COMM 1110 Midterm Study Guide UGA

What is rhetoric?

"Rhetoric is a mode of altering reality, not by the direct application of energy to objects, but by the creation of discourse which changes reality through the meditation of thought and action."

How do you structure an effective preview of main points?

"Today I would like to first tell you about__________, second about the ___________, and lastly about ____________."

Generally, what type of citational material should you include in an oral citation?

-2 to 3 pieces of citaitonal material (publication date, author/affiliated organization, title)

Which components of an introduction are essential and which are optional? How do you decide when to use these optional components?

-Attn getter -Link 2 topic -so what -credibility statement -thesis statement -preview of main points

Extemporaneous speaking

-Carefully prepared and conversational -organization rehersal requirement

What are some of the techniques for managing your anxiety before and during your speech?

-Cognitive restructuring -Positive self-talk & visualization -Preparation: audience analysis, outlining, mindfulness of oral style, & practice in similar conditions -Prep your body: deep breathing, food/water, & vocal warm-ups -Systematic desensitization

What are the components (verbal and nonverbal) of good extemporaneous delivery?

-Conversational speech is both natural and professional -Aim for atleast 80/20 eye contact (gazing at notecards vs. reading them) -Slightly vary your wording everytime you practice

What are the basic purposes of a conclusion?

-Emphasize the importance of your overall message -Aid the audiences memory of your main takeaway -Signal that the speech has come to a close

What are some general tips for presenting material in an informative matter?

-Explicitly define all key terms -Limit technical terminology -Avoid statements like "as you all know ...," "we all know ....," etc. -Use familiar information to make unfamiliar information understandable -Personalize your content

What are some of the concluding devices you could use in an informative speech? *What does it mean to have a conclusion that "comes full circle"?

-Give the audience a sense of closure -Bring the speech full circle! -Quotation, narrative, statistic, rhetorical question -Visualize the future -Summary (last resort strategy

What are the basic purposes of an introduction?

-Grab audience's attn -Convey the purpose of your speech -Establish your credability (competence, trustworthiness, goodwill) -Offer reasons why the audience should listen -Preview main ideas of your speech

How should you construct effective notecards?

-Include key words and phrases (quotes, stats, oral citations should be only exception) -Write on one side of notecards -Number them -Consider how notecards impact your nonverbals

Why are transitions important, and where do you use them in a speech?

-Indicated when you have finished one thought and your moving on to another -In between body para

What does it mean to be audience centered? What does it mean to understand public speaking as a dialogical activity?

-Meaning is co-created by the speaker and audience -Meaning is in people not words themselves -Meaning is built on shared experiences, perspective, knowledge, and values

Impromptu

-No advance preparation -Spontaneous and candid organization

How should you effectively practice your speech?

-Practice varying your volume, rate, pitch, and pauses in front of another person

What are the general feature of eulogia as a genre of rhetoric?

-Praise for the deceased -Self-disclosure of emotion -Promotion of problem-focused coping in the form of suggested actions -Promotion of emotion-focused coping in the form of positive reappraisal

What are the important components of an effective conclusion?

-Review of main points -Restatement of thesis -Concluding device

What is the three-step method for citing and presenting research orally?

-The citation, the research itself, and the explanation

What are the basic components of vocalics/ paralanguage, and why is vocal variety important?

-Volume -Pitch and inflection -Rate -Pauses Articulation and pronunciation Audience interpretations of your message are shaped by your word choice, nonverbals, and vocalics

Manuscript

-Word for Word preparation -Exact wording, eye contact, often uninterestring

How can you develop your ethos before and during your speech?

-acknowledge the audeince (prior to beginning your presentation, incorporate specific reference) -be upfront about your purpose

speaking from memory

...

According to contemporary psychology research ,at what age do accent-based biases become internalized as a part of one's self-concept?

Age of 10

During what stage in the speaking process do most people experience peak anxiety? (anticipation, confrontation, adaptation, or release)

Anticipatory stage

What have psychologists hypothesized is the reason for differences in accent-based biases amongst regional groups of children?

Because of influence of media and representation in dom culture

What are the three components of a rhetorical situation?

Exigence, Audience, Constraints

What are the four basic methods of speech delivery? What are some of the advantages and limitations of each method?

Impromptu, Extemporaneous, Manuscript, Speaking from Memory

What are the three central types of credibility?

Initial, derived, terminal

According to Aristotle, what are the three branches of oratory?

Judicial, deliberative, epideictic

What is an accent?

Mode of pronunciation of a language. Associated with nationality, ethnicity, social class, education level, etc

What is communication apprehension?

Physiological response to (real or perceived) evaluation in a communication context.

What is a serial position effect? How does the serial position effect impact the way you craft a speech?

Primacy- information that is presented first Recency- Information that is presented last Serial Position Effect- the notion that people remember the things at the beginning and end of a list

What different factors constrain topic selection?

Purpose, audience, context, and time frame

What does it mean to have balanced, seperate, and parallel-structured main points?

Separations- Information in separate points shouldn't overlap Balance- Talk the same amount about each point Parallel-structured- Structure things so they sound similar

Contrary to what one might assume, why is it good to have moderate levels of speaking anxiety?

So one has enthusiasm

What are some common organizational patterns used in informitive speeches?

Topical, chronological, spatial, compare and contrast

What are some of the different types of anxiety associated with communication?

Trait, context, audience, and situational anxiety

How should oral citations be distributed throughout your speech?

Uniformly

In the context of communication apprehension, what is the illusion of transparency?

a cognitive bias which describes the tendency to overestimate the degree to which other people know our mental state.

Trait Anxiety

apprehension about communicating with others in any situation - personality, generalizable across contexts and audiences

context anxiety

the anxiety prompted by specific communication contexts such as group discussions, interpersonal interactions, or public speaking - formality, uncertainty, novelty

audience anxiety

the communication apprehension prompted by specific types of audiences - similarity, relationship, size

What is ethos?

the name used by Aristotle for what modern students of communication refer to as credibility -Character and credibility -Artisitic mode of proof -Speech placement: the intro of the speech

situational anxiety

the normal anxiety people experience when they find themselves in a stressful situation - time, context, audience