Comparative Management and Leadership Ch. 12-14

Identify a true statement about authoritarian leadership.

One-way communication from manager to subordinate is used.

Identify the most basic need of human beings according to a Chinese hierarchy of needs.

Social or belonging

Match the basic philosophical positions of multinational corporations (MNCs) that can influence training programs (in the left column) with their descriptions (in the right column).

A polycentric MNC: It places local nationals in important positions and permits these managers to appoint and develop their own people. A regiocentric MNC: It depends on local managers from a particular geographic area to manage operations in and around that area. A geocentric MNC: It seeks to integrate diverse regions of the world through a global approach to decision making.

Match the basic philosophical positions of multinational corporations (MNCs) that can influence training programs (in the left column) with their features (in the right column).

A polycentric MNC: Its headquarters provides the subsidiary managers with the authority to handle their operations just as long as these operations are sufficiently profitable. A regiocentric MNC: It often depends on territorial group cooperation of local managers. A geocentric MNC: It formulates assignments based on qualifications, and all subsidiary managers throughout the structure are considered equal to those at the headquarters.

Identify the first step that is typically taken by well-designed cultural training programs.

A translator and local instructors examine written training materials or observe the pilot training program.

Identify the problems that can be minimized by training the overseas managers of an organization.

Arrogance which takes a number of forms, including rudeness to personnel and inaccessibility to clients

In the context of international management, match the types of leaders (in the left column) with their descriptions (in the right column).

Authentic leaders: They concentrate mainly on internal aspects, such as motivators, morals, values, etc. Transformational leaders: Their key focus is on how they motivate others.

Identify the culturally endorsed implicit leadership (CLT) dimensions of leadership behaviors that have been identified by Global Leadership and Organizational Behavior Effectiveness (GLOBE) researchers.

Autonomous leadership Charismatic/value-based leadership Participative leadership Team-oriented leadership

According to Kent Keith, which of the following are the key practices of servant-leadership approach?

Changing the organizational pyramid Developing colleagues and coaching instead of controlling Listening, self-awareness, and foresight Unleashing the intelligence and energy of others

Ken is the manager of an IT firm. His subordinates respect him and are inspired by his charming personality and friendly nature. In this example, Ken exemplifies a(n) ______ leader.

Charismatic

Match the culturally endorsed implicit leadership (CLT) dimensions of leadership behaviors determined by Global Leadership and Organizational Behavior Effectiveness (GLOBE) researchers (in the left column) with the corresponding descriptions (in the right column).

Charismatic/Value-Based leadership: It captures leaders' abilities to encourage, inspire, and motivate high performance outcomes from others based on a foundation of core values. Team-Oriented leadership: It focuses on effective team building and implementation of a common objective among team members. Participative leadership: It reflects the extent to which leaders include others in decisions and their implementation. Humane-Oriented leadership: It includes considerate and supportive leadership. Autonomous leadership: It refers to individualistic and independent leadership behaviors. Self-Protective leadership: It emphasizes ensuring the security and safety of an individual and group through face-saving and status-enhancement.

Which of the following statements are true about the special incentive programs that are provided to expatriates for overseas assignments?

Companies are attracting expats through perks like covering immigration-related costs such as relocation, housing, and travel, and also offering dependent support. A growing number of firms have dropped ongoing premiums and replaced it with a one-time, lump-sum premium.

Identify the most common reasons that an expatriate returns home from overseas assignments without completing them according to a 2015 study by Brookfield Global Relocation Services.

Concerns related to his or her family Restructuring of a company

End of Chapter 13

End

Which of the following statements are true about the leadership style followed in Japan?

Evaluation is very slow, and major promotions may not come for the first 10 years. Layoffs are rare, and people are often employed for life. People become familiar with all areas of operations by rotating from one area to another. Decision making is carried out by groups, and responsibility is shared collectively.

True or false: A research called the "New Generation" of Chinese organizational leaders found that the new generation group scored the same on individualism as the current and older generation groups.

False

True or false: According to Tichy and Cohen, learning organizations are more relevant than teaching organizations.

False

True or false: According to a study on international management, females' desire for participative leadership remains unaffected by gender egalitarianism.

False

Match the interrelated factors that characterize transformational leaders as identified by Bass (in the left column) with their descriptions (in the right column).

Idealized influence: Transformational leaders align their followers by providing a vision or common purpose that is willingly accepted by the latter. Inspirational motivation: Transformational leaders effectively articulate their beliefs, vision, and mission in clear-cut ways. Intellectual stimulation: Transformational leaders persuade their followers to question old paradigms and to accept new views of the world about how things now need to be done. Individualized consideration: Transformational leaders recognize and elevate their followers' needs and further their development.

Match the areas that were given importance by the respondents of the research called the "New Generation" of Chinese organizational leaders (in the left column) with their descriptions (in the right column).

Individualism: It was measured by the importance attached to personal accomplishments and self-sufficiency. Collectivism: It was measured by the willingness of a person to subordinate personal objectives to those of the work group with a focus on group harmony and sharing. Confucianism: It was measured by the importance the respondent assigned to personal and interpersonal harmony, virtuous interpersonal behavior, and societal harmony.

Match the host-country or countries (in the left column) to the negative managerial behavior attribute (in the right column).

Indonesia: Engages in unfair discrimination Mexico: Practices favoritism Mexico: Does not understand employee values and traditions Indonesia and the United States: Flaunts power

Which of the following statements are true about the relationship between leadership styles and gender?

Industry type and gender egalitarianism were important moderators of the gender-leadership prototype relationship. Female managers opted for charismatic, participative, and team-oriented leadership prototype dimensions more than males. Both males and females gave importance to humane-oriented leadership equally.

Identify the true statements about an expatriate's base salary in the context of international management.

It is usually paid in local currency, home currency, or a combination of both. It is typically set in accordance with the base pay of the home country. It is the standard against which benefits and bonuses are calculated.

Identify a true statement about human resources.

It leads to company success in the market when organizations have a positive organizational structure.

With respect to international management, which of the following are true of offshore outsourcing?

It offers significant opportunities for lower overhead and cost savings. It proves beneficial for firms that offer services on a contract basis.

In the context of international management, which of the following is a true statement about anticipatory adjustment?

It takes place before an expatriate leaves for an overseas assignment.

Identify the specific characteristics that are associated with leadership.

Maturity Taking initiative

Match the types of management (in the left column) with their descriptions related to decision making (in the right column).

Middle Eastern management: Decisions are typically made at the highest level of management, and it involves ad hoc planning. Western management: There are sophisticated planning techniques, elaborate management information systems, and modern tools of decision making.

Match the types of management (in the left column) with their personnel policies (in the right column).

Middle Eastern management: It highly depends on personal contacts and getting people from the "right social origin" to fill important positions. Western management: It has sound personnel management policies and usually bases its selection decisions on candidates' qualifications.

Rex is the general manager of a multinational corporation (MNC). Mira, one of the firm's overseas managers, returns to the home country after completing her formally agreed-on tour of duty at the overseas branch. Identify the steps that should be taken by Rex to help Mira adjust during this transitional phase. (Check all that apply.)

Mira should be provided with a thorough debriefing by a facilitator to identify new knowledge, insights, and skills. Mira should be offered international outplacement.

Identify true statements about the relationship between cultural values and leadership attributes examined by the Global Leadership and Organizational Behavior Effectiveness (GLOBE) researchers.

Participative and Charismatic/Value-Based leader attributes were positively related to Gender Egalitarian values. Charismatic/Value-Based leadership and Team-Oriented leadership were positively associated with In-Group Collectivism II values. Participative and Self-Protective leadership behaviors were likely to be viewed positively by Collectivism I values.

In the context of Abraham Maslow's need hierarchy, arrange the basic needs of human beings in an ascending order. (Place the most basic need on top.)

Physiological Safety Social Esteem Self Acutalization

The study and application of positively oriented human resource strengths and psychological capacities that can be measured, developed, and effectively managed for performance improvement in today's workplace is known as ___ ___ ___ (POB)

Positive Organizational Behavior

____ theories of motivation explain work motivation in terms of how the behavior of employees is initiated, redirected, and stopped.

Process

_____ theories of motivation explain work motivation in terms of how the behavior of employees is initiated, redirected, and stopped.

Process

Leader status is earned through ____

Respect

In the context of the research done by Haire and associates, identify true statements about the attitudes of European managers toward leadership.

Respondents from large firms were more supportive of sharing of objectives and information, use of internal control, and participation than those from small firms. Younger managers were more likely to have democratic values when it came to leadership and initiative capacity and sharing information and goals than older managers.

In an organizational context, in which of the following ways can self-actualization needs be satisfied?

Setting and achieving personal goals and mastering one's environment

In the context of international management, match the cultural values (in the left column) with the associated leader attributes (in the right column).

Societal uncertainty avoidance values: They were positively related to self-protective, team-oriented, and humane-oriented leader attributes. Societal humane orientation values: They were positively related to participative leader attributes. Societal assertiveness values: They were positively related to humane-oriented leader attributes.

Identify the ways through which a multinational corporation (MNC) can deal with the repatriation of expatriate employees.

Spouses of the employees should be assisted with job counseling, résumé writing, and interviewing techniques. Support should be established to facilitate family reintegration, and educational counseling should be provided for the employees' children. Counseling or workshops should be offered to the employees to ease the adjustment. An event should be arranged to welcome and recognize the employees and their families.

Which of the following are the human resource management (HRM) factors illustrated by Sparrow and Budhwar that differentiate countries from each other? (Check all that apply.)

Structural empowerment Accelerated resource development An efficiency emphasis

Match the human resource management (HRM) factors illustrated by Sparrow and Budhwar that differentiate countries from each other (in the left column) with their features (in the right column).

Structural empowerment: Wide spans of control, the use of flexible cross-functional teams, flat organization designs, and the rewarding of individuals for productivity gains Accelerated resource development: The establishment of both multiple and parallel career paths, the early identification of high-potential employees, the rewarding of personnel for enhancing their skills and knowledge, and the offering of continuous training and development education Employee welfare emphasis: Companies offering personal family assistance, promoting organizational cultures that emphasize equality in the workplace, and encouraging and rewarding external volunteer activities An efficiency emphasis: Employees who are motivated to monitor their own work and to continually improve their performance Long-termism: Laying emphasis on innovation and creativity rather than weekly and monthly short-term productivity

Identify a true statement about an ethnocentric multinational corporation (MNC).

The MNC headquarters group and the affiliated world company managers have the same fundamental experiences, attitudes, and beliefs about the ways to manage operations.

Match the approaches that can be used to formulate the compensation package for expatriates for their overseas assignments (in the left column) with their descriptions (in the right column).

The balance-sheet approach: It involves ensuring that the expatriates do not lose money by taking the assignments and that they are made whole. The negotiation approach: It involves making a special, ad hoc arrangement that is accepted by both the company providing incentives and the expatriates. The lump-sum method: It involves giving the expatriates a preplanned amount of money and allowing them to make their own decisions regarding how to spend it. The cafeteria approach: It involves providing the expatriates a series of choices and letting them determine the ways to spend the available funds. The regional system: It involves setting a compensation structure for all the expatriates who are assigned to a particular location.

Which of the following are characteristics that organizations examine to determine if a person will be capable of working as an overseas manager?

The capability of solving problems from different perspectives and within different frameworks Recent immigration heritage or background Knowledge of foreign languages and previous overseas travel Consideration for the fine print of differences of politics, religion, ethics, and culture

Arrange the leaders who were considered less effective than transformational leaders by Bass in decreasing order of their effectiveness. (Place the most effective leader at the top.)

The contingent reward (CR) leader The active management-by-exception (MBE-A) leader The passive management-by-exception (MBE-P) leader The laissez-faire (LF) leader

Match the leaders who were considered less effective than transformational leaders by Bass (in the left column) with their descriptions (in the right column).

The contingent reward (CR) leader: This leader clarifies what needs to be done and gives both material and psychic rewards to those who follow his or her directives. The active management-by-exception (MBE-A) leader: This leader supervises the performance of followers and takes corrective action when deviations from standards occur. The passive management-by-exception (MBE-P) leader: This leader intervenes or takes actions in circumstances only when standards are not met. The laissez-faire (LF) leader: This leaders avoids accepting responsibility for or intervening in the actions of followers.

Identify the most common reason that expatriates return home from overseas assignments.

The formally agreed-on tour of duty is completed.

Which of the following is a problem that can be minimized by providing training to the overseas managers of an organization?

The open criticism by expatriate managers of their own country or the host country

British managers tend to use a highly participative leadership approach for which of the following reasons.

The political background of the country favors such an approach. Most top British managers are not highly involved in the day-to-day affairs of the business.

Which of the following are factors that influence anticipatory adjustment when an expatriate goes on an overseas assignment?

The previous experience the expatriate may have had with countries with similar cultures or with the assigned country The pre-departure training that the expatriate receives

In the context of cultural assimilators, identify the conditions that must be met by a situation to be classified as a critical incident.

The situation is likely to be misinterpreted by an expatriate or is puzzling. A host national and an expatriate interact in the situation.

In the context of Maslow's need hierarchy, identify the true statements about the social needs of human beings. (Check all that apply.)

They can be satisfied through interaction within work groups in which individuals give and receive friendship. They can be fulfilled in formally as well as informally assigned work groups.

Which of the following statements are true about process theories of motivation? (Check all that apply.)

They have a tendency to emphasize individual behavior in specific settings. They are more sophisticated by nature than contact theories of motivation. They have less value to the study of employee motivation in international scenarios.

Identify the true statements about high achievers according to researchers such as the late Harvard psychologist David McClelland. (Check all that apply.)

They have less empathy for the problems of others. They seek concrete feedback on their performance. They are unable to form warm, close relationships. They exhibit a tendency to be loners.

Which of the following is true of Theory X managers?

They hold that coercion and threats of punishment must be used to get people to work.

Identify the true statements about the qualities that authentic leaders must possess.

They must possess positive psychological aspects, such as confidence and optimism. They should have positive morals to guide them through leadership processes. They must ensure that their actions are congruous with ultimate goals. They should ensure that their behaviors and processes are virtuous and reflect their inherent positive moral values.

Identify a true statement about physiological needs of human beings in the context of work motivation.

They often are fulfilled through the salaries and wages provided by an organization.

According to Tu and Sullivan, identify the activities that the applicants should complete during phase three of the preparation for international assignments. (Check all that apply.)

They should consult with their colleagues who have had experience in the assigned region. They should attend training sessions that their companies provide. They should visit the host country with their spouses before the formally scheduled departure, if feasible. They should talk to foreign nationals and expatriates about the assigned country.

Which of the following are true of young managers in multinational corporations?

They show a lot of appreciation for other cultures and are worldly. They show eagerness for international assignments.

Identify the key personal characteristics that entrepreneurs possess.

They tend to violate the established rules They have the ability to see things differently. They seem to be more innovative and creative than nonentrepreneurs.

Identify the true statements about positive organizations.

They try to match the skills and talents of employees with organizational expectations and goals. They concentrate on the selection, development, and management of human resources.

Tim is a human resource (HR) executive in a multinational corporation (MNC). The MNC plans to open a new overseas branch. Tim is required to select an overseas manager for the new branch. In this scenario, which of the following should he consider to determine whether an individual is eligible to be the overseas manager?

Tim should examine if the individual can integrate with different types of business organizations, people, and cultures. Tim should examine if the individual can sense and accurately evaluate developments in the host country. Tim should examine if the individual can manage operations continuously even with gaps in information and lack of assistance.

What is the leader's role regarding team members?

To guide them To motivate them

Identify the organizational reasons for training people for overseas assignments.

To increase overall efficiency and profitability To enhance the flow of communication between the home office and the international subsidiaries and branches

A future trend identified in the BGRS survey is the emergence of "cross-border" commuters, employees who regularly move back and forth between countries.

True

True or false: A cultural assimilator is created for each pair of cultures in an organization.

True

True or false: A valid test or selection technique measures what it is intended to measure.

True

True or false: According to some organizational-behavior academics, it is not certain if Frederick Herzberg developed a total theory of motivation.

True

True or false: Entrepreneurial leaders operating internationally must have the global mindset, cultural sensitivity, and international vision to effectively lead their venture.

True

Match the host-country or countries (in the left column) to the positive managerial behavior attribute (in the right column).

United States: Shows loyalty to employees Indonesia: Provides regular feedback Mexico: Flexible to individual employee needs United States and Indonesia: Is honest with employees United States and Mexico: Shows respect to employees Indonesia and Mexico: Provides clear work expectations

Match the organizational management terms (in the left column) with their descriptions (in the right column).

Variety Amplification: It is the analysis of many alternatives regarding future action and the creation of uncertainty. Variety Reduction: It is the focusing of action on a limited number of alternatives and the limiting of uncertainty.

Match the organizational management techniques (in the left column) with the countries where the executives are taught these techniques (in the right column).

Variety amplification: Japan Variety reduction: US

In the context of international management, when are home-country nationals used in companies?

When a company perceives its foreign operation to be short lived When a company believes that it must maintain a foreign image in a host country When a host country has a multiracial population When managerial talent is unavailable in a host country

The importance of work in an individual's life relative to other areas of interest is known as ____ ____

Work Centrality

Identify the points of focus in authoritarian leadership.

Work procedures Work progress Obstacles to goal attainment

Identify the philosophical assumptions of Theory X leaders or managers. (Check all that apply.)

Workers like to be directed, try to avoid responsibility, and have little ambition. People dislike work by their very nature and will avoid it whenever possible. Job security is the primary need of employees.

A basic assumption on which Abraham Maslow's hierarchy-of-needs theory is based is that ____

a higher-level need can be satisfied in more ways than a lower-level need

Which of the following are included in the top four qualities demanded in advertisements in Sweden?

ability to cooperate leadership ability independence

In the context of international management, the ability of a person whereby he or she can influence people to act in a particular way is called ____

leadership

What is the most demanded quality in advertising executives in Germany?

leadership ability

The acquisition of skills, knowledge, and abilities that result in a relatively permanent change in behavior is known as ____

learning

In international management, an approach to developing an expatriate compensation package that involves paying the expatriate a salary comparable to that of local nationals is known as _____

localization

In the context of the types of managers that emerged in China after the 1949 revolution, unlike the Reds, the Experts ____

placed importance on technical skills

Job designs that blend personnel and technology are known as ____ designs

sociotechnical

Ethnocentrism is common in several large multinational corporations (MNCs) where managers think that ____

the approach of home office to doing business can be exported intact to all other countries

What are some of the differences between Indian managers and Anglo-American managers?

the sharing of information leadership objectives

In the context of cultural assimilators, a condition that must be fulfilled by a situation to be classified as a critical incident is that ____

the situation is relevant to the task or mission requirements of an expatriate

A true statement about young managers in multinational corporations is that ____

they are the least developed in technical skills and management experience

In the context of international management, managers who are citizens of countries other than the country in which a multinational country is headquartered or the one in which the managers are assigned to work by the multinational country are called ____-____ nationals.

third-country

The process of altering employee behavior and attitudes in a way that increases the probability of goal attainment is known as ____

training

Identify the reasons why home-country nationals are used in international management. (Check all that apply.)

A company's belief that a home-country manager is the best person for the job The requirement for maintaining and facilitating organizational control and coordination The unavailability of managerial talent in the host country The company's view of the foreign operation as short-lived

Identify a true statement about the lump-sum premiums that expatriates receive for overseas assignments.

A growing number of firms have dropped the ongoing premium for overseas assignments and replaced it with a one-time, lump-sum premium.

Match the country cluster (in the left column) to the motivational differences when accepting foreign assignments (in the right column).

Anglo cluster: Individual achievement Japanese cluster: Earnings opportunities and challenge Northern European clusters: Job accomplishment South American clusters: Fringe benefits

According to Tu and Sullivan, which of the following are the activities that should be completed during phase two of the preparation that applicants for international assignments should carry out?

Applicants should begin learning the customs, etiquette, and language of the region where they will be posted. Applicants should conduct a match for technical skills to make sure that their skills match those required for the job. Applicants should develop an awareness of the value systems and culture of the geographic area where they will be posted. Applicants should let their superiors know that they are interested in an overseas assignment

Which of the following qualities are needed to be a servant-leader?

Empathy, healing, and listening Persuasion, conceptualization, and awareness Growth and building community Stewardship and foresight

End of Chapter 12

End

True or false: In the context of international management, all authentic leaders are inherently transformational.

False

True or false: Individual charismatic abilities and traits of a transformational leader are considered unimportant.

False

True or false: Multinational corporations are unable to develop their global core competencies because of the use of inpatriates or inpats.

False

True or false: Multinational corporations mostly refrain from using host-country managers at the middle- and lower-level ranks.

False

In the context of international management, identify the factors that are evaluated by companies in adaptability screening.

How well a family can adapt to a new climate and culture How well a family can resist stress How close-knit a family is

Identify the interrelated factors that characterize transformational leaders according to Bass.

Individualized consideration Idealized influence Inspirational motivation Intellectual stimulation

Identify the true statements about expectancy theory. (Check all that apply.)

It exhibits the impression of being bound by culture. It is based on employees having substantial control over their environment.

In the context of international management, which of the following statements is true of in-country adjustment?

It is carried out once an expatriate is on site for an assignment.

Identify true statements about the system of using financial incentives to motivate employees. (Check all that apply.)

It is especially common in countries that have high individualism. It is designed to stress equity.

In the context of international management, identify a true statement about an expatriate's base salary.

It is the amount of money that is normally received by the expatriate in the home country.

Identify a term that means "job burnout" or "overwork" in Japanese.

Karoshi

Which of the following statements are true about the leadership style followed in the United States? (Check all that apply.)

Layoffs are common, and employment is usually short term. People tend to stay in one area for their entire careers, and their careers are very specialized. Evaluation and promotion are very rapid, and those not quickly promoted look for employment elsewhere.

Identify the true statements about the Japanese leadership style. (Check all that apply.)

Management's concern extends to the whole life, social and business, of a worker. People depend heavily on goodwill and trust, and control mechanisms are very implicit and informal.

Which of the following trends in the context of overseas assignments were identified in the 2021 BGRS survey?

Many companies indicated their intention to better align their business functions and increase their investment in technology as they redesign and improve mobile assignments for future employees. Expatriate assignments in emerging locations continue as MNCs leverage talent for global success. Employees are questioning the personal and professional value of an overseas assignment, especially if such assignments have little influence in helping them advance in their careers.

Rex is the general manager of a multinational corporation (MNC). Mira, one of the firm's overseas managers, returns to the home country after completing her formally agreed-on tour of duty at the overseas branch. Identify the steps that should be taken by Rex to help Mira adjust during this transitional phase.

Mira should be provided with a thorough debriefing by a facilitator to identify new knowledge, insights, and skills. Mira should be offered international outplacement.

Identify the true statements about the U.S. leadership style. (Check all that apply.)

People know specifically what to control and how to do it, and control mechanisms are very explicit. Management is concerned basically with only the work life of individuals. Responsibility is assigned to individuals, and an individual manager is responsible for decision making.

In the context of international management, match the cultural values (in the left column) with the leader attributes associated with them (in the right column).

Performance Orientation values: They were positively related to Charismatic/Value-Based and Participative leader attributes. Future Orientation values: They were positively related to Humane-Oriented and Self-Protective leader attributes.

Match the different allowances that are part of expatriate compensation packages (in the left column) with their descriptions (in the right column).

Relocation allowances: They usually include moving, shipping, and storage charges that are related to clothing, personal furniture, and other items that expatriates and their families will take to their new assignments. Education allowances: They cover costs such as enrollment fees, books, supplies, transportation, school uniforms, tuition, room, and board. Hardship allowances: They are designed to encourage expatriates to work in an area with a poor quality of life or in hazardous areas.

Rehan is an overseas manager of a reputed multinational company. After serving the company for three years, he decides to return to his home country. In this scenario, Rehan's return to his home country is referred to as ______.

Repatriation

Which of the following are factors that influence in-country adjustment when an expatriate goes on an overseas assignment?

The ability to cultivate effective socialization skills The ability of his or her family to adjust to the demands of a new overseas assignment and his or her toughness in dealing with a whole new cultural experience The culture of an organization and how well the expatriate can adjust to it and the job held by him or her The ability to have a positive outlook in a high-pressure situation, to correctly evaluate the host country's cultural values, and to interact well with host nationals

Which of the following are true of using third-country nationals (TCNs)?

The benefit package and salary is usually less as compared to that of a home-country national. TCNs may speak the same language as the local people or have a very good working knowledge of the region.

In the context of quality of work life (QWL), which of the following statements are true of Swedish organizational policies? (Check all that apply.)

There is low uncertainty avoidance. The power-distance index is weak. Employees exhibit a moderate-to-high degree of individualism. Individual decision making is emphasized.

Identify the distinct characteristics of authentic leaders as suggested by Shamir and Eilam.

They act based on individual values and passion. They are driven from internal forces. They guide based on personal beliefs and are unique. They are true to themselves and do not fake their actions.

Which of the following statements are true about content theories of motivation?

They analyze work motivation in general terms. They explain work motivation in terms of what arouses, energizes, or initiates employee behavior.

Which of the following statements is true of authentic leaders?

They are defined by an all-inclusive package of credits, styles, behaviors, and personality traits.

Which of the following is true of tailor-made management training programs?

They are developed for the specific requirements of participants.

Which of the following is a characteristic of standardized management training programs?

They are often adopted by small companies.

Which of the following are true of international selection criteria in management?

They are often based on culture. They are influenced by the experience of a multinational corporation.

Which of the following statements are true of servant-leaders?

They are viewed as humble stewards of the resources of their organization. They give priority attention to their colleagues' needs and the needs of those they serve.

Which of the following is a true statement about third-country nationals (TCNs)?

They can bring unique cross-cultural skills to a business relationship and can demonstrate a transnational or global image.

Identify the true statements about third-country national (TCN) managers.

They have an in-depth understanding of the policies of corporations from a foreigner's perspective. They can substitute for expatriates in new and growing operations during periods of rapid expansion.

Identify the true statements about authentic leaders.

They perform above the standards that are expected. They must avoid simply acting out a part for superiors. They must lead by example and encourage followers to display leadership qualities. They must refrain from remaining stagnant and must sustain innovation.

According to a study, why were the Japanese unique in their motivational differences when accepting foreign assignments?

They placed high value on earnings opportunities but low value on advancement. They placed strong emphasis on working in a friendly, efficient department and having good physical working conditions. They were high on challenge but low on autonomy.

In the context of an organization, what is the primary personal reason for training overseas managers?

To enhance their ability to communicate effectively with local people in general and with their personnel in particular

True or false: Job design is usually a function of the job to be done and the way in which management desires it to be done.

True

True or false: Research shows that firms that closely tie their training and human resource management strategy to their business strategy tend to outperform those that do not.

True

True or false: The goal of sociotechnical designs is to enable workers to increase overall productivity by integrating new technology into the workplace.

True

True or false: Training is significant in preparing employees for overseas assignments as it helps ensure that their full potential will be tapped.

True

True or false: Under housing allowances, those going on overseas assignments are sometimes helped by multinational corporations with the lease or sale of the house they are leaving behind.

True

True or false: Work centrality facilitates significant understanding of the ways in which human resources can be motivated in different cultures.

True

The _____ philosophy, which emphasizes values and practices that make people more authentic human beings, sets forth the characteristics of an ideal leader in the African context.

Ubuntu

Which of the following cultural dimensions identified by Hofstede best describe high-achieving societies? (Check all that apply.)

Uncertainty avoidance Masculinity

Which of the following terms refers to the quality of being effective, of producing the desired results?

Validity

In international management, the process of assessing how well a family is likely to stand up to the stress and rigors of overseas life is called ____ ____

adaptability screening

Which of the following are among the human resources management practices that contribute to a positive organizational structure?

allowing flexible work schedules, including work-from-home options recognizing the potential in employees and encouraging teamwork providing incentives such as competitive salaries, good benefits, promotions, training, and education opportunities

Unlike job-content factors, job-context factors ____

are controlled by an organization

In the context of the two-factor motivation theory, unlike motivators, hygiene factors ____

are environmental in nature

In the context of the two-factor motivation theory, unlike hygiene factors, motivators ____

associate with Maslow's upper-level needs

In the context of leadership styles, the use of work-centered behavior designed to ensure task accomplishment is called ____ ____

authoritarian leadership

____ ____are leaders who inspire and motivate employees through their charismatic traits and abilities.

charismatic leaders

Theory X leaders or managers assume that ____

coercion, control, and threats of punishment are necessary to get people to attain organizational objectives

In the context of international management, a programmed learning technique that is designed to expose members of one culture to some of the basic concepts, attitudes, role perceptions, customs, and values of another culture is known as a(n) ____ ____

cultural assimilator

Which of the following is a shared negative managerial behavior according to the host-country perspective in Indonesia and the United States?

disciplines and criticizes in public

In the context of an organization, a personal reason for providing training to overseas managers is to ____

dispel myths and stereotypes by replacing them with truths about a culture

A true statement about the system of incentives where compensation is based on group effort or group membership is that ____

employees will oppose when individual incentive plans are used

According to Abraham Maslow's need hierarchy, needs for status and power are known as _____

esteem needs

A multinational corporation (MNC) that often puts home-office people in charge of key international management positions and emphasizes nationalism is known as a(n) ____ MNC.

ethnocentric

In the context of international management, the belief that an individual's own method of doing things is superior to that of others is known as ____

ethnocentrism

In the context of international management, home-country nationals are also commonly called ______, referring to those who live and work outside their home country.

expatriates

In the context of the types of managers that emerged in China after the 1949 revolution, unlike the Experts, the Reds _____

had ideological and political expertise

Indian workers were more productive when managers took which approach?

high people, high task

Managers who are citizens of the country where a multinational corporation is headquartered are known as ____-____ nationals.

home-country

In international management, local managers who are hired by a multinational corporation are called ____-____ nationals.

host-country

In the context of the relationship between cultural values and leadership attributes examined by Global Leadership and Organizational Behavior Effectiveness (GLOBE) researchers, Societal Power Distance values are positively correlated with _____

humane-oriented and self-protective leader attributes

A feature of standardized management training programs is that they ____

implement tools that need not be culturally specific

Mexican managers who welcomed input from subordinates were viewed as ____ and ____

incompetent and weak

Theory X managers believe that _____

individuals are essentially lazy

Individuals from a host country or third-country nationals who are assigned to work in the home country are known as ____

inpatriate

In international management, factors that are used to choose personnel for international assignments are known as ____ ____ ____

international selection criteria

Some organizational-behavior academics have criticized Frederick Herzberg's two-factor theory of motivation because ____

it classifies money as a hygiene factor

A true statement about achievement motivation theory is that ____

it depends on the effort of individuals

The biggest drawback of equity theory is that ____

it gives the impression of being culture-bound

A true statement about offshore outsourcing is that ______.

it is made feasible by the rising technological and organizational capacity of firms to coordinate and integrate geographically dispersed human resources

A feature of a tailor-made management training program is that ____

it is often designed to provide a new set of skills for a new culture

An assumption about motivation is that ______.

it is universal in nature

Unlike job-context factors, job-content factors are ____

mediated internally

According to researchers, high-achievement needs can be developed in people if they ____

obtain performance feedback and implement them

As countries become more economically advances, which style gains importance?

participative

British managers tend to use a highly _____ leadership approach

participative

In the context of leadership styles, the use of both work-centered and people-centered approaches to leading subordinates is known as ____ ____

participative leadership

Japan is popular for its ______ approach to leadership.

paternalistic

Theory Y managers believe that ____

people will seek increased responsibility and challenge and will work hard under the right conditions

In the context of international management, the return to one's home country from an overseas management assignment is called ____

repatriation

In the context of transition strategies, agreements whereby individuals are told by firms how long they will be posted overseas and are promised to be given, on return, a job that is mutually acceptable are called ____

repatriation agreements

According to Abraham Maslow's need hierarchy, desires to become everything a person is capable of becoming as a human being and to reach his or her full potential are known as _____

self-actualization needs

Which of the following is a shared positive managerial behavior according to the host-country perspective in Indonesia, Mexico, and the United States?

shows confidence in employees

Some of the major challenges impacting employee engagement and motivation when working remotely include which of the following?

social isolation distraction low level of communication access to technology

Linda, a manager at a textile mill, gives due recognition to employees for their effort. She also annually rewards the best performers. She expects the employees to be totally dedicated to their work. In this scenario, Linda exemplifies a ______ leader.

transactional

Individuals who exchange rewards for effort and performance and work on a "something for something" basis are known as ____ ____

transactional leaders

Leaders who are visionary agents with a sense of mission and who are capable of motivating their followers to accept new goals and new ways of doing things are called ____ ____

transformational leaders

Strategies used by multinational corporations (MNCs) to help smooth the adjustment from an overseas to a stateside assignment are known as ____ strategies.

transition

In the context of international management, servant-leaders typically focus on ____

trust, empathy, collaboration, and using power ethically

The study in Nigeria identified a model of virtuous leadership based on four African values, please select the four from below:

truthfulness humility courage humanity

The ____ philosophy, which emphasizes values and practices that make people more authentic human beings, sets forth the characteristics of an ideal leader in the African context.

ubuntu

Identify the true statements about paternalistic leadership.

Everyone is expected to work hard. Employees are given security benefits and are guaranteed employment.

____ theory is a process theory that postulates that motivation is influenced by an individual's belief that effort will lead to performance, performance will lead to specific outcomes, and the outcomes will be of value to the individual.

Expectancy

Arrange, in an ascending order, the basic needs of human beings according to a Chinese hierarchy of needs.

1. Belonging (social) 2. Physiological 3. Safety 4. Self-actualization

True or false: According to the research done by Haire and associates, the degree of participative-autocratic attitudes is uninfluenced by company size.

False

Identify the specific philosophical assumptions made by Theory Z leaders.

Employees derive self-satisfaction and contribute to organizational success through teamwork and commitment to common goals. An organization will engender strong bonds of loyalty in employees by making commitments to their security through lifetime or long-term employment. Employees who learn different aspects of the business will be in a better position to contribute to broader organizational goals. People are encouraged by a strong sense of commitment to be part of the organization in which they work.

According to a McKinsey & Co. survey, which of the following was reported by employees who perceived positive effects of remote working?

Employees were more engaged. Employees had a stronger sense of well-being.

True or false: According to achievement motivation theory, the probability that there would be a greater percentage of people with high needs for achievement is higher where cultural values have not traditionally supported individual, entrepreneurial efforts.

False

Which of the following process theories places importance on how people set objectives and respond to them and this process's overall impact on motivation?

Goal-setting theory

Which of the following are the characteristics of high achievers recognized by researchers such as the late Harvard psychologist David McClelland? (Check all that apply.)

High achievers desire to win because of their own efforts. High achievers exhibit a tendency to be moderate risk takers. High achievers prefer situations where they take personal responsibility for seeking solutions to problems.

According to the two-factor theory of motivation, match the factors that exert an influence on job satisfaction (in the left column) with their descriptions (in the right column).

Motivators - They include job-content factors such as responsibility, advancement, achievement, recognition, and the work itself. Hygiene Factors - They include job-context variables such as company policies and administration, salary, interpersonal relations, working conditions, and technical supervision.

Which of the following are true of participative leadership?

People are encouraged to play an active role in assuming control of their work. Leaders can be characterized in terms of the managerial grid. Authority typically is highly decentralized.

According to Abraham Maslow's hierarchy-of-needs theory, identify the most basic needs of human beings.

Physiological needs

In the context of Abraham Maslow's need hierarchy, which of the following is the basic physical requirements for shelter, food, clothing, and water?

Physiological needs

According to Abraham Maslow's need hierarchy, desires for stability, security, and the absence of pain are known as ____

Safety Needs

Which of the following are the philosophical presumptions of Theory Y leaders?

The ability to exercise a relatively high degree of creativity to solve organizational problems is widely distributed throughout the population. One's commitment to goals is determined by the rewards that are associated with their accomplishment.

Identify the components of job design in an organizational context. (Check all that apply.)

The content of a job The methods that are employed in a job The way in which a job associates with other jobs in an organization

Identify the measures that should be taken by international business partners to work together effectively according to Tornvall. (Check all that apply.)

They should emphasize personal concern, cooperation, and trust for others. They should stress flexibility and build cooperation on intuition and pragmatism. They should perceive work as a development and challenging activity. They should adopt a more idealistic, holistic, and group thinking approach to solve problems.

True or false: In the study of international management, leadership is very important.

True

One of the shortcomings of achievement motivation theory is that ____

it measures individual achievement by relying almost solely on the projective personality Thematic Apperception Test (TAT)

The process of influencing people to direct their efforts toward the achievement of some particular goal or goals is known as ____

leadership

According to Abraham Maslow's need hierarchy, desires to affiliate and interact with others and to feel wanted by others are called _____

social needs

In the context of work motivation, safety needs are satisfied through _____

unemployment and retirement plans, medical insurance, and similar benefits

Identify the true statements about high-achieving societies. (Check all that apply.)

High importance is assigned to the acquisition of money and other physical assets. Uncertainty avoidance is weak, and moderate-to-high masculinity is observed. Low value is given to the quality of work life and to caring for others. People are unafraid to live with ambiguity or to take at least moderate risks.

Identify the philosophical assumptions that are typically made by Theory Y managers.

At work, the expenditure of physical and mental effort is as natural to people as resting or playing. External control and threats of punishment are not the only ways to get people to work toward organizational goals. Under proper conditions, the average human being learns to accept and to seek responsibility.

In the context of Abraham Maslow's need hierarchy, which of the following can lead to the fulfillment of an individual's esteem needs?

Awards, promotions, and feedback from one's boss

Identify the ways in which high-achievement needs can be developed in people according to researchers. (Check all that apply.)

By following the example of people who have been successful achievers By imagining oneself as successful in the pursuit of important goals By developing an internal desire for challenges and success

In an organizational context, quality of work life (QWL) is directly associated with ____

Culture

Which of the following process theories focuses on how individuals' perception of how fairly they are being treated affects motivation?

Equity Theory

True or false: Paternalistic leadership negatively impacts employees' attitudes in collectivistic cultures.

False

True or false: Quality of work life (QWL) is the same throughout the world.

False

Which of the following are the particular areas that are focused on in goal-setting theory? (Check all that apply.)

Goal difficulty and goal specificity Providing timely feedback to progress toward goals The importance of objective The level of participation in setting goals

Which of the following statements is true according to the two-factor theory of motivation?

Human resources can be motivated by being provided with advancement, interesting work, recognition, and a chance to achieve and grow.

Match the determinants of motivation (in the left column) with their descriptions (in the right column).

Intrinsic - A person feels content by carrying out an activity and lending a helping hand to others. Extrinsic - The external environment of a person and the result of activities are of considerable significance because of competition and incentive plans or compensation.

Identify a true statement about the system of using financial incentives to motivate employees.

It is common when companies try to associate compensation with performance.

Which of the following is true of the system of incentives where compensation is based on group membership or group effort?

It is designed to emphasize equality.

In the context of the theories of motivation, ____ motivation theory holds that individuals can have a need to get ahead, to attain success, and to reach objectives. (Enter one word in the blank.)

Achievement

Which of the following statements are true about leadership approaches used by managers or leaders in Japan?

Japanese managers advocate a high security or safety need. Japanese leaders encourage their subordinates to actively participate in decision making. Japanese managers strongly emphasize ambiguous goals. Japanese leaders believe in the overall ability of their subordinates.

Alex is an employee of a multinational company where he is required to work for 13-14 hours a day on a regular basis. He is also expected to work overtime during the weekends. Consequently, he is stressed and overworked. Identify a term that best describes Alex's condition in this scenario.

Karoshi

Which of the following are true statements about Japanese organizational policies in the context of quality of work life (QWL)?

Managers discourage individual risk taking. Employees have very little say in what actually goes on in an organization. There is a heavy dependence on monetary rewards. There is a great emphasis on performing work within cultural constraints.

Identify the true statements about authoritarian leadership.

Managers emphasize assignments over employees' needs. There is a managerial tendency to maintain distance from subordinates. High-level employees take final decisions.

Identify the basic elements in the process of motivation. (Check all that apply.)

Needs Goal attainment Drives

In the context of quality of work life (QWL), which of the following are true statements about Japanese organizational policies? (Check all that apply.)

The masculinity index for the Japanese is high. Money is rated as an important motivator. The power-distance index of the Japanese is high. Uncertainty avoidance is strong, and security is strongly emphasized.

Identify the assumptions made about motivation. (Check all that apply.)

The specific nature of motivation varies across cultures. A single motivation theory cannot be universally applied across cultures.

Which of the following theories of motivation establishes that there are two sets of factors that exert influence on job satisfaction?

The two-factor theory of motivation

Who among the following believes that workers are motivated by responsibility sharing and teamwork and seek opportunities to participate in management?

Theory Z

Which of the following statements are true about the two-factor theory of motivation? (Check all that apply.)

There will be dissatisfaction if hygiene factors are not taken care of or are deficient. Hygiene factors and motivators relate to employee satisfaction. Only motivators lead to satisfaction.

High-level employees take final decisions.

They believe that workers will provide much higher quantity and quality of output if their creative potential can be tapped.

Which of the following are the basic assumptions on which Abraham Maslow's hierarchy-of-needs theory rests? (Check all that apply.)

Satisfied needs no longer serve as motivators. Higher-level needs can be achieved only after lower-level needs have been satisfied.

_____ theories explain work motivation in terms of what initiates, arouses, or energizes employee behavior.

Content

Which of the following statements are true about the organizational policies in Sweden in the context of quality of work life (QWL)? (Check all that apply.)

Managers employ participative approaches to lead their people. Interpersonal relations and the ability to interact and discuss job-related matters with others are essential. Policy manuals, job descriptions, and other work-related materials are more general or open-ended than in Japan. Employees are motivated to take risks and to make decisions.

Identify the approaches that should be avoided by international business partners to work together effectively according to Tornvall. (Check all that apply.)

Observing things in such great depth that it leads to "paralysis through analysis" Distrusting others and refraining from taking risks Reason-centered and logical, individualistic thinking Perceiving work as a necessary burden and emphasizing control