Criminal Investigation Chapter 2

The Bertillon identification system includes...

A written description, complete measurements, and a photograph of a person

A sketch drawn of personally witnessed by an investigator that accurately portrays a crime scene is and that is allowed into evidence is referred to as:

Admissible

Which plotting method establishes a straight line from one fixed point to another fixed point from which measurements are taken at right angles?

Baseline

Photographs should be taken

Before anything is disturbed

T or F A notebook is only a temporary report to record facts and has no real evideniary value itself

False

T or F Cameras may be stored wherever they are most readily available for use

False

T or F Digital cameras have not yet been approved for court use for crime scene photography

False

T or F Digital recorders are rapidly replacing notebooks in law enforcement note taking?

False

T or F If an item of evidence has inadvertently been moved before being photographed, put it back immediately and then resume taking photos

False

T or F Microphotography is useful in criminal investigations because it renders bruises and injuries visible long after their actual occurrence

False

These cameras are specially constructed to take pictures of fingerprints without distortion. They provide their own light through four bulbs, one in each corner. Removing a bulb from any corner provides slanted lighting to show fingerprint ridge detail. They are...

Fingerprint cameras

Which are permanent records of the facts of a case to be used in further investigation, in writing reports, and in prosecuting the case?

Investigative notes

Which type of photograph would best capture the immediate crime scene and the location of objects in the area or room?

Medium-range shot

In which direction should the top of the sketch be oriented?

North

The main problem with night photography is...

Proper illumination

The basic purpose of field notes is to

Record all facts of the incident

Notes are

Records of what is seen or heard

Which type of photography is often used to establish the identity of a subject, a location, and in some cases criminal behavior?

Surveillance

What is a frequent objection when photographs are used in court?

Tampering

Which of the following is a disadvantage of photographs?

They do not show actual distances

Surveillance photography is often called....

Trap photography

According to the Handbook of Forensic Services, what should be used when photographing latent prints?

Tripod and cable release

T or F An investigator's scene sketch is often an extremely important investigation aid

True

T or F Checklists are a critical aspect of the law enforcement function, especially when it comes to crime scene photography

True

T or F Digital photographs can create a virtual scene similar to pictometry

True

T or F Evidence not discernible to the naked eye can be detected by laser-beam photography

True

T or F It is best to include every possible detail in a crime scene sketch

True

T or F It is important to take crime scene photographs from eye-level

True

T or F Note taking should never, under any circumstance, be delayed or postponed

True

T or F The advantages of videos include accurate representation of a crime scene and evidence and the ability to show distance an sound capability to more fully document what is being seen

True

T or F The basic purpose of crime scene photography is to record the entire scene permanently

True

T or F Ultraviolet light photography is used to document bite marks, neck strangulation marks, and other impressions left from intentional injuries

True

T or F To be admissible in court, photographs must be material, relevant, competent, accurate, free of distortion, and noninflammatory

True

According to a national video forensics expert, what is the "New DNA for law enforcement"?

Video analysis

Record all information that helps answer the questions

Who, what, where, when, how, why

Those tasked with videotaping a crime scene in many agencies fail to provide

adequate training

A sketch that is drawn or personally witnessed by an investigator, that accurately portrays a crime scene, and that is introduced as evidence is referred to as an _____ sketch

admissible

Sketch all serious crime and crash scenes...

after taking photos and before everything is moved

Take_____ shots first because they are the most subject to alteration by weather and security violations

exterior

One of the ways a crime scene sketch can be used to assist an investigation is to _______ people

interview

A crime scene sketch contains, among other things, the scale of the sketch, the direction of north, and the name of the person making the sketch. This is referred to as the _____

legend

The plotting method restricted to square or rectangular areas is the _____ coordinate method

rectangular

Specialized cameras such as binocular cameras and trip cameras are helpful in...

surveillance

____ is commonly used in outdoor scenes but can also be used indoors. This process of locating evidence or other items uses straight-line measures from two fixed objects.

triangulation

Which type of photography may be best used for extensive, large-scale, outside areas?

Aerial photography

Providing proof that the image introduced into evidence is the same image taken at the crime scene is referred to as..

Authentication

Which type of camera is most likely to cause privacy issues?

Body camera

To overcome defense challenges that a digital image was altered or otherwise tampered with, investigators must rigorously maintain the _____

Chain of custody

Showing the relationship between evidence on the walls and the floors of a room, by flattening out the walls on the sketch, allowing the viewer to look straight down into the sketch, is best done using which of the following methods?

Cross-projection

One of the disadvantages of photographs is that they

Do not show actual distances

Crime scene photographs are

Effective visual aids

Which of the following does a crime scene sketch accomplish?

Establishes the precise location and relationship of objects and evidence at the scene

T or F Notes are not admissible in court

False

T or F Photographs and videotapes reproduce the crime scene in detail, primarily for presentation to the media

False

T or F The basic purpose of note taking is to convict and punish offenders

False

T or F The first step in sketching a crime scene is to outline the area and the crime

False

T or F The purpose of a marker in a photograph is to show the location of the specific object being photographed

False

T or F The rough sketch must always be drawn to scale

False

What should be photographed first?

Fragile evidence

Photographs should be taken in the following order

General area, specific area, and specific objects

A major advance is the ability of computer software to stitch together digital photos of 180 degrees or more to create one 360-degree photo-- a panoramic view of a crime scene that is interactive, allowing viewers, including jury members, to walk through it as though they were there. This type of 360-degree photographic view is called:

Immersive imaging

When taking notes, the investigator should

Learn to select key facts and record them in abbreviated form.

Which process would enlarge the evidence to be viewed?

Macrophotography

Admissible photographs must be

Material

The photographic technique in which a scene is photographed clockwise, with the first picture showing a specific object on one side of the photograph and the next picture showing the same object on the opposite side of the photograph is called the...

Overlapping

The technique in which a scene is photographed clockwise, with the first picture showing an object on the right side of the photograph and the next picture showing the same object on the left side of the photograph is called _______

Overlapping

Mug shots can be used in ________ lineups to help identify suspects

Photographic

The Handbook of Forensic Services recommends when taking photographs/videotape, the investigator should:

Take sufficient photographs and/or videotape to reconstruct the entire scene

The amount of notes taken is determined by

The conditions of each case