Criminal Justice Chapter 4

U.S. Secret Service

A federal law enforcement organization with the primary responsibility of protecting the president, the president's family, the Vice President, and other important political figures.

Spoil System (Patronage System)

A form of corruption in which the political party in power hires and promotes police officers, receiving job-related "favors" in return.

Affirmative Action

A hiring or promotion policy favoring those groups, such as women, African Americans, or Hispanics, who have suffered from discrimination in the past or continue to suffer from discrimination.

Probationary Period

A period of time at the beginning of a police officer's career during which she or he may be fired without cause.

Drug Enforcement Administration (DEA)

The federal agency responsible for enforcing the nation's laws and regulations regarding narcotics and other controlled substance.

U.S. Customs and Border Protection (CBP)

The federal agency responsible for protecting U.S. Borders and facilitating legal trade and travel across those borders.

U.S. Immigration and Customs Enforcement (ICE)

The federal agency that enforces the nations immigration and custom laws.

Discrimination

The illegal use of characteristics such as gender or race by employers when making hiring or promotion decisions.

Coroner

The medical examiner of a county, usually elected by popular vote.

Reeve

The person appointed by the king to control the shires. Collected taxes, looked out for the best interests of the king. Eventually became the sheriff in modern society.

Constable

The person in charge of the hundred, and appointed by the local nobleman. Became the justice of the peace.

LEEPS (Law Enforcement Education Program)

"Educate Police Officers in College" Military Veteran used LEEPS and the G.I. Bill.

O.W. Wilson

(August Vollmer's Student) Promoted the professional model of policing to include: a) removing politics b) efficiency through beuocracy c) Limited discretionary power of police officers d) central police administration

The Tithing System

10 families that live in a given piece of geography (live collectively). Every man was enrolled. When a problem occurred each member was responsible for the Hue&Cry.

Political Era

1840-1930, rampant with corruption, bribery was common to both police and political leadership.

LEAA (Law Enforcement Assistants Administration)

1968-1981, set up by the U.S. Department of Justice. Spent 6 Billion dollars on crime control programs such as LEEPS (Law Enforcement Education Program). Upgraded technology.

Reform Era

60's Hippie Era. Police were not prepared for a.) passive civil rights b.) War protestors c.) urban riots (bad relationships with African Americans) d.) social unrest and disregard for authorities Lost touch with the people.

Professional Model

A style of policing advocated by August Vollmer and O.W. Wilson that emphasizes centralized police organizations, increased use of technology, and a limitation of police discretion through regulations and guidelines.

Intelligence-Led Policing

An approach that measures the risk of criminal behavior associated with certain individuals or locations so as to predict when and where such criminal behavior is most likely to occur in the future.

Night Watch System

An early form of American law enforcement in which volunteers patrolled their community from dusk to dawn to keep the peace.

Bobbies

Assigned/recognized police (London police were called this). Under Sir Robert Peek in 1829.

Progressive Era

August Vollmer, O.W. Wilson. The response to the call for proper policing. Administrative Reform.

Cop

Constable on patrol or copper buttons.

Wickersham Commission

Established by President Herbert Hoover. Was established to assess the american criminal justice system. It was also the first time actually looking into police work.

Shires

Hundreds were consolidated into these. (What we call counties today).

Double Marginality

The double suspicion that minority law enforcement officers face from their white colleagues and from members of the minority community to which they belong.

Sir Robert Peel

Initiated the metropolitan police act in 1829.

Gin

Invented in the Netherlands in the 1600's in Schiedam, Holland. They began drinking this stuff because their water was terrible.

August Vollmer

Police Cheif of Berkeley, California, from 1905-1932, advocates of dramatic changes in American law enforcement initiated the 'reform era' in American policing. Along with his protege O.W. Wilson, Vollmer promoted a style of policing know as the professional model.

Administrative Reform

Police Cheif took more control of the department. Mid-level managment was established (majors, deputies, assistant deputies). a.) developed Crime fighting strategies b.) Closer supervision of patrol officers (span of control = the number of people one person can supervise) c.) The consalidation of power to limit poltical influence

Community Era

Police began to get more involved with the communtiy again. Also got involved with kids as a way to prevent future crime. They became coaches of baseball/basketball teams.

Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI)

The branch of the Department of Justice responsible for investigating violations of federal law.

Pledge System

The community takes responsibility for their neighbors. Look out for your neighbors and they look out for you.

Private Security

The practice of private corporations or individuals offering services traditionally performed by police officers.

Sheriff

The primary law enforcement officer in a county, usually elected to the post by a popular vote.

Recruitment

The process by which law enforcement agencies develop a pool of qualified applicants from which to select new members.

Field Training

The segment of a police recruit's training in which he or she is removed from the classroom and placed on the beat, under the supervision of a senior officer.

London Experience 1700's

Took place as the result of the invention of Gin. Gin shops popped up all over London. Because of this the night watchman system declined. They were drunk afraid or terrorized. Crime was out of control.

Hundred

When 10 tithings come together. (What we call a small village today).

Hue&Cry

When a person is in trouble and someone else sees it they have the responsibility to help that person. Grab a shovel and beat someone.