COMD 2050 Exam 2 Barnali LSU

Noam Chomsky - Father of generative grammar

"With the help of generative grammar, we can analyze any existing language"

F-simple sentences

(T/F) Deep level structures are often complex sentences

F- a morpheme CAN be a word, but not always

(T/F) Morphemes are always words

F- its essential

(T/F) Recursion is not an essential feature of grammar

F- It does not presume to tell them how to use their language.

(T/F) The descriptive approach tells speakers how to use their language?

F- Now, systematic study and description of language

(T/F) Today's grammar only deal with writing

T

(T/F) Traditional language only cares about structure

F- It is not based on any pre-selected structures

(T/F) the descriptive apparoach is based on pre-selected structures

Spatial deixis

-"please meet me in the office" instead of saying -"please meet me there" -its hard to tell where to go when she says "there"

Anaphora

-_____________ is referring back "the" -Specific person/ object

Person deixis

-when you're denoting a person (He, She, I, We, You) -can be talking about an animal

Pragmatics

1) Language external 2) Communicative meaning 3) What speakers mean 4) What is implied

Semantics

1) Language internal 2) Linguistic meaning 3) What expressions mean 4) What is said

complement

A _______________ phrase rewrites as a complementizer sentence

Polysemy

A single word has multiple related meaning

framework

A traditional grammar is a _________ for the description of the structure of language.

definite or pronoun

Anaphora expressions are always ____________ or ____________

indefinite

Antecedent is often ________________

Gradable and Non-gradable antonyms.

Antonyms can be broken into what 2 groups?

Conceptual Meaning/ Denotative Meaning (physical feature)

Can find in the dictionary

Prepositional phrases

Can make sentence as long as possible by adding ______________ phrases

Associative Meaning/ Connotative Meaning

Can not find in the dictionary

Polsemy

Comes from Greek language. Poly means 'many' and Semy means 'to do with meaning'

are not

Comparative constructions (are/are not) normally used. Example: dead(correct),deader(incorrect), more dead(incorrect)

tree structures

Deep level structures can be shown by drawing _______________

Surface Structure

Every deep structure has multiple ____________ structure forms.

Roman Jakobson

Father of Semantics

Locative

From where

Source

From where

opposites "I am bigger than you"

Gradable antonyms are (the same/opposites) along a scale.

comparative

Gradable antonyms are used in ___________ construction.

Grammar

Greek word Grammatike. Gram means some thing written Tike came from techne which means art

Deixis

Greek word means 'pointing' via language

arrangement

Greek word syntaxis means _______________

Structural Ambiguity

If one surface structure has two different deep structure representations then we call it what?

Source Goal

If the entity changes its location, moves from one place to another The first location is the ________ The final destination is the ________

prescriptive approach

It doesn't focus what people are doing with language rather it focuses what people ought to do with it, as per to the pre-established status

Descriptive Approach

It focuses on the actual usage of language rather focusing on the prescriptive rules

Speech Acts

It helps to analyze different types of actions such as, requesting, commanding, questioning or informing etc.

Phrase Structure Rules

It helps to present the information of tree diagram in a different format

Structural analysis (descriptive)

It investigates the distribution of forms in a language.

Anaphora

It is a reference to an already introduced entity

Deep Structure

It is the abstract level or the underlying level.

Prescriptive Approach

It is the collection of prescriptive rules and concepts about the structure of language

Syntax

It is the study of the relationships between the words within a sentence

Tree diagram

It is the way of representing the hierarchical presentation of a structure or phrase.

syntactic analysis

It uses the symbols of ______________________ instead of tree diagrams

recursion

Means 'repeatable any number of times'

direct

Non-gradable antonyms are (direct/indirect) opposites

complementary Ex. Dead/alive

Non-gradable antonyms are _________________ pairs, so these are called complementary antonyms

structure

Phrase Structure Rules state that the ______________ of a phrase will consist of one or more constituents (NP, VP) in a particular order

Speaker and the hearer

Pragmatics exists between the _____________and the ______________

prepositional complex

Recursion applies mostly on ___________ phrases and ___________sentences

Descriptive approach

Relatively new grammar Established by 20th century grammarians

nouns

Semantic features explain that ______________ have certain orders to be used in a sentence with other words.

'who did what to whom'.

Semantic roles tell us specifically 'who _____________________________________________'

collocation Ex. salt and pepper

Some words are most commonly found paired with other words, to create a semantic unit. These pairs are known as _____________

John Austin

Speech Acts is a term that was coined by philosopher _______

lexical relations

Synonymy, Antonymy, Hyponymy, Polysemy, Metonymy are all examples of what?

Pragmatics

Systematic way of explaining language use in context.

Prescriptive Approach (follows the Latin structure) Descriptive Approach (describe the structure of the native languages of North America)

The English language has mainly two types of approach for explaining the grammar

descriptive

The _____________ approach is the objective study of what speakers actually know

finite infinite

The grammar have a __________ number of rules and that helps to generate an _____________ number of well-formed structure.

Benefactive/ Recipient

The living entity that benefits from the action of an agent.

Hyponymy

The meaning of one form is included in the meaning of another.

doesn't

The negative of one member of a gradable pair (does/doesn't) necessarily imply the other.

Linguistic Context

The set of words or phrases used in a context

Context of an utterance consist of

The speaker The sentence which is uttered The act performed in the uttering of sentence- if she says "keep quiet" it's a comment between hearer and speaker and sentence meaning and act (voice and facial expression The hearer

Locatives

The specific place or location where an action or event happens or situated.

Deixis Example: this, that, now, then, I, we, you, she, there, here etc.

There are certain words which can not be interpreted unless the context is known

Linguistic context (Co-text) Physical context

There are two types of context, what are they?

Limitation of Semantic Features

This approach is applicable for a certain class of noun which exists in reality but there are some abstract concepts like, advice, threat, warning etc.

Constituent analysis

This approach is designed to show how small constituents in sentences go together to form larger constituents.

generative

This small and finite set of rules is described as _____________ grammar

Goal

To where

Theme/ Patient

To whom

Prescriptive Approach

Traditional grammar is __________ approach

before

Traditional grammar was (before/after) the advent of structural linguistics

Speech Acts

Type of action performed by speakers with their utterances

movement rules

Underlying or deep structure has a fixed word order

grammar or tree diagram.

We can explain this ambiguity with the help of __________________________________

Presupposition

What a speaker assumes is true or is known by a hearer

Descriptive

What approach is syntax based off of?

direct and indirect speech acts

What are the two types of speech acts?

past tense and plural forms of words (these are only 2 there are more) talk -> talkS -> talkER -> talked -> talkING

What can morphemes indicate?

affixes (re-, pre-, de-, -ed, -s)

What do bound morphemes tend to be? What are some examples of bound morphemes?

Helps us to generate certain grammatical structure repetitively

What does recursion help us do?

This was the oldest grammar and later the rules of this grammar was modeled for other languages

What happened to this "old grammar"

Thematic roles

Whats another name for semantic roles

Verb

Whats the obligatory part of a sentence?

etymologically

When talking about polysemy, all the words are considered to be _____________________ related

Greek and Latin

Where did ancient traditional grammar come from? (2 languages)

Physical Context

Where the conversation takes place What objects are present What actions are taking place

Patient/ Theme

Which is affected by the action, Something happens to it

Instrument

Which is used by the agent to perform the action

Recipient

Who benefited

Agent

Who did it

Experiencer

Who experienced (Emotion)

Agent

Who perform the action (intentionally)

auxiliary

Will is an ____________ verb

Instrument

With what

Semantic features

Word as a Container

Lexical relation (Relationship with other words)

Word as a member

Semantic roles

Word as a performer

roles

Words are not just 'containers' of meaning. They fulfill different ________ within a sentence.

Co-text

__________ influences our thought

Direct Example- 'open the door'

___________ speech act has direct relationship between the structure and its communicative function

Indirect Examples- 'Can you open the door for me'

____________ relation between the structure and the function

Antecedent

______________ is first time mentioned "a" or "an"

Homonyms ex. bank and bank (one means money bank and the other means river bank)

_______________ have separate meaning but identical form

Semantic

_______________ role is the underlying relationship that a participant has with the main verb in a sentence.

Homophones Ex. I and eye; bear and bare

________________ have same pronunciation but different spelling

allomorphs

a groups of different morphs, all versions of 1 morpheme

morphs cats -> cat (lexical) + -s (inflectional) buses -> bus (lex.) + -es (inflectional)

actual forms used to realize morphemes

morphology

analization of the basic elements used in a language

closed- cant freely add words

are functional morphemes open class or closed class?

open- we can add words to this type of class

are lexical morphemes an open class or closed class

abstract example-Go

are morphemes abstract or real representations?

real example- went

are morphs abstract or real representations?

Grammar

art of writing

derivational from a noun to a verb care (noun) + ful (derivational morpheme) = careful (adjective)

change the category of a word

functional morpheme examples- and, but, when, because, near, above, in, that, them

conjunctions, prepositions, articles, and pronouns

inflectional sing (verb) + -ing (inflectional morpheme)= singing -> sing to singing is still a verb

do not change category of a word

bound morphemes

forms that cant stand alone

new and tour

give an example of a free morpheme

plural marker (morpheme) can be broken down in 3 allomorphs -> -s, -es, -en

if the morpheme is plural marker, what are some examples of allomorphs?

jh

ihb

Ambiguous

knowing deep and surface level structures are useful for breaking what type of sentences?

oih

lkjbjk

morpheme

minimal unit of meaning or grammatical function

free morpheme

morpheme that can stand alone

questions "She will meet she at the station" -->" Will she meet me at the station"

movement rules can be helpful when constructing ________________

lexical morphemes examples- girl, tiger, yellow, long, break

ordinary nouns, verbs, adjectives, and adverbs

Charles Morris (1930)

pragmatics was coined by philosopher ___________

Semantikos

semantics comes from the Greek word _________________, means to show

Hyponymy

shows the relations between the general term and the specific instances of it.

agreement

the condition between the noun and its verb. It defines the relationship between the phrases within a sentence.

semantics

the study of meaning of human language

Temporal deixis

time- we can find out the "now and then" when you figure out the context

derivational and inflectional

what 2 categories can bound morphemes be broken into?

lexical and functional

what two categories can free morphemes be broken into?

that

what word is a complementizer

lexical relation (Words have relationship with each other)

words are described not in terms of component features, but in terms of relationship to other words.