purple with maybe size of the car to find the car you are looking for -Wheres Waldo

Law of Pragnanz

(AKA: Principled of Good Figure & Principle of Simplicity) every stimulus pattern is seen in such a way that the resulting structure is as simple as possible.

Object Recognition

(Recognition by Components)(RBC) Biederman, bottom-up process. We are able to recognize objects by separating them into geons (the object's main component parts)

neural networks

(aka PDP, connectionism) interconnected neural cells. With experience, networks can learn, as feedback strengthens or inhibits connections that produce certain results. Computer simulations of neural networks show analogous learning; neural network pattern suggests that an item stored in the brain is not localized in a specific pinpoint-sized region of the cortex; neural activity for that item is distributed throughout a section of the brain

connectionism

(aka PDP, neural networks) theory that memory is stored throughout the brain in connections between neurons, many of which can work together to process a single memory

parallel distributed processing (PDP)

(aka connectionism; neural networks) approach that argues that cognitive processes can be understood in terms of networks that link together neuron-like units; many operations can proceed simultaneously

Atkinson-Shiffrin model

(aka information processing model); states that memory can be understood as a sequence of discrete steps, in which information is transferred from one storage area to another A model for describing memory in which there are three distinguishable kinds of memory (sensory, short term, long term) through which info passes in a sequential way as it is processed. linear processing of information

feature theory

(pattern recognition theory) features what a computer does, humans are not computers (letter recognition) did not work, computer was way faster.

template theory

(pattern recognition theory) best for Sensory theory. a mold; not everything is the same size (unsuccessful)

Broca's Aphasia

-Can understand everything said -But can only respond in monosyllabic words

Optic Ataxia

-Cannot use vision to guide movement -Unable to reach for items

Neurotransmitters

-Chemical messengers for transmission of information across synapses to dendrites

Cerebellum

-Controls motor coordination, posture, and maintaining balance -the part of the brain at the back of the skull in vertebrates. Its function is to coordinate and regulate muscular activity.

Associative agnosia

-Difficulty with recognizing objects -Can recognize faces

Five basic concepts of perception

-Distal (external, far) object -Informational medium -Proximal stimulation -Perceptual object

Binocular Disparity

-Each eye views a slightly different angle of an object; brain uses this to create a 3D image -Binocular depth cue

Binocular Convergence

-Eyes turn inward as object moves toward you; brain uses this information to judge distance -Binocular depth cue

Sperry

-First to study patients with a split corpus callosum -Two lobes function independently

Gazzaniga

-Found that two lobes function complementarily

Indirect Memory Tests:

-Fragment Completion -Perceptual identification -word naming -lexical decision

Midbrain

-Helps to control eye movement and coordination

Processing Capacity and Perceptual Load (Contemporary View)

-How do people ignore distracting stimuli when they are trying to focus their attention on a task? Low-load tasks use only a small amount of a person's processing capacity. High load tasks use more of the processing capacity. (Contemporary View) 1. Low-load tasks = more distraction by irrelevant stimuli -Late Filter 2. High-load tasks = less distracted by irrelevant stimuli -Early Filter

Temporal

-In cerebral hemisphere -Auditory and perceptual processing

Frontal Lobe

-In cerebral hemisphere -Reasoning and planning

Parietal

-In cerebral hemisphere -Touch, temperature, pain, and pressure (somatosensory)

Occipital

-In cerebral hemisphere -Visual processing

Agnosia

-Inability to recognize and identify objects or people, despite having knowledge of the characteristics of the objects or people -Shows the specialization of our perceptual systems

Magnetoencephalography

-Measures activity of the brain from outside the head by picking up magnetic fields emitted by changes in brain activity -Metabolic imaging method

Corpus callosum

-Neural fibers connecting left and right lobes -Allows communication between right and left sides of the brain

Action Potential

-Neuron receives signal from environment -Information travels down the axon of that neuron to the dendrites of another neuron -How Neurons communicate

Sensory Adaptation

-Occurs when sensory receptors change their sensitivity to the stimulus -Constant stimulation leads to lower sensitivity

Postitron Emission Tomography

-Radioactive material is injected or inhaled -Participant is then scanned to produce an image of the brain's activity -Metabolic imaging method

Fusiform gyrus

-Region of the temporal lobe that responds when faces are present in the visual field -Implicated in pattern recognition Studies illustrate it is active in facial recognition -However, also active if high expertise in any item (birds, cars) recognition

Hubel and Wiesel

-Researched Neuroscience and Feature-matching theories -Simple cells detect bars or edges of particular orientation in particular location -Complex cells detect bars or edges of particular orientation, exact location abstracted -Hypercomplex cells detect particular colors (simple and complex cells), bars, or edges of particular length or moving in a particular direction

Contralaterality

-Right side of brain controls left side of body -Left side of brain controls right side of body

Wernicke's Aphasia

-Speaks fluently but nonsensically -Incoherent; lexical and grammatical errors

Selective Lesioning

-Surgically removing or damaging part of the brain

Functional magnetic resonance imaging

-Takes a series of images of the brain in quick succession and then statistically analyzes the images for differences -Brain areas with more blood flow have been shown to have better visibility on MRI images -Better visibility is thought to be correlated with brain activation -Metabolic imaging method

Transcranial magnetic stimulation

-Temporarily disrupt functioning of a particular brain area -An electrical current passes through a coil on person's head, generating a magnetic field -Metabolic imaging method

Precueing Method

-The general principal behind a precueing experiment is to determine whether presenting a cue indicating where a test stimulus will appear enhances the processing of the target stimulus. Posner interpreted this result as showing that information processing is more effective at the place where attention is directed.

Configural-superiority effect

-Top down theory -Objects presented in context are easier to recognize than objects presented alone

Constructive Perception

-Top down theory -Perceiver builds a cognitive understanding of a stimulus -Processing is needed to build perception -Top-down processing occurs quickly and involves making inferences, guessing from experience, and basing one perception on another

Cocktail Party Effect: Leaky Filter

-You are at a party with friends and all of a sudden you hear your name/hometown or something that is meaningful to you and that grabs your attention. -The ability to focus on one stimulus while filtering out other stimuli has been called the cocktail party effect, because at noisy parties people are able to focus on what one person is saying even if there are many conversations happening at the same time. -Treisman's (1964) Attenuation Model: All messages go through a filter, some are weakened (leaky filter) but you notice if it is important to you -Selection happens in two stages 1. Atenuator -Analyzes the incoming message in terms of (1) its physical characteristics, (2) its language, and (3) its meaning 2. Dictionary Unit -Contains words, stored in memory, each of which had a threshold for being activated. A threshold is the smallest signal strength that can barely be detected. A word with a low threshold could be a name. -You are paying some attention to the background -Broadbent would say that this isn't true

Bottom-up Theories

-approaches where perception starts with a stimuli whose appearance you take in through your senses. -Perception comes from stimuli in the environment, raw data

Template Theories

-bottom up theory -Multiple templates are held in memory -To recognize the incoming stimuli, you compare to templates in memory until a match is found -Weakness in imperfect matches and doesn't account for flexibility

Declaration

-conscious (Explicit) Semantic Episodic (knowledge (personal & facts) events)

Hypothalamus

-regulates species-survival behaviors, emotions, and reaction to stress, also plays a role in sleep a region of the forebrain below the thalamus that coordinates both the autonomic nervous system and the activity of the pituitary, controlling body temperature, thirst, hunger, and other homeostatic systems, and involved in sleep and emotional activity.

Thalamus

-relays sensory information to the cerbral cortex -helps to control sleed and waking either of two masses of gray matter lying between the cerebral hemispheres on either side of the third ventricle, relaying sensory information and acting as a center for pain perception.

B

. An oscilloscope can display "spikes" that correspond to nerve impulses in response to a certain stimulus intensity. If the stimulus intensity is decreased, you are likely to observe spikes that are A. less frequent and smaller in size. B. less frequent and of the same size. C. as frequent and smaller in size. D. the same signal as with the higher stimulus intensity.

A

. Damage to Wernicke's area is in which lobe of the brain? A. Temporal B. Occipital C. Parietal D. Frontal

A

. If the intensity of a stimulus that is presented to a touch receptor is increased, this tends to increase the _____ in the receptor's axon. A. rate of nerve firing B. size of the nerve impulses C. speed of nerve conduction D. all of these

D

. Which of the following is consistent with the idea of localization of function? A. Specific areas of the brain serve different functions. B. Neurons in different areas of the brain respond best to different stimuli. C. Brain areas are specialized for specific functions. D. All of these

Wertheimer drew two conclusions regarding Apparent Movement

1- Cannot be explained by sensations. 2-the whole is different than the sum of its parts. (The perceptual system creates the perception of movement from stationary images)

Three Components to Stimuli that creates apparent movement

1- One light flashes on and off. 2- there is a period of darkness, lasting a fraction of a second. 3- The second light flashes on and off separated by a period of darkness. two lights flashing on and off separated by darkness.(i.e. movies, news headlines).

Attention as Information Processing

1. Dichotic Listening Task 2. Cocktail Party Effect 3. Late Selection Model All three are correct in certain circumstances 4. (Contemporary View): Processing Capacity and Perceptual Load

Core traits of the attention system

1. Limited 2. Selected 3. Dividable

Modalities

1. Visual -Overt -Shifting attention from one place to another by moving the eyes -Covert -Shifting attention from one place to another while keeping the eyes stationary 2. Auditory

Differs from STM in

1.) Stm concerned mainly w storing info for a period of time vs wm is concerned w manipulation of info that occurs during complex cognition (like remembering #s while reading a paragraph) 2.) Stm consists of a single-component vs wm consists of a # of components

Levels of control for attention

1.Bottom-Up -Attentional Capture -based primarily on physical characteristics of the stimulus 2. Top-Down -Goal Driven -based on cognitive factors such as the observers knowledge about scenes and past experiences with specific stimuli

short term memory

10-30 seconds, 7 +/- 2 chunks

Hermann von Helmholtz

1821-1894, important contributions= thermodynamics, nerve physiology, visual perception, aesthesis, ophthalmoscope. Image on Retina ambiguous, posed the ? how does the perceptual system decide? Answer= Likelihood principle

Physiological Research

1980s, two processing streams in the brain 1- involved with perceiving objects 2- involved with locating and taking action towards these objects.

The Length of the Mississippi River (Anchoring Bias)

2,300 miles long. Group 1 (½ class) was shown 500, group 2 (remaining ½) shown 5,000. Then asked relative to the number they were shown, was the mississippi longer or shorter. Also asked to guess the length. Those given the larger number were closer, and those with the smaller were significantly less.

David Marr

3D Graph paper

Marr

3D Graph paper

Umami

A Japanese term that describes a brothy or savory sensation; chemically, this taste detects the presence of glutamate

What is a geon?

A basic geometric shape that makes up everything we see

Which of the following statements best describes how neurons communicate with one another?

A chemical process takes place in the synapse.

Korsakoff's syndrome

A chronic memory disorder caused by severe deficiency of thiamine. Most commonly caused by alcohol misuse, but certain other conditions also can cause the syndrome.

What is a dissociation and how does it tell us that language is not just in one location of the brain?

A disconnect between mental processes and we know that language is not in just one location of the brain because someone could have trouble speaking but still understand speech

Tinnitus

A fancy word for an extremely annoying ringing in one's ears; can be caused by infections or loud noises

"Devil's trident"

A figure that to some appears impossibly 3-D, but is actually just 2-D

Gestalt Psychologists

A group of psychologists who proposed principles governing perception, such as laws of organization, and a perceptual approach to problem solving involving restructuring.

The Visual Cliff

A laboratory device for testing depth perception in infants and young animals

Serial position curve:

A memory experiment in which the participants us asked to recall a list of words, a plot of the percentage of participants remembering each word against the position of that word in the list.

Method of Loci

A method for remembering things in which the things to be remembered are placed at different locations in a mental image of a spatial layout.

Substance P

A neurotransmitter that is involved in the transmission of pain messages to the brain

Illusion

A perception that does not correspond to reality

Scene Schema

A person's knowledge about what is likely to be contained in a particular scene. This knowledge can help guide attention to different areas of the scene.

Scene Schema

A persons knowledge about what is likely to be contained in a particular scene. This knowledge can help guide attention to different areas of the scene. For example, knowledge of what is usually in an office may cause a person to look toward the desk to see the computer

Attentional Capture

A rapid shifting of attention usually caused by a stimulus such as a loud noise, bright light, or sudden movement. -Ex. A noise attracts his attention, and he scans the scene to figure out what is happening

Saccadic Eye Movement

A rapid, jerky movement from one fixation to the next.

Timbre

A richness in the tone of the sound

Gestalt Laws

A series of principles that describe how we organize bits and pieces of information into meaningful wholes

Autokinetic effect

A small, stationary light in a darkened room will appear to move or drift because there are no surrounding cues to indicate that the light is not moving

C

A specific person's face is represented in the nervous system by the firing of A. a feature detector that fires specifically to that face. B. a group of neurons that all respond only to that face. C. a group of neurons each responding to a number of different faces. D. a receptor in the retina that responds when the face is present.

D

A synapse is A. a tube filled with fluid that conducts electrical signals. B. the structure that contains mechanisms to keep a neuron alive. C. the structure that receives electrical signals from other neurons. D. the space between neurons.

Visual Imagery

A type of mental imagery involving vision, in which an image is experienced in the absence of a visual stimulus. (The rabbit example, list of location on map. Fresno state).

30. Josiah is trying to speak to his wife, but his speech is very slow and labored, often with jumbled sentence structure. Josiah may have damage to his A. Broca's area. B. Parahippocampal place area (PPA) C. Extrastriate body area (EBA) D. Wernicke's area.

A. Broca's area.

26. Which of the following do PET and fMRI have in common? A. The use of the subtraction technique B. The measurement of magnetic fields C. The use of radioactive tracers D. All of the above are characteristics of both PET and fMRI

A. The use of the subtraction technique

37. Which of the following statements concerning the "100-car naturalistic driving study" is true? A. Video recorders created records of both what the drivers were doing and the views out the front and rear windows. B. Pushing buttons on a cell phone was the least distracting activity drivers performed while driving. C. Records showed that the majority of drivers were attentive to driving during the three seconds before a near crash but inattentive during the three seconds before an actual crash. D. All of the above

A. Video recorders created records of both what the drivers were doing and the views out the front and rear windows

49. Colby and coworkers' study showed that a monkey's parietal cortex responded best to the appearance of a light when it was the focus of the monkey's A. attention. B. eyes. C. fixation. D. all of the above

A. attention.

36. Controlled processing involves A. close attention. B. ease in performing parallel tasks. C. overlearning of tasks. D. few cognitive resources.

A. close attention.

54. Illusory conjunctions are A. combinations of features from different stimuli. B. misidentified objects using the context of the scene. C. combinations of features from the masking field and the stimuli. D. features that are consistent across different stimuli.

A. combinations of features from different stimuli.

2. Early studies of brain tissue that used staining techniques and microscopes from the 19th century described the "nerve net." These early understandings were in error in the sense that the nerve net was believed to be A. continuous. B. composed of discrete individual units. C. composed of cell bodies, axons, and dendrites. D. composed of neurotransmitters rather than neurons.

A. continuous.

24. Brain imaging has made it possible to A. determine which areas of the brain are involved in different cognitive processes. B. view individual neurons in the brain. C. show how environmental energy is transformed into neural energy. D. view propagation of action potentials.

A. determine which areas of the brain are involved in different cognitive processes.

27. The ability to pay attention to, or carry out, two or more different tasks simultaneously is known as A. divided attention. B. dual attention. C. divergent tasking. D. selective attention.

A. divided attention.

The distribution of attention among two or more tasks is known as A. divided attention. B. divergent tasking. C. dual attention. D. selective attention.

A. divided attention.

43. A bottom-up process is involved in fixating on an area of a scene that A. has high stimulus salience. B. fits with the observer's interests. C. is familiar. D. carries meaning for the observer.

A. has high stimulus salience.

32. The Stroop effect demonstrates A. how automatic processing can interfere with intended processing. B. a failure of divided attention. C. the ease of performing a low-load task. D. support for object-based attention.

A. how automatic processing can interfere with intended processing.

29. In Schneider and Shiffrin's experiment, in which participants were asked to indicate whether a target stimulus was present in a series of rapidly presented "frames," divided attention was easier A. in the consistent-mapping condition. B. in the variable-mapping condition. C. in the high-load condition. D. for the location-based task.

A. in the consistent-mapping condition.

22. In the flanker compatibility procedure, flanker stimuli and target stimuli must necessarily differ in terms of A. location. B. size. C. identity. D. color.

A. location.

33. The Stroop effect demonstrates people's inability to ignore the ______ of words. A. meaning B. color C. size D. font

A. meaning

41. The pattern of feature detectors firing in response to a stimulus creates the _____ for representing what the stimulus is (e.g., a tree, a person, a ball, and so forth). A. neural code B. module C. event-related potential D. receptor

A. neural code

55. In Klin and coworkers' research that investigated autistic reactions to the film Who's Afraid of Virginia Woolf?, autistic people primarily attended to ____ in the scene. A. objects B. actions of the characters C. the facial reactions of people D. none of the above

A. objects

45. A grandmother cell responds A. only to a specific stimulus. B. to strong positive emotion. C. to both positive and negative emotion. D. to a variety of stimuli.

A. only to a specific stimulus.

42. The use of an eye tracker can help reveal the shifting of one's _____ attention. A. overt B. covert C. divided D. dichotic

A. overt

20. A 10-month-old baby is interested in discovering different textures, comparing the touch sensations between a soft blanket and a hard wooden block. Tactile signals such as these are received by the _____ lobe. A. parietal B. occipital C. frontal D. temporal

A. parietal

11. If the intensity of a stimulus that is presented to a touch receptor is increased, this tends to increase the _____ in the receptor's axon. A. rate of nerve firing B. size of the nerve impulses C. speed of nerve conduction D. all of these

A. rate of nerve firing

39. The layer of neurons that lines the back of the eye is called the A. retina. B. grandmother cell. C. reference electrode. D. feature detector.

A. retina.

The notion that faster responding occurs when enhancement spreads within an object is called A. same-object advantage. B. location-based potentiation. C. divided attention. D. high-load detraction.

A. same-object advantage

39. Strayer and Johnston's (2001) experiment involving simulated driving and the use of "hands-free" vs. "handheld" cell phones found that A. talking on either kind of phone impairs driving performance significantly and to the same extent. B. driving performance was impaired only with the handheld cell phones. C. driving performance was impaired less with the hands-free phones than with the handheld phones. D. divided attention (driving and talking on the phone) did not affect performance.

A. talking on either kind of phone impairs driving performance significantly and to the same extent.

7. The cocktail party effect is A. the ability to pay attention to one message and ignore others, yet hear distinctive features of the unattended messages. B. the inability to pay attention to one message in the presence of competing messages. C. the diminished awareness of information in a crowd. D. the equal division of attention between competing messages.

A. the ability to pay attention to one message and ignore others, yet hear distinctive features of the unattended messages.

12. Broadbent's model is called an early selection model because A. the filtering step occurs before the meaning of the incoming information is analyzed. B. the filtering step occurs before the information enters the sensory store. C. only a select set of environmental information enters the system. D. incoming information is selected by the detector

A. the filtering step occurs before the meaning of the incoming information is analyzed.

17. The occipital lobe is A. the first place in the cerebral cortex where visual information is received. B. important for language, memory, hearing, and vision. C. important for higher functions such as language, thought, and memory, as well as motor functioning. D. where signals are received from the sensory system for touch.

A. the first place in the cerebral cortex where visual information is received.

D

Action potentials occur in the A. cell body. B. synapse. C. neurotransmitters. D. axon.

Pons

Acts as a relay station. Links medulla oblongata and thallamus

The Linda Problem:

After getting some info on Linda were asked to rank statements. The "she is a banker" was ranked lower than "she is a feminist banker" even though being a feminist banker is a subgroup of banker, and that still means she is a banker.

Controlled Processing

Always resource demanding -Only happens with intention

Basal Forebrain

Alzheimer's disease

creating images; deactivated

Amendi and coworkers used fMRI to investigate the differences between brain activation for perception and imagery. T particiapnts were __________. Some areas associated with non- visual sensation (such as hearing and touch) were __________.

William James

American philosopher/psychologist; wrote the first text book in psychology (Principles of Psychology); "armchair psychologist"; theories are consistent w/ modern data and experimentation; first to make distinctions in types of memory: primary (working) memory and secondary (long-term) memory; noted that there are individual differences in intelligence and sensory ability; used introspection; focused on everyday psychological experiences; emphasized that the human mind is active and inquiring

Explain an algorithm vs heuristic

An algorithm will always give you the same result while a heuristic is a practical approach that does not always yield the same result

Sensory conflict theory

An explanation of motion sickness in which the information from the eyes conflicts with the information from the vestibular senses, resulting in dizziness, nausea, and other physical discomfort

Apparent distance hypothesis

An explanation of the moon illusion stating that the horizon seems more distant than the night sky

Saliency Map

Analyzing characteristics such as color, orientation, and intensity at each location in the scene and then combining these values.

Fusiform Face Area (FFA)

Area in the Temporal Lobe containing neurons that best respond to faces, can be "tuned" to operate in a specific environment

Accommodation

As a monocular cue, the brain's use of information about the changing thickness of the lens of the eye in response to looking at objects that are close or far away

Selective Attention

Attending to one thing while ignoring others -Ex. Doing math problems while not being distracted by other people

Attention: Goldstein definition

Attention is the ability to focus on specific stimuli or locations.

13. Which of the following statements best describes how neurons communicate with one another? A. The end of one neuron makes direct contact with the receiving end of another neuron. B. A chemical process takes place at the synapse. C. An electrical process takes place in the receptors. D. Action potentials travel across the synapse.

B. A chemical process takes place at the synapse.

28. Sarah has experienced brain damage making it difficult for her to understand spatial layout. Which area of her brain has most likely sustained damage? A. Fusiform face area (FFA) B. Parahippocampal place area (PPA) C. Extrastriate body area (EBA) D. Functional magnetic area (FMA)

B. Parahippocampal place area (PPA)

11. In Broadbent's filter model, the stages of information processing occur in which order? A. Detector, filter, sensory store, memory B. Sensory store, filter, detector, memory C. Filter, detector, sensory store, memory D. Detector, sensory store, filter, memory

B. Sensory store, filter, detector, memory

During a visit to the local museum, you appreciate the incredible beauty of the paintings displayed on the wall. Your ability to see the paintings as complete pictures rather than individual, disconnected dots of color, texture, and location is because of a process called _______. A. contiguity B. binding C. proximity D. accommodation

B. binding

48. Results of precueing experiments show that participants respond more rapidly to a stimulus that appeared at the ____ location. A. fixated B. cued C. rightmost D. topmost

B. cued

3. Dichotic listening occurs when A. the same message is presented to the left and right ears. B. different messages are presented to the left and right ears. C. a message is presented to one ear, and a masking noise is presented to the other ear. D. participants are asked to listen to a message and look at a visual stimulus, both at the same time

B. different messages are presented to the left and right ears.

46. When conducting an experiment on how stimuli are represented by the firing of neurons, you notice that neurons respond differently to different faces. For example, Arthur's face causes three neurons to fire, with neuron 1 responding the most and neuron 3 responding the least. Roger's face causes the same three neurons to fire, with neuron 1 responding the least and neuron 3 responding the most. Your results support ____ coding. A. specificity B. distributed C. convergence D. divergence

B. distributed

37. The idea that specific functions are processed in many parts of the brain is known as A. localization of function. B. distributed processing. C. modularity. D. aphasia.

B. distributed processing.

41. Automatic attraction of attention by a sudden visual or auditory stimulus is called A. covert attention. B. exogenous attention. C. endogenous attention. D. an illusory conjunction.

B. exogenous attention.

40. Neurons that respond to features that make up objects are called A. retinal cells. B. feature detectors. C. dendrites. D. receptors.

B. feature detectors.

18. The _____ lobe of the cortex serves higher functions such as language, thought, and memory. A. subcortical B. frontal C. occipital D. parietal

B. frontal

24. Experiments that support the idea of early selection involve A. simple tasks. B. high-load tasks. C. low-load tasks. D. extended practice.

B. high-load tasks.

19. A high threshold in Treisman's model of attention implies that A. weak signals can cause activation. B. it takes a strong signal to cause activation. C. all signals cause activation. D. no signals cause activation.

B. it takes a strong signal to cause activation.

10. An oscilloscope can display "spikes" that correspond to nerve impulses in response to a certain stimulus intensity. If the stimulus intensity is decreased, you are likely to observe spikes that are A. less frequent and smaller in size. B. less frequent and of the same size. C. as frequent and smaller in size. D. the same signal as with the higher stimulus intensity.

B. less frequent and of the same size.

32. Paul Broca's and Carl Wernicke's research provided early evidence for A. distributed processing. B. localization of function. C. prosopagnosia. D. neural net theory.

B. localization of function.

13. The main difference between early and late selection models of attention is that in late selection models, selection of stimuli for final processing doesn't occur until the information is analyzed for A. modality. B. meaning. C. physical characteristics. D. location.

B. meaning

In Schneider and Shiffrin's experiment, in which participants were asked to indicate whether a target stimulus was present in a series of rapidly presented "frames," divided attention was easier A. when processing was done verbally. B. once processing had become automatic. C. when processing was more controlled. D. when verbal processing was prohibited by the experimenters.

B. once processing had become automatic.

10. Selection of the attended message in the Broadbent model occurs based on the A. meaning of the message. B. physical characteristics of the message. C. physical characteristics of the message plus the meaning, if necessary. D. listener's ability to mentally block the unattended message from getting in.

B. physical characteristics of the message.

31. The automatic process exhibited in the standard Stroop effect is A. naming colors. B. reading words. C. naming distractors. D. shadowing messages.

B. reading words.

4. In a dichotic listening experiment, ______ refers to the procedure that is used to force participants to pay attention to a specific message among competing messages. A. rehearsing B. shadowing C. echoing D. delayed repeating

B. shadowing

44. The idea of a grandmother cell is consistent with A. distributed coding. B. specificity coding. C. subtraction techniques. D. primary receiving areas.

B. specificity coding.

34. With the Stroop effect, you would expect to find longest response times when A. the color and the name matched. B. the color and the name differed. C. the shape and the name matched. D. the shape and the name differed.

B. the color and the name differed.

35. The Stroop effect occurs when participants A. are told to divide their attention between colors and shapes. B. try to name colors and ignore words. C. try to select some incoming information based on meaning. D. are told to shadow two messages simultaneously.

B. try to name colors and ignore words.

23. Flanker compatibility experiments have been conducted using a variety of stimulus conditions. By definition, this procedure must include at least one target and one distractor. In any condition where we find that a distractor influenced reaction time, we can conclude that the distractor A. was overtly responded to by the participant. B. was processed. C. was ignored. D. appeared in a high-load condition.

B. was processed.

Constructive nature of memory

Bartlett's experiment in which English participants were asked to recall the "War of the Ghosts" story that was taken from the French Indian culture illustrated the

Continuity

Based on smooth continuity, which is preferred to abrupt changes of direction (Gestalt Principle)

Subtraction technique (used with PET & fMRI)

Baseline activity is measured as the person does a control task and then a stimulation activity is measured when the person carries out the target task. Brain activity associated with the cognitive task of interest = stimulation - baseline activity

Why did behaviorism decline as the main focus of psychology?

Behaviorism ignored cognitive processes

visual images are invisible to everyone except the person experiencing them

Behaviorists branded the study of imagery as being unproductive because

Top-Down Processing Examples

Blob, Faces in a landscape, hearing words in sentence

Positron Emission Tomography (PET)

Blood flow increases in areas of the brain activated by a cognitive task. A radioactive tracer is injected into person's bloodstream. The signal is measured from the tracer at each location of the brain. Higher signals indicate higher levels of brain activity

Change Detection

Bottom Up Factors involved in change blindness -In typical viewing of environment, motion cues assist change detection

Two Methods of Physiological Research

Brain Ablation= study of the effect of removing parts of the brain in animals Neuropsychology= the study of the behavior of people with brain damage

Which of the following is consistent with the idea of localization of function?

Brain areas are specialized for specific functions, neurons in different areas of the brain respond to different stimuli, specific areas of the brain serve different functions

Stroke

Brain disorder in which flow of blood to brain is disrupted. Damage depends on severity and location. Can be ischemic (blood clot) or hemorrhagic

A

Brain imaging has made it possible to A. determine which areas of the brain are involved in different cognitive processes. B. view individual neurons in the brain. C. show how environmental energy is transformed into neural energy. D. view propagation of action potentials.

C

Brain-imaging techniques can determine all of the following EXCEPT A. areas of the brain activated during cognitive tasks. B. localization of brain activity in response to a specific stimulus. C. the structure of individual neurons. D. patterns of blood flow in the brain

Flicker Paradigm

Brief blank frame between alternations of original and modified image (Top Down) -The pop-out effect is Bottom Up

filter model

Broadbent: not all information is attended to at once; some is selected and some is ignored; there is some mechanism that filters out information so our system is not overwhelmed; the filter blocks out information about "meaning" problem: cocktail party phenomenon

29. Ramon is looking at pictures of scantily clad women in a magazine. He is focusing on their body parts, particularly their chest and legs. Which part of Ramon's brain is activated by this viewing? A. Fusiform face area (FFA) B. Parahippocampal place area (PPA) C. Extrastriate body area (EBA) D. Functional magnetic area (FMA)

C. Extrastriate body area (EBA)

9. Recordings from single neurons are conducted using which of these pieces of equipment? A. Positron emission tomography scanner B. Functional magnetic resonance imaging scanner C. Microelectrode D. Neurotransmitter

C. Microelectrode

22. There are many methods for studying the physiology of the brain. ________ is the technique involving subtraction whereby brain activity is compared between baseline and stimulation measurements. A. Convergence B. Single unit recording C. Positron emission tomography D. Mental chronometry

C. Positron emission tomography

21. Positron emission tomography (PET) utilizes which of the following tools? A. Disc electrode B. Microelectrode C. Radioactive tracer D. Hemoglobin

C. Radioactive tracer

50. Shinkareva et al. (2008) conducted research that revealed A. the existence of feature detectors. B. the distinction between form and meaning in language. C. a computer could fairly accurately predict what category of object one was viewing. D. strong support for specificity coding.

C. a computer could fairly accurately predict what category of object one was viewing.

48. A specific person's face is represented in the nervous system by the firing of A. a feature detector that fires specifically to that face. B. a group of neurons that all respond only to that face. C. a group of neurons each responding to a number of different faces. D. a receptor in the retina that responds when the face is present

C. a group of neurons each responding to a number of different faces.

7. Neural circuits are groups of interconnected neurons that A. have only excitatory synapses. B. have only inhibitory synapses. C. can result in a neuron that responds best to a specific stimulus. D. are primarily responsible for automatic behaviors, like reflexes.

C. can result in a neuron that responds best to a specific stimulus.

4. The key structural components of neurons are A. cell body, dendrites, and transmitters. B. axon, dendrites, and modules. C. cell body, dendrites, and axon. D. transmitters, dendrites, and axon.

C. cell body, dendrites, and axon.

The study of the physiological basis of cognition is known as A. cognitive psychology. B. neuroscience. C. cognitive neuroscience. D. neuropsychology.

C. cognitive neuroscience.

6. Colin Cherry's experiment in which participants listened to two different messages, one presented to each ear, found that people A. could focus on a message only if they are repeating it. B. could focus on a message only if they rehearsed it. C. could focus on one message and ignore the other one at the same time. D. could not focus on a message presented to only one ear.

C. could focus on one message and ignore the other one at the same time.

44. When we search a scene, initial fixations are most likely to occur on ____ areas. A. high-load B. low-load C. high-saliency D. low-saliency

C. high-saliency

38. You are walking down the street and see a really nice car drive by. You notice many features of it: its color, movement, shape, location, and so forth. All of these features are processed A. in one localized area of the brain. B. by the grandmother cells in the brain. C. in different parts of the brain. D. through fMRI potentials.

C. in different parts of the brain.

47. Lan has no idea what she just read in her text because she was thinking about how hungry she is and what she is going to have for dinner. This is a real-world example of A. the late-selection model of attention. B. an object-based attentional failure. C. inattentional blindness. D. the cocktail party phenomenon.

C. inattentional blindness.

33. Recent research on language has modified our earlier understanding of Broca's aphasia such that it is now understood as a problem in A. language production but not understanding. B. language production but not meaning. C. language form but not meaning. D. language meaning but not form.

C. language form but not meaning.

15. Recording from single neurons in the brain has shown that neurons responding to specific types of stimuli are often clustered in specific areas. These results support the idea of A. cortical association. B. dissociation. C. localization of function. D. the information processing approach.

C. localization of function.

15. Suppose twin teenagers are vying for their mother's attention. The mother is trying to pay attention to one of her daughters, though both girls are talking (one about her boyfriend, one about a school project). According to the operating characteristics of Treisman's attenuator, it is most likely the attenuator is analyzing the incoming messages in terms of A. physical characteristics. B. language. C. meaning. D. direction.

C. meaning.

34. Compared to brain-imaging techniques, ERP occurs on a A. much slower time scale. B. similar time scale. C. much faster time scale. D. more precise scale for understanding which brain structures are active.

C. much faster time scale.

40. In Simons and Chabris's "change blindness" experiment, participants watch a film of people playing basketball. Many participants failed to report that that a woman carrying an umbrella walked through because the A. woman with the umbrella was in motion, just like the players. B. the umbrella was the same color as the floor. C. participants were counting the number of ball passes. D. participants were not asked if they saw anything unusual.

C. participants were counting the number of ball passes.

50. Location-based attention is when A. the enhancing effect of attention spreads throughout an object. B. attention is divided across two or more tasks simultaneously. C. people move their attention from one place to another. D. attention affects an entire object, even if it is occluded by other objects.

C. people move their attention from one place to another.

8. Broadbent's "filter model" proposes that the filter identifies the attended message based on A. meaning. B. modality. C. physical characteristics. D. higher order characteristics.

C. physical characteristics.

53. According to Treisman's feature integration theory, the first stage of perception is called the _____ stage. A. feature analysis B. focused attention C. preattentive D. letter analysis

C. preattentive

27. The fusiform face area (FFA) in the brain is often damaged in patients with A. Broca's aphasia. B. Wernicke's aphasia. C. prosopagnosia. D. Alzheimer's disease.

C. prosopagnosia.

49. Most cognitive psychologists _____ the notion of a grandmother cell. A. accept B. are uncertain about C. reject D. are actively investigating

C. reject

5. When a person is shadowing a message, he or she is A. silently following it mentally. B. ignoring it while paying attention to another message. C. saying the message out loud. D. thinking about something closely related to the message.

C. saying the message out loud.

30. Automatic processing occurs when A. cognitive resources are high. B. response times are long. C. tasks are well-practiced. D. attention is focused.

C. tasks are well-practiced.

38. Research on the use of cell phones while driving indicates that A. the negative effect can be decreased by using "hands-free" units. B. the problem with cell phones is that attention is distracted from the task of driving by the need to hold the phone and drive with one hand. C. the main effect of cell phone use on driving safety can be attributed to the fact that attention is used up by the cognitive task of talking on the phone. D. both a and b are correct

C. the main effect of cell phone use on driving safety can be attributed to the fact that attention is used up by the cognitive task of talking on the phone.

23. Brain-imaging techniques can determine all of the following EXCEPT A. areas of the brain activated during cognitive tasks. B. localization of brain activity in response to a specific stimulus. C. the structure of individual neurons. D. patterns of blood flow in the brain.

C. the structure of individual neurons.

46. Eye tracker studies investigating attention as we carry out actions such as making a peanut butter sandwich shows that a person's eye movements A. usually followed a motor action by a fraction of a second. B. were influenced by unusual objects placed in the scene. C. were determined primarily by the task. D. continually scanned all objects and areas of the scene.

C. were determined primarily by the task.

+ Computers and facial recognition

Can determine when straight on views, however humans out perform when it comes to angles

Soma

Cell body: contains mechanisms to keep cell alive

Semantic Regularities

Characteristics associated with the functions carried out in different types of scenes.

Regularities in the Environment

Characteristics of the environment that occur frequently. (Blue with sky, green with smooth)

Sir Frances Galton

Charles Darwin's cousin; statistics: correlation and regression; developed eugenics (science of improving human population by controlled breeding to increase the occurrence of desirable heritable characteristics; fell into disfavor after WWII); "nature vs nurture"

Chunking requires knowledge of familiar patterns or concepts

Chase and simon's research compared memory of chess masters and beginners for the position of game pieces on sample chess boards. they found that the chess master remembered positions better when the argument of the pieces was consistent with a real game but not when the peices were randomly placed. the significance of this finding was that

neurotransmitter

Chemicals that affect the electrical signal of the receiving neuron. When the signals reach the synapse at the end of the axon this chemical is released and it makes it possible for the electrical signal to be transmitted across the gap that separates the end of the axon from the dendrite or cell body of another neuron

Bottleneck Theories

Cherry, Broadbent, Triesman; information operates as a bottleneck; Selective filter, use something to drive, like a dictionary

Bottleneck Theories

Cherry, Broadbent, Triesman; information operates as a bottleneck; somethings are selected into the bottle based on your dictionary

Phonemic Sensitivity

Class example: English speakers couldn't differentiate between the word spoken in English and the word spoken in Hindi, but Hindi speakers could because they are sensitive to that difference. Infants are born with this sensitivity, but lose it once they begin to learn their primary language.

An ability to form new long term memories

Clive Wearing, the ex-choral director, experienced what memory problem?

Dichotic Listening

Colin Cherry→ different messages presented to the two ears→ showed that listener can only attend to one message.

Dichotic Listening Task: Early Selection Model

Collin Cherry The participant hear two streams of information in headphones. The participant is asked to only pay attention (and shadow /repeat) to one stream. -Unattended message: -No semantic (meaning) processing -The participant will notice the unattended message if a tone or note is played or if the voice changed gender Broadbent (1958) Early selection Model: Filter occurs after physical sensory analysis, but before semantic analysis -Early Selection Model Bottle Neck model The model: 1. Starting Message 2. Sensory memory -Holds all of the incoming information for a fraction of a second. 3. Filter -Identifies the message that is being attended to based on its physical characteristics 4. Detector -Processes the information from the attended message to determine higher-level characteristics of the message 5. To memory -The output of the detector is sent to the short-term memory

C

Compared to brain-imaging techniques, ERP occurs on a A. much slower time scale. B. similar time scale. C. much faster time scale. D. more precise scale for understanding which brain structures are active.

Medulla Oblongata

Controls heart rate, breathing, swallowing, and digestion

Reticular Activating System

Controls respiration, cardiovascular function, digestion, alertness, and sleep

Which of the following everyday scenarios is most likely to support what the early selection approach would say about how attention will affect the performance of the two tasks involved?

Conversing on the phone while doing a crossword puzzle

working memory and dichotic listening

Conway, Cowan, and Bunting: compared performance of high and low WMC individuals; people with low WMC were more likely to hear their name in the unattended channel than people with high WMC

Binocular cues

Cues for perceiving depth based on both eyes

Monocular cues (pictorial depth cues)

Cues for perceiving depth based on one eye only

Hertz (Hz)

Cycles or waves per second, a measurement of frequency; human limits are between 20 and 20,000

According to the filter model of attention, which of the following messages would likely by identified by the filter? A. All messages within earshot B. All sensory messages C. All messages selected by the filter D. A message with an unfamiliar foreign accent

D. A message with an unfamiliar foreign accent

14. Which of the following is consistent with the idea of localization of function? A. Specific areas of the brain serve different functions. B. Neurons in different areas of the brain respond best to different stimuli. C. Brain areas are specialized for specific functions. D. All of these

D. All of these

5. Which of the following neural components is NOT found at the receiving end of neurons? A. Cell body B. Dendrite C. Receptor D. Axon

D. Axon

25. Which of the following everyday scenarios is most likely to support what the early selection approach would say about how attention will affect the performance of the two tasks involved? A. Driving home while thinking about a problem at work B. Reading a novel while walking on a treadmill C. Humming a familiar song while washing dishes D. Conversing on the phone while doing a crossword puzzle

D. Conversing on the phone while doing a crossword puzzle

28. Imagine that U.S. lawmakers are considering changing the driving laws and that you have been consulted as an attention expert. Given the principles of consistent vs. varied mapping, which of the following possible changes to driving laws would most interfere with a skilled driver's automatic performance when driving a car? A. Passing laws where headlights must be used during the day when the weather is bad B. Requiring all drivers learn to drive safely on wet roadways using anti-lock brakes C. Requiring successful curbside parking performance to obtain a license D. Creating conditions where sometimes a green light meant "stop"

D. Creating conditions where sometimes a green light meant "stop"

2. Which of the following is an experimental procedure used to study how attention affects the processing of competing stimuli? A. Early selection B. Filtering C. Channeling D. Dichotic listening

D. Dichotic listening

16. Which of the following is most closely associated with Treisman's attenuation theory of selective attention? A. Late selection B. Stroop experiments C. Precueing D. Dictionary unit

D. Dictionary unit

20. Suppose you are in your kitchen writing a grocery list, while your roommate is watching TV in the next room. A commercial for spaghetti sauce comes on TV. Although you are not paying attention to the TV, you "suddenly" remember that you need to pick up spaghetti sauce and add it to the list. Your behavior is best predicted by which of the following models of attention? A. Object-based B. Early selection C. Spotlight D. Late selection

D. Late selection

36. Research using the ERP method shows that damage to the frontal lobes reduces the larger _____response that occurs when the form of a sentence is incorrect. A. N100 B. N400 C. P300 D. P600

D. P600

19. Which part of the brain is important for touch? A. Occipital lobe B. Hippocampus C. Temporal lobe D. Parietal lobe

D. Parietal lobe

14. Which experimental result caused problems for Broadbent's filter model of selective attention? A. A result where listeners don't notice words presented up to 35 times in the unattended ear B. A result where listeners can shadow a message presented in the attended ear C. The result of Cherry's experiment demonstrating the cocktail party phenomenon D. The result of the "Dear Aunt Jane" experiment

D. The result of the "Dear Aunt Jane" experiment

17. According to Treisman's "attenuation model," which of the following would you expect to have the highest threshold for most people? A. The word "house" B. Their spouse's first name C. The word "fire" D. The word "platypus"

D. The word "platypus"

21. In support of late selection models, Donald MacKay showed that the presentation of a biasing word on the unattended ear influenced participants' processing of ____ when they were ____ of that word. A. letter pairs; aware B. letter pairs; unaware C. ambiguous sentences; aware D. ambiguous sentences; unaware

D. ambiguous sentences; unaware

8. Action potentials occur in the A. cell body. B. synapse. C. neurotransmitters. D. axon.

D. axon.

Difficulty in recognizing an alteration - even a very obvious one - in a scene is called ________ blindness. A. Exogenous B. covert C. endogenous D. change

D. change

12. When recording from a single neuron, stimulus intensity is represented in a single neuron by the A. size of the action potentials. B. size of the synapse. C. firing rate of the neurotransmitters. D. firing rate of the action potentials.

D. firing rate of the action potentials.

3. The neuron doctrine is A. in agreement with nerve net theory. B. unrelated to nerve net theory. C. synonymous with nerve net theory. D. in disagreement with nerve net theory.

D. in disagreement with nerve net theory.

45. Scene schema is A. rapid movements of the eyes from one place to another in a scene. B. short pauses of the eyes on points of interest in a scene. C. how attention is distributed throughout a static scene. D. knowledge about what is contained in a typical scene.

D. knowledge about what is contained in a typical scene.

25. Hemoglobin molecules in areas of high brain activity A. gain some of the ferrous molecules they are transporting. B. lose some of the ferrous molecules they are transporting. C. gain some of the oxygen they are transporting. D. lose some of the oxygen they are transporting.

D. lose some of the oxygen they are transporting.

47. The concept of distributed neural coding proposes that a specific object, like a face, is represented across a number of A. microelectrodes. B. stimuli. C. modalities. D. neurons.

D. neurons.

52. A dynamic environment, in which objects move throughout a scene, is likely to invoke ____ attention. A. high-load B. divided C. location-based D. object-based

D. object-based

43. If kittens are raised in an environment that contains only verticals, you would predict that most of the neurons in their visual cortex would respond best to the visual presentation of a A. brick wall. B. chain link fence. C. solid wall. D. picket fence.

D. picket fence.

1. When Sam listens to his girlfriend Susan in the restaurant and ignores other people's conversations, he is engaged in the process of ____ attention. A. low load B. divided C. cocktail party D. selective

D. selective

26. According to your text, the ability to divide attention depends on all of the following EXCEPT A. practice. B. the type of tasks. C. the difficulty of the tasks. D. task cueing.

D. task cueing.

42. The way patterns of neural firing represent a specific stimulus or experience is known as A. the action potential. B. a propagated signal. C. convergence. D. the neural code.

D. the neural code.

6. A synapse is A. a tube filled with fluid that conducts electrical signals. B. the structure that contains mechanisms to keep a neuron alive. C. the structure that receives electrical signals from other neurons. D. the space between neurons.

D. the space between neurons.

35. In ERP methodology, the number that follows the N or the P (N400 or P300, for example) stands for A. the positivity or negativity of the response. B. how likely the response is, with higher numbers indicating a more likely response. C. how strong the response is in millimeters on the reading. D. the time at which the response peaks in milliseconds.

D. the time at which the response peaks in milliseconds.

16. The temporal lobe is A. the first place in the cerebral cortex where visual information is received. B. important for language, memory, hearing, and vision. C. important for higher functions such as language, thought, and memory, as well as motor functioning. D. where signals are received from the auditory system.

D. where signals are received from the auditory system.

Which of the following procedures can be used to help determine the exact way in which nerve fibers communicate with each other?

DTI

Types of Long term memory:

Declaration-conscious (explicit) Non-declarative- not conscious (implicit)

Placebo Effect

Decrease in pain from a substance that has no pharmacological effect. (Works because the patient believes its going to work).

Craik and Lockhart

Deeper levels of analysis produce more elaborate, longer-lasting, and stronger memory traces than shallow levels of analysis

The Neuron

Dendrites extend out and bring information to neuron (chemical) Inhibitory (fire), excitatory (doesn't fire) Goes to cell body and if it fires it sends action potential to axon (electric, AP doesn't lose any of its charge as it travels. It remains constant.) Axon wrapped in myelin Axon terminal then releases chemicals to synaptic gap, neurotransmitter/postsynaptic cell Fit perfectly to be brought to postsynaptic cell Reuse neurotransmitter to presynaptic called reuptake

Biederman

Describes how 3D images are identified Breaks objects down into geons Objects are identified by geons, relationship between them

Diffusion Tensor Imaging (DTI)

Detects how water diffuses along the length of nerve fibers. It is good for examining neural networks (ex. communication between different brain areas)

Frequency theory

Developed by Ernest Rutherford in 1886; states that pitch is related to how fast the basilar membrane vibrates; the faster this membrane vibrates, the higher the pitch (slower it vibrates, the lower the pitch)

Which of the following is an experimental procedure used to study how attention affects the processing of competing stimuli?

Dichotic listening

Which of the following is most closely associated with Treisman's attenuation theory of selective attention?

Dictionary unit

Proactive Interference

Difficulty in learning new information because of already existing information

One way pain has been decreased in hospitals...

Distracting a person attention from the source of the pain (Virtual Reality).

A

Early studies of brain tissue that used staining techniques and microscopes from the 19th century described the "nerve net." These early understandings were in error in the sense that the nerve net was believed to be A. continuous. B. composed of discrete individual units. C. composed of cell bodies, axons, and dendrites. D. composed of neurotransmitters rather than neurons.

Red-green color blindness

Either their red or their green cones are not working; they would see the world in blues, yellows, and shades of gray (if blues aren't working, they see reds, greens, and shades of gray)

Define transduction

Elements of the environment being translated into neural impulses which are then translated into meaning

Proximity

Elements tend to be grouped together according to their nearness (Gestalt Principle)

According to Treisman's feature integration theory, which of the following visual search tasks should be LEAST affected by the number of distractors?

Finding a slanted line (/) in a set of horizontal lines (-).

Gate-control theory

First proposed by Melzack and Wall (1965) and later refined and expanded; in this theory, the pain signals must pass through a "gate" located in the spinal cord

Components of attention?

Focus Inhibition Blocking irrelevant information Older adults and cognitive aging

Attention is a process of ______ and ______.

Focus and inhibition

Which stage of Treisman's Feature Integration Theory addresses "the binding problem"?

Focused attention stage

Cones

Foveal -Color -acuity -more light -faster

Kinesthesia

From the Greek words kinein ("to move") and aethesis ("sensation); the body's sense of position in space - the location of the arms, legs, and so forth in relation to one another in relation to the ground

These lobes are primarily responsible for attention/planning, memory, identity/personality, motor processing, and language production

Frontal lobes

What are the four lobes of the neocortex?

Frontal, temporal, occipital, and parietal

Which group of people are slowed down by flankers during high load conditions in the Flanker Compatibility Tests?

Gamers

Charles Spearman

General Intelligence Theory: there is a general type of intelligence; crystallized and fluid intelligence

Kinesthetic sense

Having to do with the location of body parts in relation to each other and the ground

Skin senses

Having to do with touch, pressure, temperature, and pain

Four conceptions regarding perception. What are they and which is different. Why?

Helmholtz unconscious inference, Gestalt laws of organization, regularities in the environment and Bayesian inference. Different=Gestalt, principles of organization is built in vs. through experience. (recognize experience but believe built in can override)

D

Hemoglobin molecules in areas of high brain activity A. gain some of the ferrous molecules they are transporting. B. lose some of the ferrous molecules they are transporting. C. gain some of the oxygen they are transporting. D. lose some of the oxygen they are transporting.

Pitch

High, medium, or low frequency; refers to how high or how low a sound is; psychological experience of sound that corresponds to the frequency of the sound waves; higher frequencies are perceived as higher pitches

D

If kittens are raised in an environment that contains only verticals, you would predict that most of the neurons in their visual cortex would respond best to the visual presentation of a A. brick wall. B. chain link fence. C. solid wall. D. picket fence.

A

If the intensity of a stimulus that is presented to a touch receptor is increased, this tends to increase the _____ in the receptor's axon. A. rate of nerve firing B. size of the nerve impulses C. speed of nerve conduction D. all of these

Muller-Lyer Illusion

Illusion of line length that is distorted by inward-turning or outward-turning corners on the ends of the lines, causing lines of equal length to appear to be different

Aerial Perspective

Images seem blurry far away Monocular Depth Cue

the Visual Spatial Sketch Pad

Imagine yourself waling from your car, bus stop, or dorm to your first class. Your ability to form such a picture in your mind depends on

What is an immediate experience versus a mediate experience?

Immediate is subjective while mediate is objective

Moon illusion

In which the moon on the horizon appears to be larger than the moon in the sky

Inattentional Blindness

Inability to perceive something that is within ones direct perceptual field because one is attending to something else -Moonwalking Gorilla -Classic study by Simons and Chabris -46% didn't see the bear Person swap video Magic Singh

Prosopagnosia

Inability to recognize faces after brain damage, may be genetic as well Ability to recognize objects is intact

Law of Pragnanz

Individuals organize their experience in as simple, concise, symmetrical, and complete manner as possible

Color blindness

Inherited in a pattern known as sex-linked inheritance; the gene is recessive; mostly found in men

Probability/Prior

Initial belief about the probability of an outcome.

Attention: William James defintion

It is the taking possession by the mind in clear and vivid form, of one out of what seem several simultaneously possible objects or trains of thought...It implies withdrawl from some things in order to deal effectively with others, and is a condition which has a real opposite in the confused, dazed, scatterbrained state.

Similarity

Items similar in some respect tend to be grouped together (Gestalt Principle)

reading span task

Joey is participating in an experiment on memory, He is asked to read a sentence an then hold the last word in his memory while he reads the next sentence. The experimenter measures the maximum number of sentences Joey can read while doing this memory task. Joey can read while doing this memory task. joey is doing the _____ task

Synesthesia

Joined sensation. Mixing of sensory experiences (tasting a shape)

Pacinian corpuscles

Just beneath the skin and respond to pressure only

Free nerve endings

Just beneath the uppermost layer of the skin that respond to changes in temperature, pressure, and pain.

Intact semantic memory but defective episodic memory

K.C.,who was injured ina motorcycle accident, remebers facts lie the difference between a strike and a spare in bowling, but he is unaware of experiencing things like hearing about the circumstances of his brothers death, which occured 2 years before the accident. his memory behavior suggests

Mental Walk

Kosslyn concluded that the image field is limited in size. this conclusion was drawn from the ___________ experiment.

mental scanning

Kosslyn's island experiment used the ___________ procedure

plays a casual role in both perception and imagery

Kossyln's transcranial magnetic stimulation experiment on brain activation that occurs in response to imagery that the brain activity in the visual cortex

A build-up and release of proactive interference

Lamar has just gotten a new job and is attending a company party where he will meet his colleagues for the first time. His boss escorts him around to small groups to introduce him. At the first group, Lamar meets four people and is told only their first names. The same thing happens with a second group and a third group. At the fourth group, Lamar is told their names and that one of the women in the group is the company accountant. A little while later, Lamar realizes that he only remembers the names of the people in the first group, though he also remembers the profession of the last woman he met (the accountant). Lamar's experience demonstrates

Humans naturally exaggerate contrast. What is the name of this phenomenon?

Lateral inhibition

Hemispheric Specialization

Left and Right hemi's of the brain specialize in different functions.

Language is found in which hemisphere for approximately 85% of the population

Left hemisphere

A photograph of the participants first-grade class increased the likelihood of false memories

Lindsay and coworkers "slime in the first grade teacher's desk" experiment showed that presenting

Explain what a dichotomous listening task is

Listening to two things at once and focusing on one channel while inhibiting the unattended channel

Parallel searches require _______ attention.

Little

Olfactory bulbs

Located right on top of the sinus cavity on each side of the brain directly beneath the frontal lobes

What two studies were discussed in class to explain why the Attenuator Model of Attention didn't work? (Descriptions of the studies would work.)

Mackay (1975) and Corteen and Wood (1972)

Which of the following brain imagining techniques, discovered in 1908, is now a standard technique for detecting tumors and other brain abnormalities?

Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI)

Which of the following brain imaging techniques, discovered in 1908, is now a standard technique for detecting tumors and other brain abnormalities?

Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)

The availability heuristic

Make a decision based on how easily it comes to mind.

Late Selection Model

McKay Related right and left ear messages -Results: Biasing word affected sentence choice, even though participants were unaware of the biasing words -In late selection you process physical and semantic characteristics in unattended message -They were throwing stones at the bank -Bank can be a river bank or a money bank -McKay proposed that because the meaning of the word river or money was affecting the subjects' judgments, the word must have been processed to the level of meaning even though it was unattended. Late selection model: Most of the incoming information is processed to the level of meaning before the message to be further processed is selected.

Soma

Means body

Esthetic

Means feeling

Conduction hearing impairment

Means that sound vibrations cannot be passed from the eardrum to the cochlea; cause might be a damaged eardrum or damage to the bones of the middle ear

Inner ear

Membrane called the oval window; vibrations set off another chain reaction within the inner ear

Mnemonic techniques

Memory aids in the form of a pattern of letters, ideas, or associations. etc.

Experiencing a sensory impression in the absence of sensory input

Mental Imagery involves

What are the three basic assumptions of cognitive psychology?

Mental processes exist, they can be studied scientifically, and humans are active information processors

a positive linear relationship between scanning time and distance on the image

Mental- Scanning experiments found

Object Discrimination Problem

Monkey was shown a target item, if the monkey chose that item out of two items it was reward with food hidden deep inside of the object.

Brain ablation and Parietal lobes

Monkeys had difficulty with the Landmark Discrimination Problem. Parietal lobe responsible for determining an objects location.

Brain ablation and temporal lobe

Monkeys with temporal lobe removed object discrimination problem became very difficult so it was concluded that the temporal lobe is responsible for determining object's identity.

Beecher (1959)

Most American soldiers wounded in World War II "entirely denied pain from their extensive `wounds or had so little that they did not want any medication to relieve it". Reason=Positive Aspect= escape from battlefield

C

Most cognitive psychologists _____ the notion of a grandmother cell. A. accept B. are uncertain about C. reject D. are actively investigating

Apparent Movement

Movement is perceived but nothing is actually moving when stimuli in different locations are flashed one after another with the proper timing. (Max Wertheimer)

Visual Scanning

Movements of the eyes from one location or object to another. -Ex. A noise attracts his attention, and he scans the scene to figure out what is happening

Bayesian Inference

Named after Thomas Bayes (1701-1761), proposed that our estimate of probability of an outcome is determined by two factors. 1- the prior probability 2- extent to which the available evidence is consistent with the outcome.

have only excitatory synapses

Neural circuits are group of interconnected neurons that

C

Neural circuits are groups of interconnected neurons that A. have only excitatory synapses. B. have only inhibitory synapses. C. can result in a neuron that responds best to a specific stimulus. D. are primarily responsible for automatic behaviors, like reflexes.

Groups of neurons or structures that are connected within the nervous system are called ________.

Neural networks

This process is the rapid growth of new neurons and it peaks before birth

Neurogenesis

Event-Related Potential (ERP)

Neuron "firing" is an electrical event. Measures electrical activity on the scalp and makes inferences about the underlying brain activity. Averaged over a large number of trials to calculate ERPs Advantage: continuous and rapid measurements Disadvantage: does not give precise location

antisaccade

Neurons firing telling you not to make an eye movement. Making an effort NOT to look at a certain thing; control attention for the purpose of inhibiting a reflex

B

Neurons that respond to features that make up objects are called A. retinal cells. B. feature detectors. C. dendrites. D. receptors

Serotonin

Neurotransmitter associated with anorexia

Dopamine

Neurotransmitter associated with schizophrenia and Parkinson's disease

Give me at least three problems with introspection

No reliability; mental life occurs outside awareness; introspection can change when thought about; language cannot describe most experiences; cannot relate results to brain physiology

The Late Selection Model of Attention says that we process everything and then attend to it. Is this true and why?

No; Flanker Compatibility Tests

Simultagnosia

Normal Visual Fields, yet act blind Precieves only one stimulus at a time - single word or object

how neurons process information

Not all signals received lead to action potential and the cell membrane processes the number of impulses received. An action potential results only if the threshold level is reached with an interaction of excitation and inhibition.

Regarding the hands-free law, what would be more effective at reducing diverted attention?

Not talking on the phone through any means

Motion Parallax

Objects get smaller at decreasing speed in distance

Perceptual Constancies

Objects remain the same even though our perception of the object changes (such as size and shape constancy in optical illusions)

Primary receiving areas for the senses

Occipital lobe: vision Parietal lobe: touch, temperature, pain Temporal lobe: hearing, taste, smell

These lobes are primarily responsible for vision

Occipital lobes

Phantom limb pain

Occurs when a person who has had an arm or leg removed sometimes "feels" pain in the missing limb

Distraction

One stimulus interfering with the processing of another stimulus -Ex. Playing a game but being distracted by the people talking

Figure-Ground

Organize perceptions by distinguishing between a figure and a background (Gestalt Principle)

Levels of Processing: Shallow to Deep

Orthographic(spelling) Phonological (sound) Semantic (meaning) Self-Reference

Unconscious Inference

Our perceptions are the result of unconscious assumptions, or inferences, that we make about the environment (Helmholtz)

Modern Research and Pain

Pain can be influenced by what a person expects, how the person directs their attention, and the type of distracting stimuli that are present.

Somatic pain

Pain sensations in the skin, muscles, tendons, and joints; the body's warning system that something is being, or is about to be, damaged and tends to be sharp and fast

Freedom

Palvio proposed the conceptual peg hypothesis. His work suggests which of the following would be most difficult to remember?

Serial vs parallel searches:

Parallel is when an item you're looking for stands out relative to the items that surround it. It has a unique feature that makes it distinct in comparison to its surrounding items. Serial is when you go item by item searching because they are more similair and don't stand out as much.

These lobes are primarily responsible for sensory information and proprioception

Parietal lobes

Which part of the brain is important for touch, pressure and pain?

Parietal love

Septum

Part of the limbic system involved in anger and fear

Amygdala

Part of the limbic system involved in anger, AGRESSION, and fear

Hippocampus

Part of the limbic system involved in formation of memories. Korsakoff's syndrome

Describe the Flanker Compatibility Tests

Participants were not affected by a flanker (similar letter) during high load conditions but were affected by the flanker during low load conditions

How did the dichotomous listening task evolve to show that Broadbent's Early Selection Model of Attention wasn't correct?

Participants would respond to salient information

Perception Pathway

Pathway from the visual cortex to the temporal lobe.

Action Pathway

Pathway from visual cortex to parietal lobe

Where Pathway

Pathway leading from the striate cortex to the parietal lobe.

What Pathway

Pathway leading from the striate cortex to the temporal lobe.

Broca's aphasia

Patients have a hard time expressing themselves but understand others. Comprehension, but no production. (Book said they may not be able to comprehend after all, but all Oswald's lectures said they could)

B

Paul Broca's and Carl Wernicke's research provided early evidence for A. distributed processing. B. localization of function. C. prosopagnosia. D. neural net theory

Divided Attention - book

Paying attention to more than one thing at a time -Ex. Playing a game while listening in on a conversation

Top-down theories

People actively construct perceptions using information based on expectations, knowledge, experience

Monochrome color blindness

People either have no cones or have cones that are not working at all; if they have cones, they only have one type and therefore everything looks the same to the brain

Posner and coworkers (1978) deduced which of the following from their research?

People move their attention from one place to another.

Relative size

Perception that occurs when objects that a person expects to be of a certain size appear to be small and are, therefore, assumed to be much farther away

Word Superiority Effect

Phenomenon that people have better recognition of letters presented within words as compared to isolated letters and to letters presented within nonword, top down

Principle of Good Continuation

Points that when connected, result in a straight or smoothly curving lines are seen as belonging together and the lines tend to be seen in such a way a to follow the smoothest path. Also, objects that are overlapped by other objects are perceived as continuing behind the overlapping object.

Describe the Ponzo Illusion and the Muller-Lyer Illusion and why they happen.

Ponzo illusion we interpret the upper line of railroad tracks as though it were farther away, so we see it as longer - a farther object would have to be longer than a nearer one for both to produce retinal images of the same size. The Müller-Lyer illusion is an optical illusion consisting of three stylized arrows ;size constancy/experience dependent plasticity

template-matching theory

Posits that we have templates or prototypes stored in our minds; a stimulus is compared with a set of template-specific patterns stored in memory; extremely inflexible: difficulty with objects that are viewed from nonstandard angles, does not work for blurred or rotated letters; does not account for the complexity of human visual processing; only works for isolated letters and numbers

Symmetry

Prefer to perceive objects as mirror images (Gestalt Principle)

Ungerleider & Mishkin

Presented Monkeys with two tasks after brain ablation. 1- object discrimination problem 2-landmark discrimination problem

We know that attention takes time. Explain why we know this and what the thing is.

Presenting stimuli at a 100ms. When asked to find a K after a J, we do not notice the K if it is immediately after the J; Attentional blink

Attention

Process of selective information for further processing.

Top-Down Processing

Processing that involves a person's knowledge or expectations. This type of processing has also been called knowledge-based processing.

Bottom-Up Processing

Processing that starts with information received by the receptors. This type of processing is also called data-based processing.

Place theory

Proposed in 1863 by Hermann con Helmholtz; the pitch a person hears depends on where the hair cells that are stimulated are located on the organ of Corti

Isabel Gauthier

Proved Experience-Dependent Plasticity in humans, by using faces and computer generated faces (Greebles)

Colin Blakemore & Graham Cooper

Raised Kittens in only vertical shaped environment= kittens only responded to vertical like structures and vice versa.

If the intensity of a stimulus that is presented to a touch receptor is increased, this tends to increase the ____ in the receptor's axon.

Rate of nerve firing

C

Recent research on language has modified our earlier understanding of Broca's aphasia such that it is now understood as a problem in A. language production but not understanding. B. language production but not meaning. C. language form but not meaning. D. language meaning but not form

Configurational System

Recognize larger configurations

Feature Matching Theories

Recognize objects on the basis of a small number of characteristics (features) Detect specific elements and assemble them into more complex forms Brain cells that respond to specific features such as lines and angles are referred to as "feature detectors" , bottom-up theory

Feature Analysis

Recognize parts of objects Assemble parts into wholes

C

Recording from single neurons in the brain has shown that neurons responding to specific types of stimuli are often clustered in specific areas. These results support the idea of A. cortical association. B. dissociation. C. localization of function. D. the information processing approach.

C

Recordings from single neurons are conducted using which of these pieces of equipment? A. Positron emission tomography scanner B. Functional magnetic resonance imaging scanner C. Microelectrode D. Neurotransmitter

Physical Regularities

Regular occurring physical properties of the environment. (More vertical and horizontal orientations in the environment than oblique- i.e. buildings/trees)

D

Research using the ERP method shows that damage to the frontal lobes reduces the larger _____response that occurs when the form of a sentence is incorrect. A. N100 B. N400 C. P300 D. P600

Cochlear implant

Restores hearing to those with nerve hearing impairment; an electronic device that bypasses the outer and middle ears by sending signals from a microphone worn behind the ear to a sound processor worn on the belt or in a pocket

Mindless Thinking

Result of an automatic process -Automatic processes are usually good because it frees up cognitive resources -An example of when it is bad is when you are driving -It is better to talk to someone who is in the car with you than talk to someone who is not in the car. This is because the person in the car knows when to be quiet when needed. If you are talking to someone on the phone you don't want to be rude and not talk to them. Strayer and Johnston's cell phone/no cell phone experiemnt

Make It Stick

Retrieval Practice: Pigman Quizzes Drivers ed: Space/Interleaved Practice Winter Intersession

Retroactive Interference

Retroactive Interference:

If I had a stroke in the left hemisphere of my brain, then I would feel paralysis in which side of my body?

Right side

The retina contains two types of photoreceptors known as

Rods and cones

Cavanaugh

Search is serial not parallel except sometimes for pictures..

What does the Stroop Task measure and why is it difficult?

Selective attention; automatic processing

In Broadbent's "filter model" of attention, the stages of information processing occur in which order?

Sensory store, filter, detector, short-term memory

Kate has a split brain. Her doctor briefly presents the word "hammer" to only her left visual field and then asks her what she saw. Which set of responses is Kate most likely to give?

She will say she doesn't know what word appeared but she will be able to identify the object with her left hand.

Principle of Similarity

Similar things appear to be grouped together. (Dots example) (Color, size, shape, or orientation can be used for grouping)

Cochlea

Snail-shaped structure of the inner ear that is filled with fluid; fluid surrounds a membrane running through the middle called the basilar membrane

Transduction is top-down or bottom-up processing?

Sneaky, sneaky. Transduction is both!

Load Theory of Attention

Sophie Foster and Lavie Proposal that the ability to ignore task irrelevant stimuli depends on the load of the task the person is carrying out. High-load tasks result in less distraction.

sensory store

Sperling when information initially enters the mind, you must have all the information in the exact same position .25-.5 seconds, very large

iconic store

Sperling; an afterimage of information remains for a very short period of time; matrix of letters (partial report experiment)

Joe and Vicky both had which type of surgery? What was severed in the brain?

Split-brain surgery; the corpus callosum

Modal Model of Memory (all components)

Structural features: -Sensory memory: initial stage holds incoming information for seconds -Short-term memory: holds 5-7 items for about 15-20 seconds -Long term memory: hold large amount of info for years or decades

Landmark Discrimination Problem

Tall cylinder is the landmark which indicates the food well that contains food. The monkey received the food if it removed the food well cover closer to the tall cylinder.

Lobes of cortex:

Temporal Lobe Occipital Lobe Parietal Lobe Temporal Lobe

Auditory cortex

Temporal lobe; interprets the sounds; the transformation of the vibrations of sound into neural messages is transduction

These lobes are primarily responsible for hearing, memory, language comprehension

Temporal lobes

Figure-ground illusions demonstrate what about attention?

That attention is selective

The word superiority effect is

That letters are more easily recognized when in the context of a word

Illusory conjunction is

That we disassemble information and reintegrate it

categorical perception

The ability to perceive sounds as belonging to different phoneme categories (e.g. that ability to differentiate between /p/ and /b/)

Depth perception

The ability to perceive the world in three dimensions

Viewpoint Invariance

The ability to recognize an object seen from different viewpoints.

Processing Capacity

The amount of information people can handle and sets a limit on their ability to process incoming information.

Bottom-up processing

The analysis of the smaller features to build up to a complete perception

Overlap (interposition)

The assumption that an object that appears to be blocking part of another object is in front of the second object and closer to the viewer

Endorphins

The body's natural version of morphine; can inhibit the transmission of pain signals in the brain, and in the spinal cord they can inhibit the release of substance P

Taste buds

The common name for the taste receptor cells, special kinds of neurons found in the mouth that are responsible for the sense of taste

D

The concept of distributed neural coding proposes that a specific object, like a face, is represented across a number of A. microelectrodes. B. stimuli. C. modalities. D. neurons.

Which stage in Treisman's "attenuation model" has a threshold component?

The dictionary unit

Binocular disparity

The difference in images between the two eyes, which is greater for objects that are close and smaller for distant objects

Oblique Effect

The finding that vertical and horizontal orientations can be perceived more easily than other (slanted) orientations.

C

The fusiform face area (FFA) in the brain is often damaged in patients with A. Broca's aphasia. B. Wernicke's aphasia. C. prosopagnosia. D. Alzheimer's disease.

Cilia

The hair-like projections on the outside of cells that move in a wavelike manner

Aerial perspective

The haziness that surrounds objects that are farther away from the viewer, causing the distance to be perceived as greater

Perception

The method by which the brain takes all the sensations people experience at any given moment and allows them to be interpreted in some meaningful fashion

D

The neuron doctrine is A. in agreement with nerve net theory. B. unrelated to nerve net theory. C. synonymous with nerve net theory. D. in disagreement with nerve net theory.

A

The pattern of feature detectors firing in response to a stimulus creates the _____ for representing what the stimulus is (e.g., a tree, a person, a ball, and so forth). A. neural code B. module C. event-related potential D. receptor

What is the recognition by components approach?

The pattern that geons form is important to recognizing objects

Motion parallax

The perception of motion of objects in which close objects appear to move more quickly than objects that are farther away

Stimulus Salience

The physical properties of the stimulus, such as color, contrast, or movement. -This is a bottom-up process

Nerve hearing impairment

The problem lies either in the inner ear or in the auditory pathways and cortical areas of the brain; normal aging causes loss of hair cells in the cochlea, and exposure to loud noises can damage hair cells

Speech Segmentation

The process of perceiving individual words within the continuous flow of the speech signal.

Congenital analgesia and congenital insensitivity to pain with anhidrosis (CIPA)

The rare condition in which a person is born without the ability to feel pain

Hair cells

The receptors for sound on the organ of Corti

Basilar membrane

The resting place of the organ of Corti, which contains the receptor cells for the sense of hearing

an effect of experience- dependent plasticity

The results of Gauthier's Greeble experiment illustrate

Buddah Mindfullness Article

The results of this study indicate that there is no baseline difference in imagery skills between meditators and nonmeditators, or between long-term practitioners of different styles of meditation.

Convergence

The rotation of the two eyes in their sockets to focus on a single object, resulting in greater convergence for closer objects and lesser convergence if objects are distant

Gustation

The sensation of taste

Vestibular sense

The sense of balance

Auditory canal (ear canal)

The short tunnel that runs down to the tympanic membrane, or eardrum

Parapsychology

The study of ESP, ghosts, and other subjects that do not normally fall into the realm of ordinary psychology

C

The study of the physiological basis of cognition is known as A. cognitive psychology. B. neuroscience. C. cognitive neuroscience. D. neuropsychology.

Precognition

The supposed ability to know something in advance of its occurrence or to predict a future event

Inverse Projection Problem

The task of determining the object responsible for a particular imagine on the retina (involves starting with the retinal image and extending rays out from the eye).

D

The temporal lobe is A. the first place in the cerebral cortex where visual information is received. B. important for language, memory, hearing, and vision. C. important for higher functions such as language, thought, and memory, as well as motor functioning. D. where signals are received from the auditory system

Linear perspective

The tendency for parallel lines to appear to converge on each other

Texture gradient

The tendency for textured surfaces to appear to become smaller and finer as distance from the viewer increases

Motion sickness

The tendency to get nauseated when in a moving vehicle, especially one with an irregular movement

Size constancy

The tendency to interpret an object as always being the same actual size, regardless of its distance

Shape constancy

The tendency to interpret the shape of an object as being constant, even when its shape changes on the retina

Proximity

The tendency to perceive objects that are close to each other as part of the same grouping

Figure-ground

The tendency to perceive objects, or figures, as existing on a background

Brightness constancy

The tendency to perceive the apparent brightness of an object as the same even when the light conditions change

Perceptual set (perceptual expectancy)

The tendency to perceive things a certain way because previous experiences or expectations influence those perceptions

Closure

The tendency to perceive things as simply as possible with a continuous pattern rather than with a complex broken-up pattern

Similarity

The tendency to perceive things that look similar to each other as a part of the same group

Contiguity

The tendency to perceive two things that happen close together in time as being related

Hearing impairment

The term used to refer to difficulties in hearing

According to Treisman's "attenuation model," which of the following would you expect to have the highest threshold for most people?

The word "platypus"

Why do children with ADHD get stimulants and why does it seem to calm them down?

Their frontal lobes are not completely formed yet, so it helps to stimulate them and attention is in the frontal lobes

Volley principle

Theory of pitch that states that frequencies above 100 Hz cause the hair cells (auditory neurons) to fire in a volley pattern, or take turns in firing

Inhibitory

This type of neurotransmitter decreases chance neuron will fire

Excitatory

This type of neurotransmitter increases chance neuron will fire

Semicircular canals

Three somewhat circular tubes that are also filled with fluid and will stimulate hair-like receptors when rotated; one tube in each of the three planes of motions

Hammer, anvil, stirrup

Three tiny bones in the middle ear; the vibrations of these three bones amplifies the vibrations from the eardrum

How do neurons communicate with one another?

Through neurotransmitters

Otolith organs

Tiny sacs found just above the cochlea that contain a gelatin-like fluid within which tiny crystals are suspended; tells the person that they're moving forwards, backwards, sideways, or up and down

Why do visual illusions happen?

Top-down processing

The Binding Problem: Feature Integration Theory

Treisman -How features get created into wholes... -Object => Preattentive Stage (Analyze each feature - this stage is automatic and unconscious) => Focused attention Stage (Combine features- this is the binding stage and the stage that holds together all the features) => Perception __ Behavioral Evidence: Illusory Conjunction -Features are free floating for a period of time before the brain can put (the shape and color of something together) together Neuropsychological Evidence: Balint's syndrome -Damage to the parietal lobe and the main outcome is the inability to focus on individual objects (Patient R.M.) he was unable to bind features

serial position effect

U-shaped relationship between a word's position in a list and its probability of recall (first and last words are typically remembered); recency and primacy effects

Which of the following statements concerning the "100-car naturalistic driving study" is true?

Video recorders created records of both what the drivers were doing and the views out the front and rear windows.

Reversible figures

Visual illusions in which the figure and ground can be reversed

Brain Stem

Vital in basic attention, arousal, and consciousness

What is the Early Selection Attenuator Model of attention?

We have an attended channel and a channel for salient information; 2 channels total

Likelihood Principle

We perceive the object the most likely to have caused the pattern of stimuli we have received.

Describe the Late Selection Model of Attention

We process everything and then we attend to what was processed

In which scenario are you MOST likely to be distracted by irrelevant stimuli?

When a low-load task leaves available a large amount of processing capacity.

B

When conducting an experiment on how stimuli are represented by the firing of neurons, you notice that neurons respond differently to different faces. For example, Arthur's face causes three neurons to fire, with neuron 1 responding the most and neuron 3 responding the least. Roger's face causes the same three neurons to fire, with neuron 1 responding the least and neuron 3 responding the most. Your results support ____ coding. A. specificity B. distributed C. convergence D. divergence

D

When recording from a single neuron, stimulus intensity is represented in a single neuron by the A. size of the action potentials. B. size of the synapse. C. firing rate of the neurotransmitters. D. firing rate of the action potentials.

what are neurotransmitters?

When the action potential reaches the end of the axon, synaptic vesicles open and release chemical neurotransmitters. Neurotransmitters cross the synapse and bind with the receiving dendrites. Excitatory neurotransmitters increase the chance that the neuron will fire and inhibitory neurotransmitters decrease the chance that the neuron will fire.

is continuous

When we look at a record of the physical energy produced by conversational speech, we see that the speech signal

A

Which of the following do PET and fMRI have in common? A. The use of the subtraction technique B. The measurement of magnetic fields C. The use of radioactive tracers D. All of the above are characteristics of both PET and fMRI

D

Which of the following neural components is NOT found at the receiving end of neurons? A. Cell body B. Dendrite C. Receptor D. Axon

B

Which of the following statements best describes how neurons communicate with one another? A. The end of one neuron makes direct contact with the receiving end of another neuron. B. A chemical process takes place at the synapse. C. An electrical process takes place in the receptors. D. Action potentials travel across the synapse.

According to ____, all searches, whether conjunctive or feature, involve two stages. The first stage involves the analysis of features and the second involves combining features into objects. a. feature-integration theory b. movement-filter theory c. Broadbent's model d. similarity theory

a

According to signal-detection theory, a ____ occurs when we correctly identify the presence of a signal. a. hit b. false alarm c. miss d. correct rejection

a

According to the ____ theories of attention, people have a fixed amount of attentional capacity that they allocate to the perceived task requirements. a. attentional-resource b. filter and bottleneck c. neurological d. signal-detection

a

According to the ____ theory, the difficulty of eliminating distractors depends on the characteristics they do or do not share. a. similarity b. commonality c. feature-integration d. signal-detection

a

As a child, every time you went to a place with large crowds, your mother had you wear a bright colored shirt. She knew that it would be easier to spot you in the crowd by the color of your shirt. She was making use of ____. a. a feature search b. vigilance c. divided attention d. a conjunction search

a

Both _____ anxiety influence attentional processes. a. state-based and trait-based b. avoidant and nonavoidant c. internal and external d. overt and covert

a

In a ____ we look for just one characteristic (e.g., color, shape, or size) that makes our search object different from all others. a. Feature search b. Characteristic selectivity c. Signal scanning d. Visual selective attention

a

Research suggests that children of mothers with lower levels of education show ____ of selective attention on neural processing a. reduced effects b. increased effects c. no effects d. random effects

a

The ____ phenomenon refers to the process of tracking one conversation in the face of the distraction of other conversations. a. cocktail party b. dichotic listening c. bidirectional attention d. subliminal perception

a

Which model of selective attention suggests that messages that are of high importance to a person may break through the filter of selective attention? a. Moray's selective filter model b. the multimode theory c. Deutsch and Deutsch's late filter model d. Treisman's attenuation model

a

Which statement about attention deficit hyperactivity disorder is true? a. Those with it have difficulty focusing their attention. b. Those with it focus too much on details. c. It often appears in late adulthood. d. Medicines used to treat it affect the neurotransmitter acetycholine.

a

Which theory characterizes our ability to correctly state whether or not a particular stimulus has been presented? a. signal-detection theory b. change blindness c. attentional-resource d. attentional integration theory

a

____ refers to an experience involving the preconscious level of consciousness, in which a person tries to remember something that is known to be stored in memory, but that the person cannot quite retrieve. a. The tip-of-the-tongue phenomenon b. The tip-of-awareness phenomenon c. Freudian slip d. Subliminal perception

a

____ refers to our ability to attend to some stimuli while ignoring or minimally processing other stimuli. a. Selective attention b. Vigilance c. Search d. Multiple-task processing

a

____ refers to the process by which particular stimuli activate mental pathways that enhance the ability to process subsequent stimuli related to the initial stimuli in some way. a. Priming b. Feature enhancement c. Conjunction processing d. Binaural processing

a

positron emission tomography (PET scan)

a brain-imaging technique in which radioactive chemicals are injected into the brain and travel through the bloodstream to the activated sites of the brain; researchers examine images taken by a special camera to determine which parts of the brain are activated during a task; used to study attention, memory, and language; not very precise; expensive; exposure to radioactive chemicals does not provide precise information about a person's thoughts

3

a circular plate rests at the center of a small square table. Around the table are a total of four chairs. one along each side of the square table. A person with unilateral neglect sits down in one of he chairs and eats from a plate. after he is "finished" he moves to the next chair on his right and continues to eat from the plate. Assuming he never moves the pate and he continues with his procedure ( moving one, chair to the right and eating) how many chairs will he have to sit in to eat all the food on the plate?

Limbic System

a complex system of nerves and networks in the brain, involving several areas near the edge of the cortex concerned with instinct and mood. It controls the basic emotions (fear, pleasure, anger) and drives (hunger, sex, dominance, care of offspring).

Shinkareva et al. (2008) conducted research that revealed...

a computer could fairly accurately predict what category of object one was viewing.

A specific person's face is represented in the nervous system by the firing of

a group of neurons each responding to a number of different faces.

A specific person's face is represented in the nervous system by the firing of...

a group of neurons each responding to a number of different faces.

Basal Ganglia

a group of structures linked to the thalamus in the base of the brain and involved in coordination of movement. -motor movement

Engram

a hypothetical permanent(psychical bases of a memory)change in the brain accounting for the existence of memory a memory trace.

Reicher's Word Superiority Effect

a letter is better recognized in a word than by itself or in a non-word

According to the filter model of attention, which of the following messages would likely by identified by the filter?

a message with an unfamiliar foreign accent

template theory

a mold; not everything is the same size

working memory

a newer understanding of short-term memory that involves conscious, active processing of incoming auditory and visual-spatial information, and of information retrieved from long-term memory

Schemas

a person's knowledge about what is involved in a particular experience. (Oswald gave example of a kitchen schema, you would expect there to be a stove, sink, fridge, etc. The expectations a person has about an environment or situation)

the shortest segment of speech that if changed, changes the meaning of a word

a phoneme refers to

Placebo

a pill that they believe contains painkillers but that, in fact, contains no active ingredients.

visual cortex

a representation of an image is transformed into electrical signals, which then travel through the retina, leaves the back of the eye in the optic nerve and reaches this area at the back of the brain that receives signals from the eye

phonetic module

a special purpose neural mechanism that specifically handles all aspects of speech perception; it cannot handle other kinds of auditory perception.

the space between neurons

a synapse is

Golgi stain

a thin slice of brain tissue is submerged in a solution of silver nitrate & pics are created in which fewer than 1%of the cells were stained

Olivia has sustained damage to the prefrontal area. As a result, she is most likely to have

a variety of problems, including problems planning and implementing strategies.

____ is the process by which features such as color, form, motion, and location are combined to create our perception of a coherent object. a) Binding b) Integration c) Assimilation d) Equilibration

a) Binding

Which of the following options would not be an important factor in automatic processing? a) close attention b) ease in performing parallel tasks c) tasks that are well-practiced d) the use of few cognitive resources

a) close attention

Illusory conjunctions are a) combinations of features from different stimuli. b) misidentified objects using the context of the scene. c) combinations of features from the masking field and the stimuli. d) features that are consistent across different stimuli.

a) combinations of features from different stimuli.

A bottom-up process is involved in fixating on an area of a scene that: a) has high stimulus salience. b) fits with the observer's interests. c) is familiar. d) carries meaning for the observer.

a) has high stimulus salience.

The Stroop effect demonstrates people's inability to ignore the ____ of words. a) meaning b) color c) size d) font

a) meaning

Strayer and Johnston's (2001) experiment involving simulated driving and the use of "hands-free" vs. "handheld" cell phones found that a) talking on either kind of phone impairs driving performance significantly and to the same extent. b) driving performance was impaired only with the handheld cell phones. c) driving performance was impaired less with the hands-free phones than with the handheld phones. d) divided attention (driving and talking on the phone) did not affect performance.

a) talking on either kind of phone impairs driving performance significantly and to the same extent.

The cocktail party effect is a) the ability to pay attention to one stimulus while filtering out other stimuli. b) the inability to pay attention to one stimulus in the presence of competing stimuli. c) the diminished awareness of information in a crowd. d) the equal division of attention between competing stimuli.

a) the ability to pay attention to one stimulus while filtering out other stimuli.

Eye tracking studies investigating attention as we carry out actions such as making a peanut butter sandwich shows that a person's eye movements a) usually followed a motor action by a fraction of a second. b) were influenced by unusual objects placed in the scene. c) were determined primarily by the task. d) continually scanned all objects and areas of the scene.

a) usually followed a motor action by a fraction of a second.

Damage to Wernicke's area is in which lobe of the brain? a. Temporal b. Parietal c. Occipital d. Frontal

a. Temporal

The study of the physiological basis of cognition is known as a. cognitive neuroscience. b. neuroscience. c. cognitive psychology. d. neuropsychology.

a. cognitive neuroscience.

The _____ lobe of the cortex receives information from all of the senses and is responsible for coordination of the senses, as well as higher cognitive functions such as thinking and problem solving. a. frontal b. subcortical c. occipital d. parietal

a. frontal

A 10-month-old baby is interested in discovering different textures, comparing the touch sensations between a soft blanket and a hard wooden block. Tactile signals such as these are received by the _____ lobe. a. parietal b. occipital c. temporal d. frontal

a. parietal

In most people the left hemisphere of the brain is dominant for language. Based on this finding, we can expect that _______. a. people tend to remember words better when the words are projected to the right visual field b. people tend to remember words better when the words are projected to the left visual field c. people tend to remember words better when the words are projected to the center of the visual field d. people tend to remember only a few words when the words are projected visually

a. people tend to remember words better when the words are projected to the right visual field

object recognition

ability to recognize objects and words; identification of a complex arrangement of sensory stimuli; perceive that the object is separate from its background; object identification: applying a name or a label to a stimulus; object recognition is fast: it takes a fraction of a second (1/10) to interpret the meaning of visual scenes; sensory processes transform and organize the raw information provided by sensory receptors and you compare the sensory stimuli with information in memory storage identification of a complex arrangement of sensory stimuli; transform and organize raw information; compare representation with one in memory with most object recognition, we identify the individual features that combine together to create these objects

working memory capacity (WMC)

ability to use the working memory system; ability to control attention predicts: attention and inhibition: dichotic listening, stroop, antisaccade, inhibition of stereotyping behavior, inhibition while under the influence of alcohol LTM retrieval: inhibition of unwanted/negative information from LTM; response inhibition-resampling from previously retrieved information; prospective memory-remembering to do something in the future; false memory-accidentally including information not present language processing: reading comprehension; verbal fluency and reasoning; learning a computer program; learning a second language visual processing: visual search (focused attention); visual reasoning and puzzle solving; mental rotation learning: explicit learning (not incidental/implicit/conditioning); motivation and effort: incentive and effort during a complex span task real world behaviors: note taking; following directions; SAT scores clinical patient issues: depression (deficits in WM)

false memory

accidentally including information not present

situation models

according to the idea of _______, when we read a sentence like "Carmelo grabbed his coat from his bedroom and his backpack from the living room, walked downstairs, and called his friend Gerry." we create a map of Carmelo's apartment and keep track of his location as he moves through his apartment.

making a connection between each word and something you've previously learned

according to the levels of processing theory, which of the following tasks will produce the best long-term memory for a set of words

extrastriare body area (EBA)

activated by pictures of bodies and parts of bodies

primary visual cortex

aka VI, located in the occipital lobe; portion of cerebral cortex concerned with basic processing of visual stimuli; visual information registered on the retina (proximal stimulus) must pass through the visual pathway, a set of neurons between the retina and the primary visual cortex; some neurons only fire in response to lines or gratings with specific characteristics (vertical, horizontal)

False memories

aka confabulated memories: never happened to us.

recognition-by-components theory

aka structural theory; a specific view of an object can be represented as an arrangement of simple 3D shapes called geons; in general, the arrangement of 3 geons gives people enough information to classify an object problems: viewer-centered approach: must mentally rotate objects that are at unusual angles in order to recognize them, which takes time and is subject to error

illusory contours

aka subjective contours; visual illusion in which we see edges even though they're not physically present; during the early stages of visual processing, some cells in the visual system respond to the illusory contours; during later stages, the visual system tries to make sense of this disorderly jumble

short-term memory

aka working memory; some material from sensory memory is passed on to short-term memory, which contains the small amount of information a person is actively using; information can be lost within 30 seconds unless repeated

A neuron's initial, internal response to an incoming signal can vary in size. The ultimate, external response of the cell, however, does not vary in size. If the signal is sent, it is always of the same magnitude. This effect is called the

all-or-none law.

distributed attention

allows you to register features automatically, using parallel processing across the field, registering all the features simultaneously

In support of late selection models, Donald MacKay showed that the presentation of a biasing word on the unattended ear influenced participants' processing of ____ when they were ____ of that word.

ambiguous sentences; unaware

In support of late selection models, Donald MacKay showed that the presentation of a biasing word on the unattended ear influenced participants' processing of _______ when they were _______ of that word.

ambiguous sentences; unaware

gestalt

an overall quality that transcends the individual elements; a configuration or pattern of elements so unified as a whole that it cannot be described merely as a sum of its parts; the whole is greater than the sum of its parts

change blindness

an overuse of top-down processing; failure to detect a change in an object or a scene; stranger and the door study

inattentional blindness

an overuse of top-down processing; failure to notice when an unexpected but completely visible object appears while paying attention to some events in a scene

bottom-up processing

analysis that begins with the sensory receptors and works up to the brain's integration of sensory information; emphasizes the importance of information from the stimuli registered on sensory receptors

behaviorist approach

approach that emphasizes the importance of objective, observable reactions to stimuli in the environment; a theoretical perspective that focuses only on objective, observable reactions. Behaviorism emphasizes the environmental stimuli that determines behavior.

semantic memory

area of general knowledge, including factual knowledge about the world as well as knowledge about word meanings

Partial Report Procedure

asked person to tell you row by row based on sound; more successful

Partial Report Procedure

asked person to tell you row by row based on sound; more successful 9

computer simulation (computer modeling)

attempts to take human limitations into account; goal: design a system that resembles the way humans actually perform a specific cognitive task; creating a computer program that mimics human information processing

exogenous attention

attention capture; attention is captured automatically; reflexive, pre-wired; reaction to environmental stimuli; involves bottom-up processing; cues: flashing light, moving stimulus in periphery, loud noise

Broadbent's Filter

attention= how you filter out material you do not want to pay attention to

temporal lobe

auditory and perceptual processing, language (wernicke's area), hearing, memory, and perceiving forms

Temporal Lobe

auditory receiving area--SOUND

speech perception

auditory system records the sound vibrations generated by someone talking and then translates the vibrations into a sequence of sounds that are perceived to be speech we perceive speech by overcoming the problems of a less-than-idea speech stimulus; we carve out boundaries between words, overcome the variability in phoneme pronunciation, and use context to resolve ambiguous phonemes

Daniel Tammet

autistic savant, memorized 22,514 digits of pi, used memory to create walkthrough, each digit had own color and shape

automaticity

automatic processes; reflexive, pre-wired; learned via practice; don't require attention; controlled processes require attention; reading words becomes an automatized behavior

thought suppression

avoidance behavior doesn't always work, as information creeps into consciousness (rebound effect)

According to ____ theory, the key factor affecting the relative ease or difficulty of visual searches is whether or not we must combine various characteristics of objects to successfully complete our search. a. similarity b. feature-integration c. commonality d. signal-detection

b

According to signal-detection theory, a ____ occurs when we incorrectly report that a signal is present when it is, in fact, absent. a. hit b. false alarm c. miss d. correct rejection

b

According to the ____ theories of attention, information is selectively blocked out or attenuated as it passes from one level of processing to the next. a. attentional-resource b. filter and bottleneck c. neurological d. signal-detection

b

Alice is a lifeguard at a busy beach. When on duty, she must remain alert to detect someone having difficulties in the water or other potentially dangerous situations, despite prolonged periods during which no danger is present. Alice's job requires great ____. a. selective attention b. vigilance c. search d. multiple-task processing

b

Information about your bedroom, such as the number of windows in it, is often easily pulled from ____ awareness to conscious awareness. a. superconscious b. preconscious c. subconscious d. unconscious

b

Marla is carefully transplanting tomato seedlings as she has often done when a neighbor stops by to chat. After Marla has resumed her task, she stops suddenly, realizing she has failed to put fertilizer in the bottom of the hole before she puts in the seedling. Marla has made a(n) ____. a. perseveration b. omission c. description error d. associative-activation error

b

Suppose you are a radiologist reading mammograms. Your job is to determine whether there are any suspicious, possibly malignant images. In this type of task, the stimulus that you are attempting to detect may be called a ____. a. filter b. signal c. false alarm d. hit

b

Ulric Neisser synthesized the early filter and the late filter models in part by proposing that there are two processes governing attention: ____. a. foreground and background processes b. preattentive and attentive processes c. signal and noise processes d. target and distracter processes

b

Which best describes the dual-task paradigm used to study divided attention in the laboratory? a. Participants are asked to listen information presented to one ear and repeat the information heard. b. Participants are asked to watch a film showing two activities superimposed on one another. c. Participants watch a screen and press a button when a particular feature is present. d. Participants are asked to watch a film that is sometimes presented with sound effects and sometimes without.

b

Which function of attention involves the ability to correctly state whether or not a particular stimulus has been presented? a. stimulus observation b. signal detection c. attentional integration d. stimulus selection

b

Which model of selective attention suggests that, while there are multiple channels for sensory input, only one channel is processed while the other channels of information are filtered out before sensory processing? a. Treisman's attenuation model b. Broadbent's model c. Single channel detection theory d. Deutsch and Deutsch's late filter model

b

____ is the means by which we actively select and process a limited amount of information from all of the information captured by our senses, our stored memories, and our other cognitive processes. a. Arousal b. Attention c. Consciousness d. Priming

b

____ refer to nontarget stimuli that divert our attention away from the target stimulus. a. Signals b. Distracters c. Secondary stimuli d. Secondary signals

b

____ refers to a degree of physiological excitation, responsivity, and readiness for action relative to a baseline. a. Awareness b. Arousal c. Attention d. Vigilance

b

____ refers to a person's ability to attend to a field of stimulation over a prolonged period, during which the person seeks to detect the appearance of a particular target stimulus of interest. a. Selective attention b. Vigilance c. Search d. Multiple-task processing

b

____ refers to accidentally repeating steps of an automatic procedure after the procedure has been completed. a. Omissions b. Perseverations c. Description errors d. Data-driven errors

b

____ refers to an experimental task in which you listen to two different messages and then are required to repeat back only one of the messages as soon as possible after you hear it, while ignoring the other. a. Selective listening b. Shadowing c. Unilateral attention d. Uniaural listening task

b

_____ involves being prepared to focus on incoming information. a. Orienting b. Alerting c. Executive attention d. Searching

b

In the filter model of attention, the stages of information processing occur in which order? a) Detector, filter, sensory store, short-term memory b) Sensory store, filter, detector, short-term memory c) Filter, detector, sensory store, short-term memory d) Detector, sensory store, filter, short-term memory

b) Sensory store, filter, detector, short-term memory

Dichotic listening occurs when a) the same message is presented to the left and right ears. b) different messages are presented to the left and right ears. c) a message is presented to one ear, and a masking noise is presented to the other ear. d) participants are asked to listen to a message and look at a visual stimulus, both at the same time.

b) different messages are presented to the left and right ears.

A high threshold in Treisman's model of attention implies that a) weak signals can cause activation. b) it takes a strong signal to cause activation. c) all signals cause activation. d) no signals cause activation.

b) it takes a strong signal to cause activation.

The Stroop effect occurs when participants: a) are told to divide their attention between colors and shapes. b) try to name colors and ignore words. c) try to select some incoming information based on meaning. d) are told to shadow two messages simultaneously.

b) try to name colors and ignore words.

Which of the following is consistent with the idea of localization of function? a. Specific areas of the brain serve different functions. b. All of the above. c. Neurons in different areas of the brain respond best to different stimuli. d. Brain areas are specialized for specific functions.

b. All of the above.

Sarah has experienced brain damage making it difficult for her to understand spatial layout. Which area of her brain has most likely sustained damage? a. Fusiform face area (FFA) b. Parahippocampal place area (PPA) c. Functional magnetic area (FMA) d. Extrastriate body area (EBA)

b. Parahippocampal place area (PPA)

The key structural components of neurons are a. transmitters, dendrites, and nodes of Ranvier. b. cell body, dendrites, and axon. c. cell body, cellular membrane, and transmitters. d. axon, dendrites, and glands.

b. cell body, dendrites, and axon.

Neurons that respond to specific qualities (e.g., such as orientation, movement, and length) that make up objects are called a. receptors. b. feature detectors. c. retinal cells. d. dendrites.

b. feature detectors.

Groups of neurons or structures that are connected within the nervous system are called ________. a. neuronal bridges b. neural networks c. fused conduits d. synaptic vesicles

b. neural networks

When conducting an experiment on how stimuli are represented by the firing of neurons, you notice that neurons respond differently to different faces. For example, Arthur's face causes three neurons to fire, with neuron 1 responding the most and neuron 3 responding the least. Roger's face causes three different neurons to fire, with neuron 7 responding the least and neuron 9 responding the most. Your results support ____ coding. a. specificity b. sparse c. distributed d. divergence

b. sparse

phoneme

basic unit of spoken language; speakers vary in pitch and tone of their voices, as well as their rate of producing phonemes and often fail to produce phonemes in a precise fashion

Your author points out that studying the mind requires both ________ and ________ experiments.

behavioral; physiological

B.F. Skinner

behaviorist; operant conditioning; research emphasizes the importance of reinforcement

structural theory

best overall theory of recognition; specifies relations of featres

structural theory

best overall theory of recognition; specifies relations of features

During a visit to the local museum, you appreciate the incredible beauty of the paintings displayed on the wall. Your ability to see the paintings as complete pictures rather than individual, disconnected dots of color, texture, and location is because of a process called _______.

binding

Donald Broadbent

birth of modern cognition; applied work with the Navy in the UK; interested in understanding the limits of attention; selective attention; filter model: filter located between incoming sensory memory and short-term memory storage that works together with a buffer, enabling the subject to handle 2 kinds of stimuli presented at the same time; one of the inputs is allowed through the filter, and the other waits in the buffer for later processing

fMRI

blood flow increases in areas of the brain activated by a cognitive task. The measurement of blood flow is based on the fact that hemoglobin, which carries oxygen in the blood, contains a ferrous (iron) molecule so it is magnetic. If a magnetic field is presented to the brain, the hemoglobin molecules line up like tiny magnets. fMRI indicates the presence of brain activity because the hemoglobin molecules in areas of high brain activity lose some of the oxygen they are transporting. This makes the hemoglobin more magnetic so it responds more strongly to a magnetic field ~determines brain activity in various areas of the brain by detecting changes in the magnetic response of hemoglobin ~Advantage: no radioactive tracer needed & is good for localization of function

Working memory:

book's definition: limited-capacity system for temporary storage and manipulation of info for complex tasks such as comprehension, learning, and reasoning .

functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI)

brain-imaging technique that measures the amount of oxygen in the blood in various areas of the brain (oxygen-rich blood is an index of brain activity); magnetic field surrounds the participant's head and produces changes in the oxygen atoms; while the participant performs a cognitive task, a scanning device takes a photo of the oxygen atoms; preferable to a PET scan because it is less invasive, no injections/radioactive materials are necessary; can measure activity that occurs fairly quickly so it's more precise in identifying the exact time sequence of cognitive tasks (not the ones we perform very quickly) does not provide precise information about a person's thoughts

event-related potential (ERP) technique

brain-imaging technique that records brief fluctuations in the brain's electrical activity in response to a stimulus; provides precise information about the timing of brain activity; electrodes are placed on a person's scalp to record electrical activity generated by a group of neurons located directly underneath the skull; can identify electrical changes over a very brief period of time in a specific region of the brain habituation: N1 wave pattern in auditory cortex and frontal regions; paradigm: repeated tone presentation attentional capture: MMN-mismatch negativity pattern in frontal regions; elicited by noticeable change in repeated stimulus controlled attention: for focus during encoding the tones; P300 wave pattern

single-cell recording technique

brain-imaging technique used for animals; an insertion of a thin electrode into or next to a single neuron measures electrical activity generated by that cell to study characteristics of an animal's brain and nervous system; the goal is to identify the variations in a stimulus that produce a consistent change in a single cell's electrical activity; cells provide a mechanism for recognizing specific patterns (i.e., letters of the alphabet); cells in cat's brain fired only when the cat was presented with a particular stimulus

artificial intelligence (AI)

branch of computer science that explores human cognitive processes by creating computer models that accomplish the same tasks as humans

dendrites

branch out from the cell body of a neuron and receive signals from other neurons

acetylcholinesterase

breaks down memory

acetylcholinesterase

breaks down memory (acetylcholine )

working memory

brief, immediate memory for material being currently processed; people with relatively low working memory capacities have difficulty blocking out the irrelevant information about their name (cocktail party effect)

working memory

brief, immediate memory for material you are currently processing; a portion of working memory actively coordinates your ongoing mental activities; has time constraints: can only attend for a short amount of time; has limitations in amount of information: can only hold so much decay: loss over time; displacement: new information bumps out old information simple span tasks: present a series of information (digits, words, letters); recall the information in the correct order

Perception is...

built on a foundation of information from the environment.

According to signal-detection theory, a ____ occurs when we incorrectly report that a signal is absent, when it is, in fact, present. a. hit b. false alarm c. miss d. correct rejection

c

In ____ we intend to deviate from a routine activity we are implementing in familiar surroundings, but at a point at which we should depart from the routine, we fail to pay attention and to regain control of the process. a. loss of activation error b. omissions c. capture errors d. perseverations

c

In a ____ search, we must search for a combination of stimulus characteristics.. a. selectivity b. polymorphism c. conjunction d. feature

c

Information that is available for cognitive processing but that currently lies outside of conscious awareness exists at the ____ level of awareness. a. superconscious b. conscious c. preconscious d. unconscious

c

Madden's (2007) research examining the impact of aging on visual search ability has found that ____. a. older participants are more accurate but slower than younger participants b. younger participants are more accurate but slower than older participants c. younger participants are more accurate and faster than older participants d. there are no age differences on visual search tasks

c

Most people can listen to music and write a paper simultaneously, but it is harder to listen to the news station and concentrate on writing at the same time. This is because ____. a. music is often relaxing and makes it easier to concentrate b. people are often upset by what is on the news and that harms their concentration c. listening to the news and writing a paper both require verbal processing d. most people do not listen to the news all that often or closely, so it is novel

c

Splitting your attentional resources between two or more different task is called ____. a. selective attention b. feature search c. divided attention d. signal detection

c

The ____ appears to be important in the regulation of vigilance. a. frontal lobe b. occipital cortex c. amygdala d. pons

c

The ____ refers to the psychological difficulty in selective attention that occurs when a literate person attempts to name the colors of ink used to print the color words for other colors (e.g., "blue" may be printed in red ink). a. semantic confusion phenomenon b. feature-integration problem c. Stroop effect d. signal effect

c

Trying to locate a particular friend in a crowded auditorium or a particular key term in a large list of terms are examples of ____. a. selective attention b. vigilance c. search d. multiple-task processing

c

What was the pattern of results that Marcel (1983) found using primes that have two different meanings (e.g., palm: hand or tree)? a. He showed evidence for positive priming only (facilitation). b. He showed evidence of negative priming only (inhibition). c. His results depended on whether or not the prime was viewed long enough to become conscious. d. He found priming effects only when the prime was consciously viewed.

c

When our routines are interrupted, we may accidentally skip steps despite the fact that our routines are well learned. This describes a(n) _____. a. capture error b. perseveration c. omission d. description error

c

Which best describes the capacity model of attention? a. Attention has a filter that can move dependent on the level of meaning we assign to it. b. Attention has several filters at the sensory level. c. We have a fixed amount of attention that we can use on multiple tasks. d. We learn to pay attention and the more we practice the better we get.

c

Which model of selective attention suggests that instead of blocking out stimuli, the filter merely weakens the strength of all stimuli other than the target stimulus? a. Broadbent's model b. Deutsch and Deutsch's late filter model c. Treisman's attenuation model d. Guided search model of information processing

c

You are watching your favorite TV show when a friend enters the room and wants to engage you in conversation. You really want to watch your show, but know that you should attend to the conversation. You try to do both. This is an example of ____. a. selective attention b. feature search c. divided attention d. signal detection theory

c

Your roommate has made it abundantly clear to you that you are to pick up a particular bottle of wine on your way back from class and you dutifully stop at the wine store, only to discover you cannot remember the name of the wine. You are experiencing a(n) ____ error. a. data-driven b. associative-activation c. loss of activation d. description

c

____ includes both the feeling of awareness and the content of awareness. a. Arousal b. Attention c. Consciousness d. Priming

c

____ processing refers to cognitive processing that requires conscious control and effort that is performed one step at a time. a. Natural b. Procedural c. Controlled d. Automatic

c

____ refers to situations in which we actively seek out particular stimuli. a. Selective attention b. Vigilance c. Search d. Multiple-task processing

c

____ refers to the process by which a person repeats a procedure so frequently that the procedure changes from being highly conscious and effortful to being relatively automatic and effortless. a. Habituation b. Adaptation c. Automatization d. Dishabituation

c

According to the filter model of attention, which of the following messages would likely by identified by the filter? a) All messages selected by the filter b) All messages within earshot c) A message with an unfamiliar foreign accent d) All sensory messages

c) A message with an unfamiliar foreign accent

Posner and coworkers (1978) deduced which of the following from their research? a) The enhancing effect of attention spreads throughout an object. b) Attention is always divided across two or more tasks simultaneously. c) People move their attention from one place to another. d) Attention affects an entire object, even if it is occluded by other objects.

c) People move their attention from one place to another.

Lan has no idea what she just read in her text because she was thinking about how hungry she is and what she is going to have for dinner. This is a real-world example of a) the late-selection model of attention. b) an object-based attentional failure. c) inattentional blindness. d) the cocktail party phenomenon.

c) inattentional blindness.

If you are folding towels that have just come out of the laundry while watching television, you may find that you don't have to pay much attention to the process of folding the towels. This sort of familiar task that does not require much of your attention would be an example of a(n) ____ task. a) attenuated b) high-load c) low-load d) filtered

c) low-load

Suppose twin teenagers are vying for their mother's attention. The mother is trying to pay attention to one of her daughters, though both girls are talking (one about her boyfriend, one about a school project). According to the operating characteristics of Treisman's attenuator, it is most likely the attenuator is analyzing the incoming messages in terms of a) physical characteristics. b) language. c) meaning. d) direction.

c) meaning.

In Simons and Chabris's "change blindness" experiment, participants watch a film of people playing basketball. Many participants failed to report that a woman carrying an umbrella walked through because the a) woman with the umbrella was in motion, just like the players. b) the umbrella was the same color as the floor. c) participants were counting the number of ball passes. d) participants were not asked if they saw anything unusual.

c) participants were counting the number of ball passes.

According to Treisman's feature integration theory, the first stage of perception is called the ____ stage. a) feature analysis b) focused attention c) preattentive d) letter analysis

c) preattentive

When a person is shadowing a message, he or she is a) silently following it mentally. b) ignoring it while paying attention to another message. c) saying the message out loud. d) thinking about something closely related to the message.

c) saying the message out loud.

Automatic processing occurs when a) cognitive resources are high. b) response times are long. c) tasks are well-practiced. d) attention is focused.

c) tasks are well-practiced.

Research on the use of cell phones while driving indicates that a) the negative effect can be decreased by using "hands-free" units. b) the problem with cell phones is that attention is distracted from the task of driving by the need to hold the phone and drive with one hand. c) the main effect of cell phone use on driving safety can be attributed to the fact that attention is used up by the cognitive task of talking on the phone. d) the public perception that using a cell phone while driving poses a significant risk to drivers' safety is, in fact, incorrect.

c) the main effect of cell phone use on driving safety can be attributed to the fact that attention is used up by the cognitive task of talking on the phone.

You are walking down the street and see a really nice car drive by. You notice many features of it: its color, movement, shape, location, and so forth. All of these features are processed a. in one localized area of the brain. b. through fMRI potentials. c. in different parts of the brain. d. by the grandmother cells in the brain.

c. in different parts of the brain.

Groups of interconnected neurons are referred to as a. spreading activations. b. potentiated somas. c. neural circuits. d. myelin sheaths.

c. neural circuits.

If the intensity of a stimulus that is presented to a touch receptor is increased, this tends to increase the _____ in the receptor's axon. a. all of these b. speed of nerve conduction c. rate of nerve firing d. size of the nerve impulses

c. rate of nerve firing

Brain-imaging techniques can determine all of the following EXCEPT a. localization of brain activity in response to a specific stimulus. b. areas of the brain activated during cognitive tasks. c. the structure of individual neurons. d. patterns of blood flow in the brain.

c. the structure of individual neurons.

Neural circuits are groups of interconnected neurons that:

can result in a neuron that responds best to a specific stimulus.

retrograde amnesia

can't remember personal information or past (usually information right before accident is inaccessible)

anterograde amnesia

cant remember after the trauma

Retrograde amnesia

cant remember anything before the trauma

introspection

carefully trained observers would systematically analyze their own sensations and report them as objectively as possible; didn't work

occipital cortex

cells are in an orderly system; process visual information

Difficulty in recognizing an alteration - even a very obvious one - in a scene is called ________ blindness.

change

Sigmund Freud

clinical psychologist; unconscious theory: things can affect our behavior beyond our awareness; id, ego, superego; unconscious desires may manifest themselves when a person is relaxed/dreaming; repressed memories; threshold of awareness; associative network: information in LTM seems to be organized in networks of related concepts

represented

coding refers to the way information is

Watson's Black Box Theory

cognition does not exist or it does exists but it's impossible to address.

Watson's Black Box Theory

cognition does not exist or it does exists by it's impossible to address

feature-present/feature-absent effect

cognitive processes handle positive information better than negative information; when people are searching for a feature that is present, the target item in the display tends to capture their attention automatically; when they're searching for a feature that is absent, they must use focused attention, emphasizing both bottom-up and top-down processing; we search more quickly for a feature that is present as opposed to a feature that is absent

computer metaphor

cognitive processes work like a computer in the way information is processed quickly and accurately; both can compare symbols and make choices according to the results of the comparison; a computer can't precisely duplicate human cognitive processes

Illusory Conjunctions

combinations of features from different stimuli--occur even if stimuli differ greatly in shape/size. (EX: interchanging the color of objects- green shirt and yellow purse→ yellow shirt green purse) number of cues (1 vs 3)

Illusory conjunctions are

combinations of features from different stimuli.

attention

concentration of mental activity that allows one to take in a limited portion of the vast stream of information available from both your sensory world and your memory; attention tasks use both top-down and bottom-up processing 3 general kinds of attention: divided, selective, saccadic eye movements endogenous (controlled attention) vs. exogenous (capture of attention)

prosopagnosia

condition in which people cannot recognize human faces visually, though they perceive other objects relatively normally; various parts of a person's face seem independent of one another, instead of forming a unified, complete face; WJ and sheep face recognition; seems to be damage to the inferotemporal cortex

Niesser Constructivist Model

construct attention around things that are important Niesser- founder of cognitive psych

cochlea

contains basilar membrane; where organization and transformation occur

Conrad

content is auditory not semantic

perseveration

continuously do the same thing over and over again. (autistic people)

endogenous attention

controlled attention; choosing to focus on a stimulus or mental activity; intentional; involves top-down processing

Colin Cherry's experiment in which participants listened to two different messages, one presented to each ear, found that people

could focus on one message and ignore the other one at the same time

Results of precueing experiments show that participants respond more rapidly to a stimulus that appeared at the ____ location.

cued

binocular disparity

cues you can see with both eye

binocular disparity

cues you can see with both eye tree climbing and hunting animals have.

A person who fails to detect changes that occur for attended or unattended objects in a viewed scene is demonstrating ____. a. blindsight b. divided attention c. a conjunction search d. change blindness

d

According to signal-detection theory, a ____ occurs when we correctly report that a signal is absent. a. hit b. false alarm c. miss d. correct rejection

d

Fred needs to spot a particular friend in a crowded auditorium. Fred's friend has very bright red hair, so Fred scans the hall for very bright red hair. Fred is using a ____ search. a. characteristic b. selective c. conjunction d. feature

d

In the making of a movie, any particular scene is often filmed several times. No matter how hard they try during the editing process, there is often some discontinuity in the scenes (e.g., an object suddenly changes location from one location to another). Failure to notice these changes would be an example of ____. a. blindsight b. divided attention c. conjunction search d. change blindness

d

Mistakes are to controlled processes as ______ are to automatic processes. a. tip-of-the-tongue effects b. data c. Stroop effects d. slips

d

The effects of practice on automatization show a ____ curve, in which early practice effects are great and later practice makes less and less difference in the degree of automatization. a. curvilinear b. monotonic c. positively accelerated d. negatively accelerated

d

Thomas is supposed to stop for milk, bread and cheese on his way from home from work. This requires that he get off train two stops early to pick up the items. Unfortunately, he does not remember to get off early and must backtrack to get to the store. Thomas has made a(n) ____. a. description error b. omission c. perseveration d. capture error

d

Verlys just picked up mail at her post office box and is standing at a table sorting it. Catalogs and junk mail get thrown away while important mail is placed in her bag. Unfortunately, she drops several important pieces of mail into the trash. This is best described as a(n) ____. a. omission b. perseveration c. habituation d. description error

d

What attentional dysfunction, typically due to lesions in the parietal lobes, occurs when a person ignores information from half of their visual field? a. single hemisphere neglect b. anterior attentional deficit c. signal detection failure d. spatial neglect

d

What does research on attention state about multitasking? a. A small percentage of the population is extremely good at multitasking. b. Everyone can be trained to multitask effectively c. Multitasking requires computer proficiency. d. Multitasking makes you slower and more prone to make mistakes.

d

Which model of selective attention suggests that the filter for blocking signals occurs after sensory processing and allows for both perceptual and conceptual analysis of information to take place? a. Treisman's attenuation model b. perceptual-conceptual theory c. guided search model d. Deutsch and Deutsch's late filter model

d

Your child attends a school that requires all children to wear particular uniforms, although the shirts can be white or light blue and the pants and skirts can be khaki or dark blue. Although it can be difficult to spot your child, when it is raining, it is easy for you to spot the red umbrella that your child uses in the sea of dark umbrellas. The search has changed from ____ to _____. a. a feature search; a conjunction search b. selective attention; divided attention c. divided attention; selective attention d. a conjunction search; a feature search

d

Your child attends a school that requires all children to wear particular uniforms, although the shirts can be white or light blue and the pants and skirts can be khaki or dark blue. When you search for your child in a sea of children whose faces you cannot see, you must search for a child wearing the same color shirt and pants as your child wore, with the same color hair of your child and the same height and build of your child. In other words, you must use a ____ search. a. a feature b. polymorphic c. divided d. a conjunction

d

Your usual walk home has been changed because of construction. Instead of turning right when you pass the park, you must now turn left right before the park. Unfortunately, you typically do not remember this until you are midway through the park. You are making a(n) ____ error. a. loss of activation b. description c. data-driven d. associative activation

d

Your younger sibling has a nasty habit of trying to annoy you when you are calling a phone number that is not already in your phone by shouting out random numbers as you enter the correct digits. Your sibling is hoping you will make a(n) ____ error. a. loss of activation b. description c. associative-activation d. data driven

d

____ model combines early-filter and later-filter models by suggesting that there are two processes, preattentive and attentive, that govern attention. a. Kihlstrom's b. Treisman's c. Deutsch's d. Neisser's

d

____ presentation refers to the simultaneous presentation of different auditory stimuli (such as verbal messages) to each ear. a. Binaural b. Equalized c. Parallel d. Dichotic

d

____ processing refers to cognitive manipulation that requires no conscious decisions or intentional effort. a. Natural b. Procedural c. Controlled d. Automaticd

d

____ refers to a situation in which we must prudently allocate cognitive resources so we can complete two or more tasks simultaneously. a. Selective attention b. Vigilance c. Search d. Divided attention

d

Suppose you are in your kitchen writing a grocery list, while your roommate is watching TV in the next room. A commercial for spaghetti sauce comes on TV. Although you are not paying attention to the TV, you "suddenly" remember that you need to pick up spaghetti sauce and add it to the list. Your behavior is best predicted by which of the following models of attention? a) Object-based b) Early selection c) Spotlight d) Late selection

d) Late selection

According to Treisman's "attenuation model," which of the following would you expect to have the highest threshold for most people? a) The word "money" b) Their child's first name c) The word "home" d) The word "platypus"

d) The word "platypus"

Imagine that U.S. lawmakers are considering changing the driving laws and that you have been consulted as an attention expert. Given the principles of divided attention, in which of the following conditions would a person have the most difficulty with driving and therefore pose the biggest safety risk on the road? a) When the person has to drive to work early in the morning b) When the driver is stuck in stop-and-go traffic c) When the driver has to park in a crowded parking garage d) When the person is driving an unfamiliar vehicle that is more difficult to operate

d) When the person is driving an unfamiliar vehicle that is more difficult to operate

During a visit to the local museum, you appreciate the incredible beauty of the paintings displayed on the wall. Your ability to see the paintings as complete pictures rather than individual, disconnected dots of color, texture, and location is because of a process called ____ . a) contiguity b) proximity c) accommodation d) binding

d) binding

Difficulty in recognizing an alteration - even a very obvious one - in a scene is called ____ blindness. a) covert b) exogenous c) endogenous d) change

d) change

Scene schema is a) rapid movements of the eyes from one place to another in a scene. b) short pauses of the eyes on points of interest in a scene. c) how attention is distributed throughout a static scene. d) knowledge about what is contained in a typical scene.

d) knowledge about what is contained in a typical scene.

When Sam listens to his girlfriend Susan in the restaurant and ignores other people's conversations, he is engaged in the process of ____ attention. a) low load b) divided c) cocktail party d) selective

d) selective

According to your text, the ability to divide attention depends on all of the following EXCEPT a) practice. b) the type of processing being used. c) the difficulty of the tasks. d) task cueing.

d) task cueing.

If kittens are raised in an environment that contains only verticals, you would predict that most of the neurons in their visual cortex would respond best to the visual presentation of a a. brick wall. b. solid wall. c. chain link fence. d. picket fence.

d. picket fence.

The idea of a grandmother cell is consistent with a. distributed coding. b. subtraction techniques. c. primary receiving areas. d. specificity coding.

d. specificity coding.

decay

depends on intensity, contrast(black and white), stimulus duration (the longer you see something the longer it stays in your head)

decay

depends on intensity, contrast, stimulus duration

Brain Lesions

destruction of brain tissue caused by strokes, tumors, or accidents. We study the relationship between brain lesions and cognitive deficits. However, damage may not be limited to a specific area.

sensation

detection of stimulus energies

tachistoscope

device for presenting stimuli either very precisely or very briefly

tachistoscope

device for presenting stimuli either very precisely or very briefly.. Presenting material at high speed or precisely.

Dichotic listening occurs when

different messages are presented to the left and right ears.

Korsakoff's disease

disease that attacks thalamus, underaroused

Korsakoff's disease

disease that attacks thalamus, underaroused .. cant remember that they cant remember. (if thalamus is damaged you cannot get enough arrousal to PFC)

factors contributing to the rise of cognitive psychology

disenchantment with behaviorism; new developments in linguistics, memory, and developmental psychology; Noam Chomsky emphasized that the structure of language was too complex to be explained in behaviorist terms; research in human memory blossomed at the end of the 1950s: material is altered during memory by people's previous knowledge, which is unexplainable by behaviorist principles; research on children's thought processes: object permanence; by the mid 70s, the cognitive approach had replaced the behaviorist approach as the dominant theory

the distribution of attention among two or more tasks is known as

divided attention

The distribution of attention among two or more tasks is known as

divided attention.

bottleneck theories

early theories of attnetion that propose a narrow passageway in human information processing; the bottleneck limits the quantity of information to which we can pay attention; researchers have rejected these theories because they underestimate the flexibility of human attention Broadbent: we select for physical characteristics (i.e., location, pitch, loudness) Cherry: in dichotic listening, people only notice changes in the physical content of information presented to the unattended channel (i.e., change in sex) problems: Moray: people notice their name (not a physical change in stimulus characteristics; implies deep, semantic processing of unattended information that leads to attention capture); Treisman: people follow the story to the unattended channel

3D Graph paper

effectively overlay a kind of mental graph paper over image in order to remember it

amygdala (limbic system)

emotions and emotional memories

John B. Watson

emphasized observable behavior, rejecting Wundt's introspection approach

top-down processing

emphasizes how a person's concepts and higher-level mental processes influence object recognition; concepts, expectations, and memory help identify objects; strong when stimuli are incomplete or ambiguous and when a stimulus is registered for a fraction of a second conceptually-driven; concepts and higher-order mental processes (reasoning) influence object recognition

functional magnetic resonance imaging

enables researchers to determine how various types of cognition activate different areas of the brain ~determines brain activity in various areas of the brain by detecting changes in the magnetic response of hemoglobin

H.M.

epileptic patient; lesions to hippocampus and surrounding structures as a result of a surgery in attempt to isolate seizures; difficulty learning new information; could retrieve information from long term memory; didn't have conscious access to new info; impaired recall; could automatize behaviors, but couldn't verbally explain it

principal of neural representation

everything a person experiences is based not on direct contact with stimuli, but on representations in the person's nervous system

reception

evidence for the role of top-down processing in perception is shown by which of the following examples

crystallized intelligence

experience leads to knowledge; Charles Spearman's General Intelligence Theory

Donald Hebb

father of neuropsychology; connecting neural behavior to animal learning; connections between 2 neurons might be strengthened if the neurons fire simultaneously

general mechanism approaches

favored by most theorists; there is no special phonetic module; people use the same neural mechanisms to process both speech sounds and nonspeech sounds; it's a learned ability; research with ERPs demonstrates that adults show the same sequence of shifts in the brain's electrical potential; speech perception is influenced by visual info, so there can't be a special phonetic module that handles all aspects of speech perception; speech perception proceeds in stages and depends upon familiar cognitive processes such as feature recognition, learning, and decision making; we learn to distinguish speech sounds in the same way we learn other cognitive skills

pandemonium model of Selfridge

feature detectors must have two properties: must be mutually inhibitory and must be hierarchical (every level of higherarchy move up and unfamiliar features are beat out)

ambiguous figure-ground relationships

figure and ground reverse from time to time; neurons in the visual cortex become adapted to one figure, so you're more likely to see the alternative section; people try to solve the visual paradox by alternating between 2 reasonable solutions

ambiguous figures

figures that can be interpreted in different ways

ambiguous figures

figures that can be interpreted in different ways. Slightly changing the context of the figure can completely change the perception of the object/ figure.

phonemic restoration

filling in a missing phoneme, using contextual meaning as a cue; people think they hear a phoneme even though the correct sound vibrations never reached their ears

role of working memory in general cognition

filtering, selective attention; delayed matching task: decide if 2 stimuli match when there is a delay before the presentation of the 2nd stimulus; when distracting information is present during the delay, the prefrontal cortex shows increased activity; people are more distracted and make more errors fluid intelligence: skills in working with information: logic and reasoning, processed speed, controlled attention, comprehension

attention

filtration, focalization, concentration, shift

When recording from a single neuron, stimulus intensity is represented in a single neuron by the

firing rate of the action potentials.

Wilhelm Wundt

first experimental laboratory; credited with the birth of psychology as a science; proposed that psychology should study mental processes using introspection; research involved describing mental states and sensory discrimination; father of experimental psychology; structuralist (named the theoretical structures in the brain/mind);

Mary Whiton Calkins

first woman president of APA; discovered the recency effect: recall is especially accurate for the final items in a series of stimuli; trained by James; created the first memory lab

fixation

fixations occur during the period between saccadic movements; during each fixation, your visual system pauses in order to acquire information that is useful for reading (50-500 ms)

Delayed Partial Report Procedure

flash numbers on and off and then the sound will come delayed after a second; results same as in Whole Report Procedure

Delayed Partial Report Procedure

flash numbers on and off and then the sound will come delayed after a second; results same as in Whole Report Procedure 4.5

Adolescence and early childhood

for most adults over the age of 40, the reminiscence bump describes enhanced memory for

Broadbent

formalized mental chronometry; order of arrival took longer

Broadbent

formalized mental chronometry; order of arrival took longer.. Filtration is semi- permeable (cannot be black or white)

hippocampus (limbic system)

forming memories

John Dewey

founder of functionalism

Titchener

founder of structuralism

Titchener

founder of structuralism/ student of Wundt's

tonotopic representation

frequency structure of sound is physically preserved in the temporal cortex

anterior attention network

frontal lobe (prefrontal cortex; what system); inhibiting automatic responses; controlled attention Stroop: inhibiting an automatic response (i.e., saying the word not the color; inhibiting the tendency to read slows you down)

Yerkes Dodson Curve

general intellectual performance over arrousal. (upside down U)

neural networks

groups of neurons or structures that are connected together

Experience-Dependent Plasticity in humans

has been proven by fMRI

A bottom-up process is involved in fixating on an area of a scene that

has high stimulus salience.

suffix effect

having participants say a nonsense syllable at the end of the list reduces the recency effect

When we search a scene, initial fixations are most likely to occur on ____ areas.

high-saliency

When we search a scene, initial fixations are most likely to occur on _______ areas.

high-saliency

constancies

holding characteristics constant- brightness, size, and shape

constancies

holding characteristics constant- brightness, size, and shape. Brightness: changes in brightness is usually perceived as motion. Shape/size: all 3 involve change interpreted not as true changes but in motion.

The Stroop effect demonstrates

how automatic processing can interfere with intended processing

The Stroop effect demonstrates

how automatic processing can interfere with intended processing.

Irrelevant speech effect

how recall for items on a list is affected by the presence of irrelevant speech

Hobbits and Orcs

humans aren't naturally inclined to use difference addition strategy. We want to go forward, even if sometimes you have to take a "step back" to get to your goal the fastest.

iconic memory

iconic memory preserves an image of a visual stimulus in the retina for a brief period after the stimulus has disappeared

distributed representation

idea that specific cognitive functions activate many areas of the brain

word superiority effect

idea that we can identify a single letter more accurately and more rapidly when it appears in a meaningful word than when it appears alone or in a meaningless string of unrelated letters; word-in-a-sentence effect: both the features of the stimulus and the nature of the context influence word recognition; both top-down and bottom-up processing operate in a coordinated fashion (the previous letters in a word help you identify the remaining words quickly; other words in a sentence help to identify the individual words more quickly)

James

ideas for functionalism

Bill James

ideas for functionalism to psychology

pattern recognition

identification of a complex arrangement of sensory stimuli; perception that the pattern is separate from its background

The Behaviorist Movement

ideology: against theorizing about mental structures, such as memory and attention; true science must focus on observation: stimuli and behavioral responses; all behavior can be explained in terms of environment, conditioning, and reinforcement; no claims about special abilities; no free will; doesn't take biological reasons into account (individual differences, genetics) Pavlov: classical conditioning; Watson: observable behaviors only, no structuralism, little Albert experiment; Thorndike: puzzle box and importance of reward; Skinner: all behavior can be described in terms of the environmental stimuli and experience, operational conditioning

common fate

if a group of objects is going the same place, you tend to perceive them as a group instead of an individual object

isolated-feature/combined-feature effect

if the target differs from the irrelevant items in the display with respect to a simple feature such as color, observers could quickly detect the target

the itme at which the response peaks in milliseconds

in ERP methodology, the number that follows the N or the P ( N400 or P300, for example) stands for

Miller

in a relatively short term, you can remember a certain number of things; 7 +/- 2

Miller and Short Term memory

in a relatively short term, you can remember a certain number of things; 7 +/- 2

You are walking down the street and see a really nice car drive by. You notice many features of it: its color, movement, shape, location, and so forth. All of these features are processed

in different parts of the brain

illusory conjunction

inappropriate combination of features, perhaps combining one object's shape with a nearby object's color; more likely to happen with divided attention

Lan has no idea what she just read in her text because she was thinking about how hungry she is and what she is going to have for dinner. This is a real-world example of

inattentional blindness

Concepts introduced by Cajal

individual neurons, synapses, and neural circuits

McGurk effect

influence of visual information on speech perception, when individuals must integrate both visual and auditory information

top-down processing

information processing guided by higher-level mental processes, as when we construct perceptions drawing on our experience and expectations; emphasizes the influence of concepts, expectations, and memory upon the cognitive processes

proximal stimulus

information registered on your retina; registered in sensory receptors (rods and cones); a 2D depiction of a 3D world; it can be ambiguous and need "higher order" processing to help with an interpretation

seconds or a fraction of a second

information remains in sensory memory for

central executive

integrates information from the phonological loop, the visuospatial sketchpad, the episodic buffer, and from LTM; plays a major role in focusing attention, planning strategies, transforming information, and coordinating behavior; prefrontal cortex attention component of the working memory system; integrates information; domain-free: not specific to a modality of processing different paths of the brain are used for the different components of Baddeley's working memory system

Phillips

interpretation of sensory store; best explanation of sensory store

Ponzo illusion

is a geometrical-optical illusion that was first demonstrated by the Italian psychologist Mario Ponzo (1882-1960) in 1911. He suggested that the human mind judges an object's size based on its background. (The "railroad")

Muller-Lyer

is an optical illusion consisting of a stylized arrow. When viewers are asked to place a mark on the figure at the midpoint, they invariably place it more towards the "tail" end. The illusion was devised by Franz Carl Müller-Lyer(1857-1916), a German sociologist, in 1889. (the arrows)

A high threshold in Treisman's model of attention implies that

it takes a strong signal to cause activation.

You can find a target amongst distracters in a feature search by looking for _______, whereas you can find a target in a conjunction search by looking for _______.

just one feature ... a combination of 2+ features

Left hemisphere

language, speech, problem solving, casual inference

long-term memory

large capacity; contains memory for experiences and information that have accumulated over a lifetime

sensory memory

large-capacity storage system that records information from each of the senses with reasonable accuracy; registers sensory information (visual and auditory) for 200-300 ms; iconic holds a copy of the image from retina until new input displaces it; can be transferred into conscious awareness; iconic and echoic sensory memory Sperling's matrix of letters: people had difficulty reporting the letters; Sperling had the idea that information may still be present briefly, but rapidly decays during recall of the initial letters

Shallow processing (e.g., processing based on phonemic and orthographic components)

leads to a fragile memory trace that is susceptible to rapid decay. Conversely, deep processing (e.g., semantic processing) results in a more durable memory trace.

Chomsky

learning a language entails innate, species-specific processing that is based on the functioning of an isolable brain region; specific areas of the brain have specific functions; human language is qualitatively different than communication for nonhuman animals; humans have an innate ability to acquire language; universality of language learning

An oscilloscope can display "spikes" that correspond to nerve impulses to a certain stimulus intensity, if the stimulus intensity is decreased, you are likely to observe spikes that are... ?

less frequent and of the same size

word boundaries

listeners can impose boundaries between words, even when these words are not separated by silence; speech recognition system immediately and effortlessly uses our knowledge about language in order to place the boundaries in appropriate locations

Recording from single neurons in the brain has shown that neurons responding to specific types of stimuli are often clustered in specific areas. These results support the idea of

localization of function

If you are folding towels that have just come out of the laundry while watching television, you may find that you don't have to pay much attention to the process of folding the towels. This sort of familiar task that does not require much of your attention would be an example of a(n) ________ task.

low-load

Wertheimer

main founder of Gestalt psychology; recognizes the importance of the phi phenomenon.

basilar membrane

makes sense of frequency, amplitude, and tambar

confabulation

making things up

confabulation

making things up like crazy

The main difference between early and late selection models of attention is that in late selection models, selection of stimuli for final processing doesn't occur until the information is analyzed for

meaning

semantics

meaning of words and sentences; the meaning can have an important effect on the number of items that can be stored in working memory

Suppose twin teenagers are vying for their mother's attention. The mother is trying to pay attention to one of her daughters, though both girls are talking (one about her boyfriend, one about a school project). According to the operating characteristics of Treisman's attenuator, it is most likely the attenuator is analyzing the incoming messages in terms of

meaning.

The main difference between early and late selection models of attention is that in late selection models, selection of stimuli for final processing doesn't occur until the information is analyzed for

meaning.

Digit Span

measures the capacity of stm (short term memory). Participants were able to retain about 4 items in their stm--CH 5 it involves 2 components 1. Immediate recall 2. In serial order

To perceive the visual world, we have to reunite various elements of a scene together so that these elements are perceived in an integrated fashion. Which of the following is NOT likely to be involved in this task?

memory

fluid intelligence

mental skill/ability; can be influenced by environmental exposure (i.e., toxic environment, malnutrition); Charles Spearman's General Intelligence Theory

cell body

metabolic center of the neuron & contains mechanisms to keep the cell alive

Groups of neurons or structures that are connected within the nervous system are called _____.

neural networks

Groups of neurons or structures that are connected within the nervous system are called ________.

neural networks

The concept of distributed neural coding proposes that a specific object, like a face, is represented across a number of

neurons

neural circuits

neurons are not connected indiscriminately to other neurons, but form connections only to specific neurons and this forms groups of interconnected neurons which together form these circuits

neurons responding to stimuli

neurons in the visual cortex respond to simple stimuli like oriented bars, neurons in the temporal lobe respond to complex geometrical stimuli and neurons in another area of the temporal lobe respond to faces

complex cells

neurons that respond best to a bar of light with a specific length. Its receptive field cannot be mapped into excitatory and inhibitory zones

simple cells

neurons that respond best to bars of light of a particular orientation

Audiovisual mirror neurons

neurons that respond to sound associated with actions are called

Audio visual mirror neurons

neurons that respond to sounds associated with actions are called

feature detectors

neurons that respond to specific stimulus features such as orientation, movement, and length

David Milner & Melvyn Goodale (1995)

neuropsychological (behavior of people with brain damage) to reveal two streams, one involving the temporal lobe and the other involving the Parietal lobe. (card experiment with brain damaged patient) concluded that one mechanism for judging orientation and another for coordinating vision and action.

acetylcholine

neurotransmitter, thought to be memory molecule

Hippocampus damage

no amnesia for moter memories because moter memory is stored in cerebellum

Non-declarative

not conscious (Implicit) Procedural Conditioning Priming

cocktail party effect

noticing the presence of your name in an unattended message; even if paying close attention to one conversation, you may notice if your name is mentioned in a nearby conversation Moray: shadow one message, then participant is asked about unattended message; subjects reported hearing name in unattended channel (35%), meaning that the unattended message was processed

perceptual span

number of letters and spaces that we perceive during a fixation

frequency

number of wave sound; pitch

distal stimulus

object in the environment that you perceive

wholism

observer creature in natural habitat to understand; more natural picture FUNCTIONALISM

wholism

observer creature in natural habitat to understand; more natural picture FUNCTIONALISM. Look at system .

double dissociation

occurs if damage to one area of the brain causes function A to be absent while function B is present, and damage to another area causes function B to be absent while function A is present ex. studying patients that can't recognize faces (function A) but can recognize objects (function B) and vice versa

sparse coding

occurs when a particular object is represented by a pattern of firing of only a small group of neurons, with the majority of neurons remaining silent

Word length effect

occurs when memory for lists of words is better for short words than for long words.

In Schneider and Shiffrin's experiment, in which participants were asked to indicate whether a target stimulus was present in a series of rapidly presented "frames," divided attention was easier

once processing had become automatic

The "Dear Aunt Jane" experiment suggested all of the following EXCEPT:

only physical characteristics are used to select which message to shadow.

A grandmother cell responds

only to specific stimulus

skinnarian

operant conditioning

chunks

organized units of information

The use of a machine that tracks the movement of one's eyes can help reveal the shifting of one's _____ attention.

overt

A 10-month-old baby is interested in discovering different textures, comparing the touch sensations between a soft blanket and a hard wooden block. Tactile signals such as these are received by the _____ lobe.

parietal

posterior attention network

parietal lobe (where system); visual search; attention shifts to location unilateral neglect: spatial deficit for 1/2 of visual field; damage to right parietal: difficulty noticing objects in left field (and vice versa); example: dog not eating half of his food

Stroop effect

people are asked to name the ink color of words; the stroop effect states that people take a longer time to name the ink color when that color is used in printing an incongruent word; in contrast, they can quickly name that same ink color when it appears as a solid patch of color it takes significantly longer to name the color of the word, as opposed to reading the word especially when the word meaning and color do not match (takes longer for incongruent trials than for congruent trials) it takes time to override an automated behavior (reading) which results in a slowed response in color naming

emotional Stroop task

people are instructed to name the ink color of words that are related to a possible psychological disorder (i.e., phobia, alcoholism)

acoustic confusions

people are likely to confuse similar-sounding stimuli; memory errors can often be traced to acoustic confusions

proactive interference (PI)

people have trouble learning new material because previously learned material keeps interfering with new learning

Phi Phenomenon

phenomenon of apparent motion; there is no real motion, it's apparent

prefrontal cortex

planning, judgment, impulse control, organization, attention span, problem solving, critical thinking, etc.

Cherry's Dichotic Listening

play different messages into two ears, proved cocktail party does exist

Cherry's Dichotic Listening

play different messages into two ears, proved cocktail party does exist (cherry says there is a filter but some things get through... name)

The Wason Card Selection Task

plays on natural tendency to look for confirmation. Shown one side of four cards, given rules, "E", "L", "4", and "7" were on the visible side. Only needed "e" and "7" to confirm rules.

According to Treisman's feature integration theory, the first stage of perception is called the _____ stage.

preattentive

According to Treisman's feature integration theory, the first stage of perception is called the ______ stage.

preattentive

operational definition

precise definition that specifies exactly how a concept is to be measured; a statement of the procedures used to define research variables

perception

preliminary interpretation of stimulus energies

Syntactic Ambiguity

presence of two or more possible meanings within a single sentence or sequence of words. Class ex: "The lamb was too hot to eat"

Proactive Interference

previously learned information interferes with learning new information

consolidation

process of Short term memory turning into Long term memory

phonological loop

processes a limited number of sounds for a short period of time; speech-based part of working memory that allows for the verbal rehearsal of sounds or words; left hemisphere stores information in terms of sound, specifically speech sounds; important for memorizing lists of words or a phone number, keeping track of a conversation

visuospatial sketchpad

processes both visual and spatial information; keeps mental images on-line; manipulation of mental images; paper folding task, mental rotation task; visual pathways

domain-specific processes

processes for certain types of information or functions (i.e., auditory processes, visual processes, olfactory processes)

domain-general processes

processes involved with many types of information; central executive; prefrontal cortex

thalamus (limbic system)

processing information from vision, hearing, and touch senses. Directs info into the appropriate lobe.

hierarchical processing

progression from lower to higher areas of the brain ~ex. neurons in the visual cortex that respond to relatively simple stimuli send their axons to higher levels of the visual system, where signals from many neurons combine and interact; neurons at this higher level, which respond to more complex stimuli such as geometrical objects, then send signals to higher areas, combining and interacting further and creating neurons that respond to even more complex stimuli such as faces

working-memory approach

proposed by Baddeley; immediate memory is a multipart system that temporarily holds and manipulates information as we perform cognitive tasks; emphasizes that working memory is not simply a passive storehouse with a number of shelves to hold partially processed information until it moves on to another location (LTM); Baddeley proposed 4 components for working memory: phonological loop, visuospatial sketchpad, central executive, episodic buffer

viewer-centered approach

proposes that we store a small number of views of 3D objects, rather than just one view, and we mentally rotate the object until it matches on of the views

The fusiform face area (FFA) in the brain is often damaged in patients with

prosopagnosia

The fusiform face area (FFA) in the brain is often damaged in patients with

prosopagnosia.

nerve net

provides a complex pathway for conducting signals uninterrupted through the network of nerves in the brain proposed in the 19th century

tambar

psychological experience of sound; depends on experience

tamber

psychological experience of sound; depends on experience allows you to distinguish sounds of the same frequency and amplitude.

information-processing approach

psychological theory that compares the human brain to a computer; a mental process can be compared with the operations of a computer; a mental process can be interpreted as information progressing through the system in a series of stages

visual perception

pupil: allows light to enter; retina: back of the eye where the photoreceptors are (rods and cones); iris: musculature system that works with the pupil; optic chasm: point where optic nerves meet and cross each other in the brain; ganglion cells are axons that make up the optic nerve optic nerve carries carries visual information from the retina to the optic chiasm contralateral processing: view from one field is processed in opposite hemisphere

Phineas Gage

railroad worker who survived a severe brain injury that dramatically changed his personality and behavior; case played a role in the development of the understanding of the localization of brain function

saccadic eye movement

rapid eye movement; while reading, these rapid movements bring the center of the retina into position over the words you want to read

If the intensity of a stimulus that is presented to a touch receptor is increased, this tends to increase the ___ in the receptor's axon.

rate of nerve firing

If the intensity of a stimulus that is presented to a touch receptor is increased, this tends to increase the ________ in the receptor's axon.

rate of nerve firing

frontal lobe

receives signals from all of the senses and is responsible for coordination of the senses as well as higher cognitive functions like thinking and problem solving. Reasoning and planning, language (Broca's area), thought, memory, and motor functioning

somatosensory cortex

receives signals from the skin in the parietal lobe and is responsible for perception of touch, pain, and pressure

EEG

recording of electrical activity along scalp produced by firing of neurons in the brain

Most cognitive psychologists ________ the notion of a grandmother cell.

reject

prospective memory

remembering to do something in the future

Bartlett

remembering, memory is not static; brevity, gist, personal belief

Bartlett and Long Term memory

remembering, memory is not static;reconfigures in 3: brevity, gist, personal belief

rehearsal

repeating items silently; material held in memory for less than a minute is frequently forgotten, especially when rehearsal is prohibited

focused attention

requires serial processing, identifying one object at a time; more demanding than distributed attention; necessary when objects are more complex; identifies which features belong together allows features such as color, shape, and location to be conjoined; binds information from what and where systems (parietal and temporal cortex)

response inhibition

resampling from previously retrieved information; ability to start, stop, and control appropriate actions, particularly related to impulse control

Frederic Bartlett

research on human memory; proposed that human memory is an active, constructive process in which we interpret and transform the information we encounter; largely rejected in the US because most psychologists were focusing on behaviorism interested in memory for stories; memory is clouded by what we expect to be there; composed a series of short fables w/ sequences of events, some of which were apparently logical but subtly illogical; he found that people tended to find it difficult to recall the story exactly and elements that did not fit into the schemata were omitted or transformed into more sensible elements

Hippocampus (e.g., H.M.) Memory

retrieval Imagery

Encoding Specificity Principle

retrieval from long term memory is best when original encoding conditions match retrieval conditions

Clang responding

rhyming outbursts often common with alzheimers disease.

The auditory cortex follows the principle of contralateral control. Thus, the

right temporal lobe receives most of its input from the left ear

The notion that faster responding occurs when enhancement spreads within an object is called

same-object advantage

The notion that faster responding occurs when enhancement spreads within an object is called

same-object advantage.

When a person is shadowing a message, he or she is

saying the message out loud

When Sam listens to his girlfriend Susan in the restaurant and ignores other people's conversations, he is engaged in the process of ____ attention.

selective

Types of attention

selective Auditory attention Dichotic Listening and shadowing.

In the filter model of attention, the stages of information processing occur in which order?

sensory store, filter, detector, short-term memory

Brook's Block Letter F:

showed the visual and verbal parts of working memory are independent.

Hagar Gelbard-Sagiv

shown that there are neurons in the hippocampus that respond both to seeing pictures and to remembering them later.

working memory tasks

simple span tasks: short term assessments; don't correlate with higher order tasks working memory capacity tasks: complex span tasks-requires controlled activity plus memory updating, use a variety of stimuli complex span tasks: reading span task (sentence + letter), operation span task (math problems + word/letter), counting span task these complex span tasks all predict: controlled attention (selective attention, inhibition); LTM retrieval; intelligence/reasoning

texture gradient

size and texture gradients operate the same way in that the close stuff looks bigger

voxels

small cube shaped areas of the brain about 2 or 3mm on a side created by the fMRI scanner

closure

small gaps in continuous contours tend not to be

Chunking

small units can be described into larger meaningful units (like words) It increases our ability to hold information in stm

Temporal Lobe

smell & frontal lobe=taste

epiphenomenon

sometimes a behavioral event can occur at the same time as a cognitive process, even though the behavior isn't needed for the cognitive process. For example, many people look toward the ceiling when thinking about a complex problem, even though "thinking" would be likely to continue if they didn't look up. this describes a(n)

Synapse

space between axon of one neuron and dendrite of another

unilateral neglect

spatial deficit for one half of the visual field (dog video)

The idea of a grandmother cell is consistent with

specificity coding

Wernicke's aphasia

speech is fluent however it is incoherent. Production but no comprehension.

special mechanism approach

speech-is-special approach; humans are born with a specialized device that allows us to decode speech stimuli, so we process speech sounds more quickly and accurately than other auditory stimuli; we possess a phonetic module (speech module), a special-purpose neural mechanism that specifically handles all aspects of speech perception and no other auditory perception

serial processing

step-by-step processing; type of cognitive processing in which the system handles only one item at a time and must complete one step before it can proceed to the next step; can't explain the kinds of cognitive tasks that humans do very quickly and without conscious thought

Bottom-up process physiological

stimulation of the receptors in the eye trigger a series of electrical signals transmitted to the brain.

bottom-up processing

stimuli from the environment are registered on the sensory perceptors and the information is then passed on to higher, more sophisticated levels in the perceptual system data-driven; emphasizes the importance of stimulus; once a stimulus is registered, it goes up the stream of processing

sensory memory

storage system that records info from each of the senses with reasonable accuracy; iconic (visual sensory) and echoic (auditory sensory); information is stored in sensory memory for 2 seconds or less and then most is forgotten; external stimuli from the environment first enter sensory memory many cognitive psychologists now consider sensory memory to be the very brief storage process that is part of perception and acknowledge that we need more complex models to account for human thinking

Brown-Peterson task

subjects told to remember trigrams (3 consonants presented at once); immediately following presentation, count backwards by 3's; distracted by secondary task (rehearsal preventative)

orienting attention network

system in the cerebral cortex responsible for the kind of attention required for visual search, in which you must shift your attention around to various spatial locations; develops in the first year of life

executive attention network

system in the cerebral cortex that handles the kind of attention we use when a task features conflict (stroop task); begins to develop at about age 2

alerting attention network

system in the cerebral cortex that is responsible for making you sensitive and alert to new stimuli; it also helps to keep you alert and vigilant for long periods of time

Strayer and Johnston's (2001) experiment involving simulated driving and the use of "hands-free" vs. "handheld" cell phones found that

talking on either kind of phone impairs driving performance significantly and to the same extent.

Brain Ablation

teh experimental technique that involves removing part of the brain is known as

theories of object recognition

template-matching, feature analysis, recognition by components

episodic buffer

temporary storehouse where we can gather and combine information from the phonological loop, the visuospatial sketchpad, and LTM

prosopagnosiaa

the Fusiform Face Area (FFA) in the brain is often damaged in patients with

the cocktail party effect is

the ability to pay attention to one stimulus while filtering out other stimuli

Forebrain

the anterior part of the brain, including the cerebral hemispheres, the thalamus, and the hypothalamus.

Semantic Network

the approach to understanding how concepts are organized in the mind that proposes that concepts are arranged in networks.

motion parallax

the close/bigger stuff goes by faster

sparse coding examples

the code for representing objects in the visual system, tones in the auditory system, and odors in the olfactory system may involve the pattern of activity across a relatively small number of neurons

With the Stroop effect, you would expect to find longest response times when

the color and the name differed

neurons

the concept of distributes neural coding proposes that a specific object, like a face, is represented across a number of

Phonological similarity effect:

the confusion of letters/words that sound the same

introspection

the contemplation of your own thoughts and desires and conduct; Wilhelm Wundt proposed that psychology should study mental processes using introspection; carefully trained observers would systematically analyze their own sensations and report them as objectively as possible

linear perspective

the fact that perceptually, lines converge to a vanishing point

A synapse is

the gap that separates two different neurons.

specificity coding

the idea that an object could be represented by the firing of a specialized neuron that responds only to that object

retina

the layer of neurons that lines the back of the eye

retina

the light-sensitive inner surface of the eye, containing the receptor rods and cones plus layers of neurons that begin the processing of visual information

Hindbrain

the lower part of the brainstem, comprising the cerebellum, pons, and medulla oblongata.

George Miller

the magic number of short term memory: 7 +/- 2 theoretical structure: short-term memory capacity

mental chronometry

the measure of mental time

population coding

the representation of a particular object by the pattern of firing of a large number of neurons

Which experimental result caused problems for Broadbent's filter model of selective attention?

the result of the "dear aunt jane" experiment

bottom up processing

the sequence of steps tha includes the image on the retina, changing the image into electrical signals, and neural processing is an example of _______________ processing

synapse

the small gap between the end of a neuron's axon and the dendrites or cell body of another neuron

A synapse is

the space between neurons.

Brain- imaging techniques can determine all of the following except:

the structure of individual neurons

Brain-imaging techniques can determine all of the following EXCEPT:

the structure of individual neurons.

neuropsychology

the study of the behavior of people with brain damage

cognitive neuroscience

the study of the physiological basis of cognition. Involves an understanding of both the nervous system as well as the individual units that comprise the system.

Serial Position

the tendency of a person to recall the first and last items in a series best, and the middle items worst (related to primacy and recency effect)

What do PET and MRI have in common?

the use of the subtraction technique

gestalt psychology

theory of psychology that emphasizes that humans have basic tendencies to actively organize what we see; emphasizes the importance of insight in problem solving principles of organization and grouping (i.e., proximity, similarity); applies to visual perception

feature-analysis theories

theory that a visual stimulus is composed of a small number of characteristics (distinctive features); the more features that are unique for a target stimulus, the more likely it will pop on; if features of target are shared or similar to background or other objects, it won't pop out; visual stimuli are made up of distinctive features; consistent with research using single-cell recordings in V1 of anesthetized animals: neurons fire based on location or orientation of stimuli problems: it's not enough to have cells sensitive to certain orientations; the physical relationship of features must be specified: T vs L (one vertical line, one horizontal line); this theory is designed to work with 2D stimuli (numbers and letters); too simple to apply to 3D objects

feature-integration theory

theory that we sometimes look at a scene with distributed attention, with all parts of the scene processed at the same time; in other situations, we use focused attention, with each item in the scene processed individually; distributed and focused attention form a continuum, so you frequently use a kind of attention that is somewhere between those two extremes distributed attention allows you to register features automatically, using parallel processing across the visual field focused attention involves a controlled search which requires serial processing (looking at each object one at a time)

interposition

things between you and something else are close

proximity

things that are close together tend to be perceived as units

similarity

things which are similar tend to be perceived as units

Bottom- up Behavioral

this approach was believed to be a combo of multiple individual features combining together.

monocular cues

those which you can see with one eye

Wegner's theory

thought suppression involves both controlled and automatic processes controlled processes: actively suppressing unwanted thoughts, which takes mental effort automatic processes: retrieval of unwanted information; activation of the unwanted information in memory is automatic because it relates to an issue one is currently facing white polar bear example

parietal lobe

touch, temperature, pain, pressure

The primary motor projection area is located

toward the rear of the frontal lobe

the type of encoding and type of retrieval match

transfer- appropriate processing is likley to occur if

Axon

tube filled with fluid that transmits electrical signal to other neurons

Stroop Task:

tudy by J.R. stroop, using a task in which a person is instructed to respond to one aspect of a stimulus, such as the color of ink that a word is printed in, and ignore another aspect, such as what the word spells. The stroop effect refers to the fact that peoples find this task difficult when the ink color differs from what the word spells.-- task-relevant stimuli difficult to ignore. Measures a person's selective attention capacity and skills, as well as their processing speed ability.

infinite regress problem

turn energy into electrochemical signal; you never get to the bottom of who is creating the perception

divided-attention task

type of attention process; task that involves paying attention to two or more simultaneous messages, responding to each as needed; in most cases, accuracy decreases; make judgments about 2 stimuli: if objects are different, more errors are made in judgment talking on cell phones while driving decreases break reaction time read stories silently and copy irrelevant words presented at the same time (slower reading time, can't remember the words)

selective-attention task

type of attention process; tasks in which people are instructed to respond selectively to certain kinds of information, while ignoring other information; studies often show that people notice little about the irrelevant tasks

parallel processing

type of cognitive processing in which many signals are processed at the same time; processing is both parallel and distributed--parallel distributed processing approach

Automatic Processing

type of processing that occurs 1. Without intention 2. @ the cost of only some cognitive resources Ex: locking your doors is usually an automatic process... many motor skills use this processing but paying attention sometimes impacts performance.

dichotic listening

type of selective attention task; in a dichotic listening task, the participant is given earphones and asked to shadow (repeat the message aloud) the message presented in one ear while ignoring the message presented in the other ear (the unattended message); participant needs to use selective attention Cherry's dichotic listening task: 2 independent messages presented to different ears; when shadowing one message, can't report information presented to unattended ear; capable of reporting tones, change in sex of speaker, but don't notice change from English to German or backwards English Treisman: shadow one ear of input; story passages were switched from shadowed ear to non-shadowed ear; subject follows the story to the unattended channel

reductionism

understanding phenomenon best by reducing; break something down into smaller parts in order to understand it STRUCTALISM

blindsight

unusual kind of vision without awareness; condition in which an individual with a damaged visual cortex claims not to be able to see an object; he or she can accurately report some characteristics of that object, such as the location they see it, but are not conscious of seeing it

perception

use of previous knowledge to gather and interpret the stimuli registered by the senses; combines aspects of both the outside world (stimuli) and your own internal world (previous knowledge)

Biederman

vertical and nonvertical information; what's important is how it's organized

Biederman

vertical and nonvertical information; what's important is how it's organized. worse to destroy vertical info. better to identify vertical info

Occipital Lobe

vision

occipital lobe

visual processing

binding problem

visual system does not represent the important features of an object as a unified whole The problem confronted by the brain of recombining the elements of a stimulus, given the fact that these elements are initially analyzed separately by different neural systems.

Right hemisphere

visuospatial tasks, process emotional content in language, causual perception, relies on exemplars

gestalt

we perceive a face in terms of its gestalt, or overall quality that transcends its individual elements an important principle of gestalt psychology is that humans have basic tendencies to organize what they see; without effort, we see patterns rather than random arrangements

holistic (recognition)

we recognize faces on a holistic basis, in terms of the overall shape and structure; with most object recognition, we identify the individual features that combine together to create these objects

facial recognition

we recognize faces on a holistic basis; we perceive a face in terms of its gestalt; people are better at recognizing an entire face than isolated features; face perception in infants: newborns' preference for faces; infants tend to fixate on faces the temporal cortex is the location most responsible for face recognition single cell recording in inferotemporal cortex of monkeys; what system processes shape of objects; cells in this area fire for specific orientations/shapes of faces fMRI studies have shown that the brain responds more quickly to rightside up faces

Eye tracking studies investigating attention as we carry out actions such as making a peanut butter sandwich shows that a person's eye movements

were determined primarily by the task

Eye tracking studies investigating attention as we carry out actions such as making a peanut butter sandwich shows that a person's eye movements

were determined primarily by the task.

organismic determinants

what kind of creature you are determines what portions of the world you can perceive

80% : 40% : 30% correct

whcih of the follwing sets of ressutls shows evidence of proactive interference with a three- trial recall task? ( note: read the selections as percent correct for trial 1: trial 2: trial 3)

sensory store

when information initially enters the mind, you must have all the information in the exact same position .25-.5 seconds, very large

coarticulation

when pronouncing a particular phoneme, the speaker's mouth remains somewhat the same shape as it was in pronouncing the previous phoneme; the mouth is also preparing to pronounce the next phoneme; the phoneme thus varies slightly, depending on surrounding phonemes

Controlled Processing

when tasks are harder pay closer attention/more focused

Whole Report Procedure

when you ask person to report whole thing; you lose sensory memory too fast to report whole

Whole Report Procedure

when you ask person to report whole thing; you lose sensory memory too fast to report whole 4.5

upper temporal lobe

where auditory cortex is located which receives signals from the ears

The temporal lobe is

where signals are received from the auditory system.

hair cells

where transformation from sound energy to electrochemical energy occurs

hair cells

where transformation from sound energy to electrochemical energy occurs.... in the ear sounds is transformed through hair cells.

Gestalt psychology

whole, how the world configures itself into whiles

Book of Sensations 1928 relation between nerve firing and sensory experience

~Adrian measured how the firing of a neuron from a receptor in the skin changed as he applied more pressure to the skin ~the shape and height of the action potential remained the same but the rate of nerve firing, that is, the number of action potentials that travel down the axon per second increased

levels of analysis

~We do not examine topics of interest from a single perspective, but rather we look at them from multiple angles and different points of view. ~Each "viewpoint" can add small amounts of information which, when considered together, leads to greater understanding.

fusiform face area (FFA)

~activated by faces ~ in the fusiform gyrus on the underside of the temporal lobe ~damaged in prosopagnosia

parahippocampal face area

~activated when perceiving pictures representing indoor and outdoor scenes ~important for spatial layout because increased activation occurs when viewing pictures both of empty rooms and of rooms that are completely furnished

diffusion tensor imaging (DTI)

~an anatomical technique developed to trace pathways of the nerve fibers that create communication between different structures ~based on detection of how water diffuses along the length of nerve fibers

Broca's area

~an area in the left frontal lobe that is specialized for speech ~producing language

prosopagnosia

~an effect of brain damage on visual functioning in patients who have damage to the temporal lobe on the lower right side of the brain ~an inability to recognize faces

Wernicke's area

~area of the temporal lobe that regulates coherence of speech ~observed from patients that lacked coherence of speech with damage to this area but they retained fluency ~comprehending language

nerve impulse

~as a nerve impulse is transmitted down the axon of the nerve and the recording electrode. the charge inside the axon rises to +40mV compared to the outside ~as the impulse continues past the electrode, the charge inside the fiber reverses course and starts becoming negative again until it returns to the resting potential

action potential

~lasts 1 millisecond ~as a nerve impulse is transmitted down the axon of the nerve and the recording electrode. the charge inside the axon rises to +40mV compared to the outside ~as the impulse continues past the electrode, the charge inside the fiber reverses course and starts becoming negative again until it returns to the resting potential

axons

~long processes that transmit signals to other neurons ~also called nerve fibers

sensory receptors

~neurons that are specialized to pick up info from the environment such as the neurons in the eye, ear, and skin ~have an axon but have specialized receptors that pick up info from the environment

resting potential

~no signals in the neuron ~the inside of the neuron has a charge that is 70 mV more negative than the outside and this difference continues as long as the neuron is at rest

physiological levels of analysis

~perception: chemical processes- neurons activated- brain structures activated- groups of brain structures activated ~memory: chemical processes- neurons activated- brain storage- storage activated

Charles Gross

~presented stimuli to anesthetized monkeys and he discovered that neurons in the temporal lobe respond to complex stimuli

David Hubel and Weisel

~presented visual stimuli to cats and determined which stimuli caused specific neurons to fire ~each neuron in the visual area of the cortex responds to specific types of stimulation presented to a small area of the retina ~feature detectors

Edgar Adrian

~recorded electrical signals from single sensory neurons ~discovered that action potentials travel down the axon without changing height or shape (makes it ideal for sending signals over distances)

microelectrodes

~small shafts of hollow glass filled with a conductive salt solution that can pick up electrical signals at the electrode tip and conduct these signals back to a recording device ~a recording electrode has its recording tip inside of the neuron ~ a reference electrode is located some distance away so that it is not affected by the electrical signals ~the difference in charge between the recording and reference electrodes is fed into a computer and displayed

The neuron doctrine

~the idea that individual cells transmit signals in the nervous system and that these cells are not continuous with other cells as proposed by nerve net theory ~Ramon y Cajal

Ramon y Cajal

~used the Golgi stain (a thin slice of brain tissue is submerged in a solution of silver nitrate & pics were created in which fewer than 1%of the cells were stained) ~studied the tissue from brains of newborn animals b/c the density of cells was smaller w/ the golgi stain ~ with the combined techniques Cajal was able to see that neurons are not continuous

recording electrical signals

~when the axon or nerve fiber is at rest the meter records a difference in potential between the tips of the two electrodes of -70millivolts and this value stays the same as long as there are no signals in the neuron (resting potential) ~the inside of the neuron has a charge that is 70 mV more negative than the outside and this difference continues as long as the neuron is at rest

"apple, cherry, plum, shoe, coat, lamp, chair, pants"

free recall of stimulus list " apple, desk, shoe, sofa, plum, chair, cherry, coat, lamp, pants" will most likely yield which of these response patterns?

wee need to identify the number of gens needed for object recognition

which statement best summarizes the focus of the gestalt psychologists?

Gestalt psychology

whole is greater than the sum of its parts, how the world configures itself into wholes. humans have basic tendencies to actively organize what we see.

similarity

you are at a parade where there are a number of marching bands, you perceive the bands that are all in the same uniforms as being grouped together. The red uniforms are one band, the green uniforms are another band, and so fourth. You have this perceptual experience because of the law of

A smaller response set

Compared to the whole- report technique, the partial report procedures involves

memory- trace replacement

Critics of eyewitness testimony could point to the ______ hypothesis to highlight the dangers of repeated questioning of eyewitnesses.

It is memory for the circumstances surrounding how a person heard about an emotional event that remains especially vivid but not necessarily accurate over time.

Flashbulb memory is the best by which of the following statements

Auditory from a female speaker

In Lindsay's "misinformation effect" experiment, participants saw a sequence of slides showing a maintenance man stealing money and a computer. This slide presentation included narration by a female speaker who described what was happening in the slides as they were shown. Results showed that the misinformation effect was greatest when MPI presentation was

Persistence of vision

When light from a flashlight is moved quickly back and fourth on a wall in a darkened room , it can appear to observers that there is a trail of light moving across the wall, even though physically the light is only in one place at any given time. This experience is an effect of memory that occurs because of?

attention is used to combine features in perception of whole objects

Which of the following is NOT associated with recognition- by- components theory?

the propaganda effect

Which of the following is most closely associated with the implicit memory

Words "pizza, history" and non words "pibble, girk"

Which sets of stimuli would be the best selection for having people perform a lexical decision task?

saying "yes" for each corner that is an inside corner and "no" for each corner that is an outside corner?

Which task should be easier? keeping an image of a block letter "f" in your mind AND

support the Sapir-Whorf Hypothesis

A psycholinguist conducts an experiment with a group of participants from a small village in Asia and another from a small village from South Africa. She asked the groups to describe the bands of color they saw in a a rainbow and found they reported the same number of bands as their language possessed primary color words. these results

Creating image; deactivated

Amendi and coworkers used fMRI to investigate the differences between brain activation for perception and imagery. Thier findings showed pareticipants were________. Some areas associated with non- visual sensation ( such as hearing and touch) were_______.

Object discrimination problem

Amhad is doing an experiment in which he has to choose between the object he has been shown previously (the target object) and another object. choosing the target object will result in a reward. What sort of task is Amhad doing?

an extraneous cough

An experiment on the phonemic restoration effect would most likely include

anaphoric

Boxing champion George Foreman recently desccribed his famil vactions wiht the statemnt, " at our ranch in Mardhall, Texas, there are ponds and i take the kids out and we fish. And then of course, we grill them." That a reader understands "them" appropriately ( George grills fish, and nto his kids) is a result of a(n) _____________ interference

different

Brain imaging studies reveal that semantics and syntax are associated with brain mechanisms

counting backward for 30 sec before recall

Regarding free recall of a list of items, which of the following will most likely cause the recency effect to disappear

proactive interference

Suppose you (a student) are asked by a teacher to learn a poem you will recite in front of your class. Soon after, both you and a classmate, J.P., are asked by another teacher to learn the lyrics to an unfamiliar song. When you and J.P. are later asked to remember the song lyrics, you have a much more difficult time recalling them than J.P. does. This impairment of your performance is most likely attributable to

The baseline condition is needed for determining imagery activation and for determining perception activiation

Suppose you were conducting a brain imaging experiment to investigate the overlap between brain areas activated by perceiving an object activated by imagining it. Which of the following best describes your investigation's baseline condition

is based on mechanisms related to language

The "Imagery Debate" is concerned with whether imagery

When Semnatics

The crucial question in comparing Syntax- first and Interactionalist approaches to parsing is _________________ is involved.

when semantics

The crucial question in comparing syntax-first and internationalist approaches to parsing ________________ is involved.

Spatial

The mental Simulation approach for solving mechanical problems is analogous to the idea that visual imagery involves _________ representations.

Wundt

came up with ideas for structuralism

top- down processing

percieving machines are used byt he U.S> Postal Service to read the address on letters and sort them quickly to their correct destinations. sometimes, these machines cannot read an address, because the writing on the envelope is not sufficiently clear for the machine to match the writing to an example it has stored in memory. Human postal workers are much more successful at reading unclear address, most likely because

Phi Phenomenon

phenomenon of apparent motion; there is no real motion, it's apparent. must be present in time and space.

Watson's Behaviorism

predict what we can control; human are conditionable

semantic regularities

the demonstration in your text that asks you to visualize scenes such as an office, a department store clothing section, a lion, and a microscope often results in more details in the scene of the office or department store thatn the scene with the lion and microscope. the latter two tend to have fewer details becuase most individuals from modern society have less knowledge of __________ in those two scenes

Retrograde Amnesia

the inability to assimilate or retain new knowledge is known as

After the event

the misinformation effect occurs when a person's memory for an event is modified by misleading information presented

order

the pegword technique is particularly suitable for use when you need to remember items based on their

axon

which of the following neural components is NOT found at the receiving end of neurons?

Thought is always accompanied by imagery

which statement below is most closely associated with the early history of the study of imagery