Combo with "Biopsychology Chapter 15 (Key Terms- Lecture Edit)" and 17 others

Detoxified Addicts

Addicts who have no drugs in their bodies and who are no longer experiencing withdrawal symptoms

Withdrawal Syndrome

After significant amounts of a drug have been in the body for a period of time, its sudden elimination can trigger an adverse physiological reaction

Drug Craving

An affective state in which there is a strong desire for the drug; a major defining feature of addiction

Teratogen

An agent (outside effect) which can disturb the normal development of the fetus

Narcotic

A legal term generally used to refer to opaites

Korsakoff's Syndrome

A neuropsychological disorder indirectly caused by alcohol by inducing thiamine deficiency-- characterized by memory loss, sensory and motor dysfunction, and in its advanced stages, severe dementia; occurs (indirectly) with chronic alcohol consumption

Nucleus Accumbens

A nucleus of the ventral striatum; involved in laughter, placebo effect, and plays a very large role in reward systems

Drug Tolerance

A state of decreased sensitivity to a drug that develops as a result of exposure to it; can be demonstrated in two ways-- by showing that a given dose of a drug has less effect than it had before drug exposure, or by showing that it takes more of the drug to produce the same effect

Mesotelencephalic Dopamine System

A system of dopaminergic neurons that projects from the mesencephalon (the midbrain) into various regions of the telencephalon; the neurons that compose the _____ _____ _____ have their cell bodies in two midbrain nuclei-- the substantia nigra and the ventral segmental area; pathway releasing a lot of dopamine-- pleasure/ reward systems; two main pathways-- nigrostriatal pathway and mesocorticolimbic pathway

Which of the following routes of drug administration offers the least opportunity to counteract the effects of an overdose? A) IV B) IM C) SC D) through mucus membranes E) oral

A) IV

Although __________ is classified as a depressant, it has stimulant effects at low doses. A) alcohol B) tobacco C) cocaine D) amphetamine E) morphine

A) alcohol

Pregnant females who use __________ risk bearing a child with physical deformities and mental retardation. A) alcohol B) nicotine C) morphine D) caffeine E) marijuana

A) alcohol

Which of the following drugs is a diuretic? A) alcohol B) marijuana C) nicotine D) morphine E) cocaine

A) alcohol

Which of the following drugs is associated with severe dementia, gastritis, and cirrhosis of the liver? A) alcohol B) nicotine C) morphine D) cocaine E) marijuana

A) alcohol

Some drugs can be effectively administered through mucous membranes. One such drug is... A) cocaine. B) heroin. C) morphine. D) nicotine. E) caffeine.

A) cocaine.

A state of decreased sensitivity to a drug as a result of previous exposure to the drug is called... A) drug tolerance. B) drug sensitization. C) drug withdrawal. D) physical dependence. E) psychological dependence.

A) drug tolerance.

A hangover is a... A) mild alcohol withdrawal syndrome. B) form of alcohol psychosis. C) fetal alcohol syndrome. D) form of alcohol dementia. E) mild alcohol sensitization effect.

A) mild alcohol withdrawal syndrome.

Tobacco is a leading cause of preventable death; worldwide, it contributes to over 5 __________ premature deaths per year. A) million B) hundred C) thousand D) trillion E) billion

A) million

Individuals who suffer drug withdrawal symptoms when they stop taking a drug are said to be... A) physically dependent. B) psychologically dependent. C) tolerant. D) intoxicated. E) both B and C

A) physically dependent.

Which of the following drugs produces Buerger's disease? A) tobacco B) morphine C) marijuana D) cocaine E) alcohol

A) tobacco Rationale: The fact that many patients continue to smoke after being diagnosed with Buerger's disease illustrates the power of nicotine addiction.

__________ tolerance to psychoactive drugs is tolerance that occurs because less of the drug gets to its site of action in the brain A) Contingent B) Metabolic C) Situationally specific D) Functional E) In vitro

B) Metabolic

Marijuana contains over 80... A) kinds of delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol. B) cannabinoids. C) kinds of morphine. D) kinds of Cannabis sativa. E) hemp.

B) cannabinoids

Taking one drug can often produce tolerance to other drugs; such tolerance is called... A) generalized tolerance. B) cross tolerance. C) contingent tolerance. D) functional tolerance. E) transferred tolerance.

B) cross tolerance.

The conversion of drugs in the body to nonactive chemicals, often by liver enzymes, is referred to as drug... A) tolerance. B) metabolism. C) withdrawal. D) blocking. E) habituation.

B) metabolism.

After the termination of exposure to some drugs, there are withdrawal effects that are usually... A) similar to the initial effects of the drug. B) opposite to the initial effects of the drug. C) similar to the initial effects of the drug, but much more severe. D) similar to the initial effects of the drug, but much less severe. E) no longer than a few minutes in duration.

B) opposite to the initial effects of the drug.

Individuals who experience drug withdrawal effects are, by definition, A) addicted. B) physically dependent. C) metabolic. D) tolerant. E) psychologically dependent

B) physically dependent

Many chemicals are kept from passing from the circulatory system of the CNS into CNS neurons by... A) reflexology. B) the blood-brain barrier. C) tolerance. D) the cerebrospinal fluid. E) withdrawal.

B) the blood-brain barrier.

Drug tolerance is a shift in the dose-response curve A) upward. B) to the right. C) to the left. D) both A and B E) both A and C

B) to the right.

Chronic use of which drug has been linked to bronchitis, emphysema, cancer, stroke, and heart attack? A) alcohol B) tobacco C) cocaine D) marijuana E) morphine

B) tobacco

Cocaine Sprees

Binges of cocaine addicts in which extremely high levels of intake are maintained for periods of a day or two

Metabolites

Breakdown products of the body's chemical reactions

Drug sensitization is the opposite of... A) drug withdrawal. B) physical dependence on drugs. C) drug tolerance. D) conditioned drug withdrawal effects. E) drug addiction.

C) drug tolerance.

Most drugs that are taken orally enter the bloodstream through the walls of the... A) stomach. B) mouth. C) intestine. D) esophagus. E) lungs.

C) intestine.

The main disadvantage of the oral route of drug administration is... A) indigestion. B) the binding of drugs to the wall of the stomach. C) its unpredictability. D) nausea. E) that it promotes drug interactions.

C) its unpredictability

The primary defining feature of addiction is... A) physical dependence. B) tolerance. C) the inability to stop using a drug despite its adverse effects and efforts to stop. D) sensitization. E) both A and B

C) the inability to stop using a drug despite its adverse effects and efforts to stop.

Which drug has been shown to increase the rate of cancer and heart disease in nonusers of the drug who are living with users of the drug? A) alcohol B) marijuana C) tobacco D) heroin E) cocaine

C) tobacco

Smoker's Syndrome

Consequence of long-term tobacco use; characterized by chest pain, labored breathing, wheezing, coughing, and a heightened susceptibility to infections of the respiratory tract

Many chronic addicts come to prefer the __________ route of drug administration. A) oral B) IM C) SC D) IV E) IP

D) IV

Convulsions and delirium tremens are caused by withdrawal from... A) morphine. B) cocaine. C) heroin. D) alcohol. E) high doses of nicotine.

D) alcohol

Which of the following drugs produces hypothermia (a reduction in body temperature)? A) morphine B) nicotine C) marijuana D) alcohol E) cocaine

D) alcohol Rationale: Many people think that alcohol warms them, but it can kill people who are already very cold.

Psychoactive drugs are those that affect... A) the activity of the central nervous system. B) subjective experience. C) behavior. D) all of the above E) psychotic behavior

D) all of the above

According to the text, addicts are drug users who... A) are tolerant and psychologically dependent. B) are physically and psychologically dependent. C) are tolerant and physically dependent. D) continue to use a drug despite the drug's adverse effects on their health and social life, and despite their efforts to stop. E) continue to use a drug because they are locked into a cycle of drug taking and withdrawal effects.

D) continue to use a drug despite the drug's adverse effects on their health and social life, and despite their efforts to stop.

Tolerance that occurs because the target tissue becomes less reactive to the drug after exposure is... A) situationally specific tolerance. B) contingent tolerance. C) reverse tolerance. D) functional tolerance. E) metabolic tolerance

D) functional tolerance.

In the middle ages, marijuana was commonly used by Europeans to... A) keep the sailors happy on long voyages. B) suppress sexual urges during long voyages. C) treat scurvy. D) make rope. E) feed pigs.

D) make rope

Which of the following illicit drugs was grown by George Washington as a commercial crop? A) alcohol B) opium C) tobacco D) marijuana E) magic mushrooms

D) marijuana

Contingent Drug Tolerance

Demonstrations that tolerance develops only to drug effects that are actually experienced; most studies employ the before-and-after design

Conditioned Drug Tolerance

Demonstrations that tolerance effects are maximally expressed only when a drug is administered in the same situation in which it has previously been administered

Metabolic Tolerance

Drug tolerance that results from changes that reduce the amount of the drug getting to its sites of action

Functional Tolerance

Drug tolerance that results from changes that reduce the reactivity of the sites of action to the drug

Depressant

Drugs that at moderate-to-high doses, reduce neural firing; ie. alcohol

Psychoactive Drugs

Drugs that influence subjective experience and behavior by acting on the nervous system

Stimulants

Drugs who's primary effect is to produce general increases in neural and behavioral activity; all have a similar profile of effects, but differ greatly in their potency

Cirrhosis and Korsakoff's syndrome are two of the consequences of chronic __________ consumption. A) nicotine B) morphine C) cocaine D) marijuana E) alcohol

E) alcohol

The severity of withdrawal symptoms depends upon the... A) particular drug in question. B) dose of the preceding drug exposure. C) duration of the preceding drug exposure. D) speed with which the drug is cleared from the body. E) all of the above

E) all of the above

An important advantage of the oral route of drug administration in comparison to other conventional routes is its relative... A) predictability. B) ease. C) safety. D) all of the above E) both B and C

E) both B and C B) ease. C) safety.

Drug injection is common in medical practice because the effects of injected drugs are relatively __________ in comparison to most other conventional routes of drug administration. A) slight B) fast C) predictable D) all of the above E) both B and C

E) both B and C B) fast C) predictable

Depression, anxiety, restlessness, irritability, constipation, difficulties in sleeping, and difficulties in concentrating are common __________ withdrawal symptoms. A) heroin B) morphine C) alcohol D) cocaine E) nicotine

E) nicotine

A meta-analysis that focused only on "well-designed" studies of moderate drinking and coronary heart disease found that... A) red wine reduced the number of heart attacks. B) red wine reduced the severity of heart attacks. C) red and white wine were both beneficial. D) any alcohol in moderate amounts reduced both the incidence and severity of heart attacks. E) none of the above

E) none of the above

Withdrawal from which of the following drugs produces the DTs? A) morphine B) heroin C) cocaine D) both A and B E) none of the above

E) none of the above

Dose-Response Curve

Effect of drug experienced based on amount of drug taken; shift occurs with tolerance being built up

Drug Sensitization

Increasing sensitivity to a drug

Physically Dependent

Individuals who suffer withdrawal reactions when they stop taking a drug are said to be ______ _______ on that drug

Drug Self-Administration Paradigm

Laboratory rats or primates press a lever to inject drugs into themselves through implanted cannulas (thin tubes); readily learn to self-administer IV injections of drugs to which humans become addicted

Conditioned Place-Preference Paradigm

Laboratory rats repeatedly receive a drug in one compartment (the drug compartment) of a two-compartment box; then, during the test phase, the drug-free rat is placed in the box, and the proportion of time it spends in the drug compartment, as opposed to the equal-sized but distinctive control compartment, is measured; rats usually prefer the drug compartment over the control compartment when the drug compartment has been associated with the effects of drugs to which humans become addicted

THC

Major constituent of marijuana that largely contributes to the psychoactive effects of marijuana

Dopamine Transporters

Molecules in the presynaptic membrane that normally remove dopamine from synapses and transfer it back into presynaptic neurons; the primary mechanism by which cocaine and its derivatives exert their effects is the blockade of ______ _______.

Opiates

Morphine, codeine, and other drugs that have similar structures or effects are commonly referred to as ______

Delirium Tremens (DTs)

Occurring in the 3rd phase of full-blown alcohol withdrawal syndrome-- characterized by disturbing hallucinations, bizarre delusions, agitation, confusion, hyperthermia (high body temperature), and tachycardia (rapid heartbeat); the convulsions and ___s produced by alcohol withdrawal can be lethal

Cross Tolerance

One drug can produce tolerance to drugs that act by the same mechanism; use of one type of drug which meanwhile builds up tolerance to a drug that's similar in structure/ effect but that you haven't used before

Drug Priming

One main cause of relapse; a single exposure to the formerly abused drug

Stress

One main cause of relapse; drug use as a coping mechanism

Experimental Cues

One main cause of relapse; people, places, times, or objects previously associated with drug taking

Nigrostriatal Pathway

One pathway/ component of the mesotelecephalic dopamine system; starts in substantia nigra of midbrain and projects to area of dorsal striatum

Mesocorticolimbic Pathway

One pathway/ component of the mesotelecephalic dopamine system; starts in the ventral segmental area and projects to areas of cortical and limbic sites; particularly projects to nucleus accumbens (a nucleus of the ventral striatum) that plays a large role in reward systems; plays an important role in mediating intracranial self-stimulation (ICSS)

Analgesics

Painkillers; opiates are effective as _______

Harrison Narcotics Act

Passed in 1914, making it illegal to sell or use opium, morphine, or cocaine in the US-- although morphine and its analogues are still legally prescribed for their medicinal properties; did not make heroin illegal though-- marketed by Bayer Drug Company and freely available without prescription through being advertised as a superior kind of aspirin (later discovered to be more potent and addictive than aspirin)

Pharmacological

Pertaining to the scientific study of drugs

Intracranial Self Stimulation (ICSS)

Phenomenon that rats, humans, and many other species will administer brief bursts of weak electrical stimulation to specific sites in their own brains

Blood-Brain Barrier

Protective filter that makes it difficult for many potentially dangerous blood-borne chemicals to pass from the blood vessels of the CNS into its neurons

Cirrhosis

Scarring of the liver; occurs with chronic alcohol consumption

Heroin

Semisynthetic opiate; not included in the Harrison Narcotics Act

Amphetamine

Stimulant drug whose effects are comparable to cocaine; can also produce psychosis

Pleasure Centers

The brain sites capable of mediating intracranial self-stimulation

Cannabis Sativa

The common help plant from which the dried leaves and flowers produce marijuana

Opium

The dried form of sap exuded by the seed pods of the opium poppy; has several psychoactive ingredients-- most notably, morphine and codeine

Cocaine Psychosis

The effects of cocaine sprees including sleeplessness, tremors, nausea, hyperthermia, and psychotic behavior; sometimes mistakenly diagnosed as paranoid schizophrenia

Anadamide

The first endocannabinoid neurotransmitter to be isolated and characterized; named from a word that means "internal bliss"

Crack

The impure form of cocaine; a potent, cheap, smokable form

Nicotine

The major psychoactive ingredient of tobacco

Cocaine

The most commonly abused stimulants

Drug Metabolism

The process of liver enzymes stimulating the conversion of active drugs to nonactive forms; in many cases, it eliminates a drug's ability to pass through lipid membranes of cells so that it can no loner penetrate the blood-brain barrier

Relapse

The return to one's drug taking habit after a period of voluntary abstinence; three main causes: stress, experimental cues, drug priming

Before-and-After-Design

Two groups of subjects receive the same series of drug injections and the same series of repeated tests, but the subjects in one group receive the drug before each test of the series and those in the other group receive the drug after each test; at the end of the experiment, all subjects receive the same dose of the drug followed by the test so that the degree to which the drug disrupts test performance in the two groups can be compared

Positive-Incentive Theories of Addiction

Use continues due to addict's craving for effects of drug (anticipation of the addictive properties of the drug); theories that were based on the assumption that most addicts take drugs not to escape or avoid the unpleasant consequences of withdrawal, but rather to obtain the drugs' positive effects; belief that the primary factor in most cases of addiction is the craving for the expected pleasure-producing properties of the drug

Physical-Dependence Theories of Addiction

Use continues in order to avoid withdrawal; theories that physical dependence traps addicts in a vicious circle of drug taking and withdrawal symptoms; early drug addiction treatment programs based on these theories

Drug Addicts

Users who continue to use a drug despite its adverse effects on their health and social life, and despite their repeated efforts to stop using it; psychological component on top of physical dependence-- anticipation of drug rather than actual effect of drug that keeps they addicted

Habitual Drug Users

Users who experience a physical dependency on drug-- actual effect of drug that reinforces use

Morphine

psychoactive ingredient in opium; type of opiate

Codeine

psychoactive ingredient in opium; type of opiate; weaker than morphine