Community Development and Planning Quiz 2

participation

1) Manipulation- the distortion of participation into a public relations vehicle by power holders. It is a type of nonparticipation. 2) Therapy- It is a dishonest and arrogant type of nonparticipation. The experts subject the citizens to clinical group therapy, and the focus is on curing the citizens' thought opposed to the thought itself 3) Informing- informing the citizens of their rights, responsibilities, and options can be the most important first step towards legitimate participation. It is a tokenism. 4) Consultation- invites citizens' opinions. This includes surveys, neighborhood meetings, and public hearings. Another tokenism. 5) Placation- Citizens begin to have influence through tokenism is still apparent. Placing a few hand picked worthy people on the board while dis-including others. 6) Partnership- power is redistributed through negotiation between citizens and power holders. They agree to share planning and decision making responsibilities. A type of citizen power. 7) Delegated power- citizen power that says negotiations between citizens and public officials can result in citizens achieving dominant decision-making authority over a particular plan or program. 8) Citizen control- citizen power, this is what Dudley Street wanted. Demands for community controlled schools, black control, and neighborhood control are on the increase. The citizens and residents are in charge of policy making, institution managing, and negotiations with outsiders. It is arranged in a ladder pattern that determines citizens' power in determining the end product.

Trashed and Burned

at the same time as all of the red lining and poverty, fires begin to start. Arson began to get popular to get insurance on businesses and property. The Neighborhood then loses its value and does not mean anything. Government and banks have no compelling reasons to continue to invest in the area. Disinvestment/triage occurs. It drove out low income residents, it gutted the building for rehabilitation, and the insurance provided tax free rehabilitation of the structure.

Type of participation Dudley Street wanted

citizen power, this is what Dudley Street wanted. Demands for community controlled schools, black control, and neighborhood control are on the increase. The citizens and residents are in charge of policy making, institution managing, and negotiations with outsiders. The residents wanted to develop and implement their own plan to reestablish their community. Then once the plan is developed they would approach the city which is an example of bottom up planning.

Urban

densely populated areas. Number of houses/people per square mile. a geographical area having a relatively high population, relatively high density, and diversity

Urban Renewal

for every house the gvt. destroys they will build another one. The housing was in bad shape, and residents of those areas were forced to relocate until their homes were rebuilt. However, more buildings were destroyed than created. These neighborhoods were then destroyed and left vacant. Low income and minorities were displaced. This turned into urban removal. Resistance to top down planning started to occur.

Urbanization

process of a place becoming urban, which would be an increase in density and population.

Rising Poverty

the urban removal caused a rise in poverty. due to the drainage of manufacturing jobs and greater government subsidies elsewhere, the cities started to redevelop their downtowns. The bulk of development in Boston was in large office and retail projects carried out by white-owned businesses instead of the black minority businesses that were located in Dudley Street.

Segregated Suburbanization

As the 20th century began, industry left cities to set up mass assembly plants where manufacturers could pay lower taxes and land prices and avoid labor unions. This started the process of segregated suburbinization. it was voluntary and enforced by laws at the local, state, and federal level. In the 1950s/60s, people start to expand outward into suburban areas. They did this because of the gvt. wanted to provide housing for veterans who were returning from World War 2. Suburbs had new housing, new jobs, and new businesses which was considered the American dream. Most of the soldiers took this opportunity. This left vacancies in areas like Dudley Street. segregated suburbanization took a toll on Boston and other cities as population and jobs moved away.The gvt. Then turned to a urban renewal program to make inner cities suitable to live in.

Planning Process

First step- determining what the problem is and how big it is (vision) Second step- data collection Third step- data analysis Fourth step- generate alternatives to solve the problem Fifth step- select the best alternative Sixth step- implementation of the best alternative Seventh step- evaluation - determining sets of goals and objectives and how to get there. Figuring out what you want and how to get there.

How the DSNI began

How it started and starting a new beginning: It all started by a survey of a neighborhood by a Roxbury community college professor. The class gathers their surveys together and gets the community together to give them the information. Neighborhood meeting were organized to tell the results of the study. Alonza commissioned a study for MIT and recommended strategies on how to build up the strength of the community. The study emphasized the building of the assets. This reclaimed open space for gardens and acquired land trust. The constitution of the meetings changed the image of the community which was very surprising. The director La Alianza Hispana applied to the Riley Foundation to search for funds to reestablish the community. The Riley Foundation, a charitable trust, said that they would give them the grant, but they wanted to see the impact of what happens. In 1984, a trustee of the Riley foundation drove to roxbury to visit the areas of Dudley Street which included La Alianza. During that visit the riley visitors noticed the worn and torn carpet in one of the classrooms. It was right then and there that the trustees realized that this community needed funding to get back on its feet. The carpeting became the start of a larger initiative to bring respect to the people of Dudley. la Alianza then responded and allowed them to study the area so that appropriate funds would be allocated, which would be 2 million by 1989. Then the advisory committee is created. There was an immediate effort to rotate responsibility and make sure the initiative was not seen as either latino or black dominated. The advisory group established an organization and set up an ad hoc governance committee to define its structure. The drawing of geographical boundaries was a controversial matter that might have split a less committed group. There was a big focus to solve the issue of the vacant land first and foremost. They established definitions of core and secondary areas to better prioritize which boundaries were more vital to reform. Finally the organization is officially developed and a board is appointed. It was given the name Dudley Street Neighborhood Initiative. The BRA Dudley Square Plan is then developed and the threat of population loss, housing abandonment, and disinvestment. It could lead to displacement of residents which drove fear into the residents. However, they did not include the community into the advisory group. The meeting was dominated by organizations which did not accurately represent the residents of the community. Dudley Street wanted to be a key player in their own development. How could it be community based if it were not resident controlled- quote by Che in the movie. Don't Dump on Us- This is the organization that was developed. Che was elected to the first board. They hired a director after they received funds. Did a lot of door knocking and the vacant lots were the number one concern of the residents. Garbage was constantly being dumped in these vacant lots. By going door to door, people got together to address a common issue that they all wanted to solve. Empowerment begins to take place because the residents are tired of people dumping where they live. Protests began and the Don't Dump on Us campaign looked like a winnable issue. Citizens Control- planners came from outside and wanted rebuild the community which became known as urban renewal that eventually became urban removal. High up organizations developed the Dudley Square Plan which frightened residents of Dudley. There was no representation. The board of residents hired urban planners to consult about the issue. The redevelopment plan included making jobs, improving services, and provide affordable housing. the city adopted their plan. There is vacant land and that land can be taken by the redevelopment party (the city of Boston). This made the residents of Dudley Street fearful. The DSNI's legal expertise told them that they could have the same power to take public and private property and use it for use. Then they went to the city and used political pressure and gained authority and became the first organization in America to gain eminent domain. The pride of the community Breaking ground- after gaining the power of eminent domain, the DSNI after 4 years achieved funding of $2 million to break ground and started to build houses, adopt better education programs, and establish new jobs. overall- Searched for a new beginning A Riley foundation got involved that made a difference A Dudley Advisory Group is organized Boundaries are set The BRA Dudley Square Plan takes effect- top down planning which puts fear of displacement into the residents This brought about the neighborhood initiative A new leadership structure emerged and a board of directors began to take charge. Then the community begins to get organized and bottom up planning begins

Divided Development

How the area developed over time and how the city was originally settled and different cultures that were in different areas. The racial, ethnic, and religious divide created the footprint we see today in American cities. How the city developed. As the areas of Boston developed filled in, people spread out and different neighborhoods developed. Middle income group were forced to the south (not sure on page 8-9). By 1845 most areas were fixed, the wealthy moved to the rural suburbs, the middle class were in the south and outskirts, and the poor settled in the east which shows a clear pattern of ethnic, racial, and economic divide of where the neighborhoods were. 1850 Boston is the most segregated city. Irish immigrated in 1845. Ethnic immigration and income segregation which was a process that described the pattern that was occurring. 1870-80s- Irish were the largest immigrant group. In the 1880s, 75,000 Jews replace the early Irish population which was a process of neighborhood, racial, and ethnic change.

That neighborhood doesn't matter

The city policy and other kinds of large scale things such as the ones I have listed systematically crippled the community of Dudley street into nothing. It was the city, not the residents, which had disinvested in the neighborhood and was unwilling to commit to its improvement. That would change in the 1980s however due to the Dudley Street neighborhood Initiative.

Boom and Bust

boom starts in the 1800s to the 1950s. The bust begins in the 1950s and fires start. Different people moving in, businesses begin to disappear. How the city developed. 1900s-1920, there was ethnic conflict that were living within the city. There was a flight of whites to suburbs. Black, Catholics, Irish, and Italians begin to come to Dudley Street in the 1950s. In the 60s Hispanics are added to that list. And in the 70s, the Cape Viridian move in. Shows how the demographic changed. However, the 1950s was the turning point and the bust begins. The city burned literally and figuratively. Between 1950-1980, the population in Dudley Street dropped 50%. Educational segregation, housing segregation, political gerrymandering, and the creation of the black ghetto. Institutions, laws, and policies, played a major role in the bust of the city. The number of businesses dropped about 20 businesses per 10 years between the years of 1950-1980, which is a major example of a bust. Segregated suburbanization, Urban renewal, rising poverty, Redlining, Trashed and Burned, that neighborhood doesn't matter brought about this change in Dudley Street and causes of the bust period.

Social Capital

it involves the interconnection between networks and the gain in trust and cooperation between organizations and people in order to further develop the community. The reciprocity, trust, cooperation, and market agents produce goods and services not mainly for themselves, but for the common good.

Redlining

the practice by which lenders and insurers brand certain neighborhoods as areas where they will not lend or supply insurance- or more subtly, offer loans and insurance only at exorbitant premiums and interest rates.

Blockbusting

the practice of persuading owners to sell property cheaply because of the fear of people of another race or class moving into the neighborhood, and thus profiting by reselling at a higher price. This put the fear into people that were living in Dudley Street that forced them to move out out of fear. Having a lot of for sale signs on the block is considered an example of block busting.

Redlining

this was a main reason for the rising poverty rate. Government, banks, and insurance programs did not allocate the necessary resources to Dudley Street which in turn led the community development downhill. A practice where the lending institutions, bank, they draw a line around a place and refuse to make loans to that place due to the low income and poverty of the area. Blacks and Latinos were two to three times as likely to be denied mortgage loans as whites. In fact, high-income minorities were more likely to be turned down than low income whites. Made it difficult to acquire properties in that area. Redlining was not declared illegal until 1960. Blockbusting occurred which put the fear into people that were living in Dudley Street that forced them to move out of fear. Having a lot of for sale signs on the block is considered an example of block busting.