Com 275 MSU Final exam Tamborini
Conventional
- age 10 to death for 80% of people Acceptance of society's conventions concerning right and wrong -Being good and caring, following rules, duty to society Judgments are based on -Interpersonal accord and conformity -Follow social norms to be seen as good and likable Authority and social order maintaining orientation -Obey the law and maintain order
What are the phases of public policy regarding media violence?
-Debating TV violence and rise of juvenile delinquency -Research to identify the broad effects of TV violence on social life -Proactive efforts to reduce TV violence legislation
Know the findings of the Message System Analysis and the National Television Violence Study.
-MSA: content analysis - NTVS: violence defined as any threat or overt act intended to physical harm an animate being
Appeal of horror
-Women enjoy horror more in company of fearless males -Men enjoy horror more in company of scared female
How does mood management theory explain selective exposure to media?
1) Assumes that people make entertainment choices based on personal preferences and needs: -Media selection is usually impulsive and done to satisfy a variety of needs (excitement and relaxation). -Often determined by mood 2) People select programs to relive their discomfort or extend pleasure: -Programs are inconsistent with mood can distract or alter mood -Programs are consistent with mood maintain focus or extend mood
Evolution of the internet
Built to share computer time for military and academic research Developed by Advanced Research Projects Agency of the Defense Department - ARPANet
Social information processing theory
CMC is devoid of nonverbal cues that accompany FTF Adapt communication to cues that remain Takes longer
What are the characteristics of successful campaigns and why campaigns fail?
Campaigns fail due to: Audience selective attention Barriers to audience perceptions Unsophisticated audience targeting techniques Unrealistic goals, lack of clear criteria for success
characteristics of new media (Lev Manovich)
Characteristics of new media Numerically represented: new media objects exist as data (digital and numeric, not analog) Modular: new media elements are discrete structures that come together to form whole Automation: many operations can be formed automatically Variable: several different versions of the same thing Transcoding: a new media object can be transcoded into different formats (computer files) Claims that the dominant form for storing knowledge was once the narrative, but now the database
Warranting
Concerns the legitimacy of information about another person that you receive or view online Information is more likely to be seen as truthful to receiver to the extent that the receiver perceives it to be "immune to manipulation by the person to whom it refers"
Meese Commission Report on Pornography
Concluded that there was harm Conducted by religious groups and cultural critics; no scientists More propagandic than scientific Result was a "chilling effect" Mixed results?
Know how video games can accomplish effective teaching goals
Educational games: effective teaching -Students create their own solutions -Interactive simulation advantages Rehearsed behavior - learning (treating phobias) Exergames: promote exercise and healthy activity Games for social change: try to increase awareness of political, social, and religious issues
What does research show about the effects of video games on aggression
Effects of video games on aggression Short term: primes aggression, related scripts Repeated exposure: hardwire aggression and structures and personality
Marshall McLuhan:
Global Village Communication technologies have shorted the distances between people in different parts of the world When a medium arrives, humans are shaped cognitively by that medium
How does repeated exposure to pornography effect values and attitudes?
Heavy exposure habituates (kind of like desensitization) the effect Less satisfaction with real-life partners More acceptance of premarital sex and extramarital sex Less desire for marriage, monogamy and childre
What did the NTVS identify as high risk content?
High Risk: Violence justified Violence unpunished Minimal consequences to victims Violence realistic An attractive role model
What are the modern technology features found in video games?
High speed gaming online Motion input and IR tracking (Wii) Wireless controllers, touch screens and camera Glasses free 3D and augmented reality
Hyperpersonal model
Idealized perception Optimized self-presentation Asynchronous time Feedback loop
Effects of mobile communication and relationship
Interesting research on multitasking (Vorderer): Multitasking - depression, and anxiety The mere presence of mobile device inhibits closeness, trust, and empathy between two people Those who multitask LESS are better at paying attention in the face of distractions
Understand Piaget's cognitive development stages.
Jean Piaget -Sensorimotor (Birth to 2 years) -Preoperational (2 to 7 years) -Concrete operational (7-11 years) -Formal operational (11 years to death)
Preconventional - 2 to 9 years old
Judgments are based on Punishment and reward Obedience and punishment orientation How can I avoid punishment? Self-interest orientation What's in it for me?
Lev Manovich
Language of new media (2001) Found the list of of characteristics of new media.
Understand Kohlberg's moral development stages.
Lawrence Kohlberg: difference between right and wrong Preconventional, conventional, post-conventional
What are the criticisms of research on violent video games
Major flaws -Violence not clearly defined -Most studies only use one game for fixed time -Consideration of other variables (age, gender, personality) -Samples are small, nonrandom, non-representative Downward spiral model: aggressive players seek out violence games to satisfy needs
Understand the effect of new media on democracy
Many think media will expand democracy The proliferation of sousveillance (recording from user's perspective)
Know the legal definitions of obscenity.
Material has appeals to prurient interest in sex (shameful, lustful) Material is patently offensive or beyond community standards Material lacks serious literary, artistic, political or scientific value
Know media advocacy and edutainment.
Media advocacy - public health agent attempts to focus media on health issues to effect social or public policy Edutainment: health messages embedded in entertainment Effects not studied extensively
the old and new views on entertainment?
Old view - Pascal Merriment is considered sinful Modern view - Montaigne and Freud Entertainment is an effective and acceptable means of relief from daily stresses
What is the displacement hypothesis?
Opportunity costs Displacement hypothesis (Selnow and Raynolds): -One activity can displace another -Media use reduces the chance of doing something else -Activities at and away from home compleat w/ screen
NTVS
Recorded # of violent acts, demographic of perpetrators and victims, and context of violence Finding shows a lot of violence -½ justified, most violence unpunished, blood and gore rarely shown, ⅓ involve gun, most involve repeated acts
National Commission on Obscenity and Pornography
Reported no known harm Conducted by sexual educators and researchers
Know the risks for problematic behavior associated with video game play and addiction.
Research: -Younger males most at risk -Brain scans of heavy gamer's similar to substance abuse MMORPG controversy -Heavy users have more online social support -But, also have less real-world support; more stress, anxiety -Late night players (10 pm to 6 am) show more depression
Know the risk learning model and the stereotype priming model of health campaigns
Risk learning model: message imparts new information about health risks and behaviors that minimize those risks Severity - shows severe consequence of risky behavior Vulnerability - shows ease of contracting disease Response efficacy - explains how protective behaviors reduce or cure disease Self-efficacy - shows the effectiveness of protective behaviors
Internet and health:
Search for health-related info is one of the most common uses of the internet Those searching often use health info to form questions for physicians Validity of info is not checked by users It is sometimes substandard
Understand the definitions of sexual content and pornography.
Sexual content: showing or implying sexual acts or making references or innuendoes Porn: graphic and explicit depiction of sexual activity
TV and health:
Smoking and drinking is common in TV 20% of TV episodes show characters smoking Sexual activity is increasing on TV Few references to safe sex or commitment Exposure linked to sexual activity earlier in life American TV has "thin standard" for women Exposure linked to global eating disorders
Film and health:
Smoking and drinking often portrayed Common in G-rated movies Found in 75% of animated Disney classics (Alice in Wonderland and Beauty and the Beast) Drug use less often portrayed Drug addicts usually portrayed as evil Drug use shown to have negative outcomes
What are the main uses of social network sites and the traditional uses of blogs?
Social media network sites: Maintain old relationships Collect information Reduce stress Record daily events Blogs: Document life events Commentary and opinions Express deeply felt emotions Articulate ideas through writing Create and maintain community forums
What were the Kaiser Foundation's findings on sexual content in media?
Talk about sex much more frequent than actual behavior 27% showed explicit sexual behavior -Only 10% depicted or implied intercourse -50% involve people in relationships Teen sex associated with risk - teen pregnancy (discourage behavior)
What was the significance of the Telecommunications Act of 1996
Telecommunication act of 1996 - mandated implementation of content labels and v chips, nobody paid attention
What is Moore's Law?
The exponential decrease in size and cost of an integrated circuit versus the exponential increase in computational speed over time
What is interactivity?
The extent to which a user is able to influence the form and content of the media environment Vorderer on interactivity: Media not interactive, but there are interactive ways of using media Audiences may not want interactivity, but maybe they do
News and health
The strongest effect of health news might be on Agenda setting Scrutiny can cause officials to act (AIDs in the 1980s) Framing thought to impact policy makers and policy How was the Zika virus been framed in the news? What about the Flint water crisis? Recent focus on Opioid crisis? People attend most to public health issues -Also attend to stories on policy and specific disease Impact is stronger on local policy -More change occurs when experts agree on policy and media supports the efforts
Harold Innis
Time biased: favor the preservation of knowledge over long periods Space biased: favor the dissemination of media over great distances
studies link media use to negative outcomes
Tobacco: negative outcomes is strongest for tobacco Alcohol: moderate link for drinking( Start of adolescent drinking Increased consumption/drunk driving) Most (83%) studies show media use linked to negative health outcomes Prescription drugs: less evidence Food: mixed evidence; may be positive or negative depending on the nutritional value of food advertised
MSA: content analysis:
Violence defined as the overt expression of physical force against self or other compelling action against one's will Recorded # of violent acts, demographic of perpetrators and victims, does not code for viewer perception Findings: lots of violence on TV, TV does not represent real life -Features exaggerated, law enforcement, crimes, and minorities as offenders overrepresented
Post-conventional
age 20 to death for 20% of people Ignoring convention and living by one's own ethical principles Based on a sense of universal ethics that go beyond simple rules Judgements based on: -Social contract orientation perform acts that do the greatest good for most people - change laws for this purpose -Universal ethical principles Perform act that is intuitively right, not because it avoids punishment, is one's interest, is expected, legal, and previously agreed upon or greatest good
Arousal jog:
arousal from suspense is liked
Know the elements characteristic of:
drama, humor/comedy, and sports.
Sensorimotor (Birth to 2 years):
existence of objects outside of themselves/seeing/hearing Object permanence Learning language, discovering physical world Objects exist outside themselves Some things cause other things to happen TV: sights/colors and sounds/voices/music; contrast
Excitation theory:
great distress intensifies enjoyment from happy end (disposition)
the Children's Television Act of 1990?
mandated minimum number of hours of educational children's TV, rule often ignored by local TV stations
Concrete operational (7-11 years)
mental recreation Classification skills - conservation tasking Mental recreations - planning, scheming Perspective taking of others TV: ½ hour and 1-hour shows, story-lines, humor, simple problem-solution
Longitudinal data
related exposure can Aggressive thoughts, emotions, and behavior increased Empathy and helping behaviors decreased Increased dehumanization Increased desensitization
Preoperational (2 to 7 years):
utilize symbols, group things Symbolic thought, make guesses about motives, group things in one relationship TV: short stories, cartoons, characters
Formal operational (11 years to death)
Abstract thinking Verbal Geometric TV: mystery, crime stories, complex social problems, sci-fi, relationships
Know the four factor syndrome of consuming pornography
Addiction, escalation, desensitization, tendency to imitate
What do children get from television?
Fashion, occupations, social relationships and politics
Historical highlights
First interactive computer game - Spacewar By MIT student Steve Russell
Catharsis:
Viewers vent their aggressive impulses harmlessly through viewing TV violence (weak evidence)
Know the effects of advertising & entertainment on health.
Advertisements and Entertainment Portals Most (83%) studies show media use linked to negative health outcomes Smoking initiation, illicit drug use, alcohol consumption Research focuses on tobacco, alcohol, prescription drugs, and food
Levels of effects from TV violence
Affective/emotional: fear among children, coping strategies (rationalization, desensitization) Cognitive effects: cultivation, repeated exposure leads to an exaggerated view of real-life dangers Behavioral effects: There are Five major mechanisms on behavioral effects; Catharsis, Arousal, Imitation, Disinhibition, Desensitization
What is the definition of a campaign?
An attempt to inform, persuade, or motivate behavior changes A relatively well-defined and large audience Generally for non-commercial benefits to either the individual or society at large Complemented by interpersonal support characteristics of a successful campaign: use famous people/someone well known to encourage the campaign associate their campaign with fun, animals, outdoor activities, etc....
Understand the definition and characteristics of computer-mediated communication
Any communicative transaction using network computers CMC characteristics: -Asynchronous messages - sent and received at user convenience -Reduced nonverbal and verbal cues
How does the disposition model explain the enjoyment of entertainment?
Applied to many forms of entertainment - sports, humor/comedy, drama suspense Defined as a state, situation, or series involving interesting characters, conflict, satisfying resolution A strong like/dislike for characters increases involvement, favorable end for liked person = enjoyment Disposition theory
How do arousal jog and excitation transfer theories explain the appeal of suspense?
Arousal jog: Excitation theory: Appeal of horror
Average game player
72% of US households play computer or video games Average player is 37 years old 58% males 42% females 12 years experience
What is medium theory?
A broad term for the research that focused on the effect of media technology itself, rather than the effect of the content within the media
Cue-filtered out theories
A group of theories sharing the premise that CMC has no nonverbal ques and thus obstruct social functions Media Richness Theory: The more cues a medium supports, the richer the medium is The richer the medium, the more effective/useful it is. But research revealed that people could effectively perform social functions online
Social Identity Model of Deindividuation (SIDE model)
Cues Filtered Out: a group of theories sharing the premise that CMC has non verbal cues and obstructs social functions We are visually anonymous when online We view other people online as in group members
drama
Defined as a state of situation, or series of events involving an intense conflict of forces Elements: Interesting characters Conflict Satisfying resolution Disposition model: strong like/dislike for characters increases involvement Favorable end for liked person - enjoyment
sports
Disposition explains most sport appeal: BIRGing (Basking in reflective glory): -Fans whose teams win have higher self-esteem and personal confidence CORFing (Cutting off reflected failure): -Fans can distance themselves from failure
humor/comedy
Drama containing cues that it shouldn't be taken seriously Disposition model: we laugh at misfortunes of disliked others Persuasion: humor may lower guard and help persuade -Increases positive dispositions toward source
Disposition theory
Enjoy seeing: Good things happen to people we like Bad things happen to people we dislike We hate seeing: Bad things to people we like Good things to people we don't like
Arousal
Excitement or arousal from violent TV content enhances aggression and anger (weak evidence)
What are the effects of erotica on aggression?
Experiment: -Subjects were either provoked or unprovoked -Watched arousing vs non arousing erotica -Provoked people exposed to arousing erotica - increase aggression -But pleasing and non arousing erotica calmed aggressive tendencies -Behavioral outcome as a function of the content of erotica
Know the link between sexual content in media and physiological arousal.
Explicit sexual content leads to temporary physiological arousal Explicit sex more arousing for males
Disinhibition
Exposure to TV violence, especially justified violence, weakens the effect of learned restraints against committing violent acts (strong evidence)
Desensitization
Exposure to repeated acts of TV violence makes us less bothered by seeing violence and more likely to accept real-life violence (strong evidence)
What are the motivations of Twitter users?
Twitter user motivations Information source- large group of followers Information seeker- users log on but do not post Friends- connections with people actually known
Imitation
Viewers learn from what they see on TV and try to mimic actions themselves (weak evidence)
