Criminal Justice Semester 1 Review

What is the term for a situation that is created in which the length of a sentence appears to be influenced by the defendant's race, gender, economic status, or other factor not directly related to the crime?

Sentencing Discrimination

A nineteenth-century penitentiary system developed in Pennsylvania in which inmates were kept separate from each other at all times, with daily activities taking place in individual cells, was known as which of the following?

Separate confinement

A repeated pattern of unwelcome sexual advances and/or obscene remarks is known as what?

Sexual Harassment

Which of the theories states that deviant behavior is more likely in communities where social institutions such as the family, schools, and the criminal justice system fail to exert control over the population?

Social Disorganization

What is the criminal act of causing fear in a person by repeatedly subjecting that person to unwanted or threatening attention is known as what ?

Stalking

What is the legal doctrine that literally means, "to stand on decided cases"?

Stare Decisis

What term is used to refer to laws that set an expiration, or time limit, on the amount of time that prosecutors have to bring criminal charges against a suspect?

Statue of limitations

How did Miranda V. Arizona change police procedural law?

Making sure that people accused of a crime are aware of all their rights and have equal access to counsel, even if they can not afford it.

What is the descriptive term for acts that are inherently wrong, regardless of whether they are prohibited by law?

Mala en se

A descriptive term for acts that are made illegal by criminal statute and are not necessarily wrong in and of themselves is called what?

Mala prohibita

Correctional institutions that house less dangerous inmates and therefore use less restrictive measures to prevent violence and escapes are called what?

Medium security prisons

Which of the following sources does NOT determine probable cause?

Mere suspicion

Correctional institutions designed to allow inmates, most of whom pose low security risks, a great deal of freedom of movement and contact with the outside world are called what?

Minimum security prisons

What term is used to refer to a motion requesting that the court grant judgment in favor of the defense on the ground that the prosecution has not produced sufficient evidence to support the state's claim?

Motion for direct verdict

What is the defense against criminal liability called in which the defendant asserts the circumstances required them to commit an illegal act?

Necessity

The failure to exercise the standard of care that a reasonable person would exercise in a similar circumstance is known as what?

Negligence

A type of jail that is distinguished architecturally from its predecessors by a design that encourages interaction between inmates and jailers and that offers greater opportunities for treatment is known as what?

New Generation Jail

Historically speaking, an early form of American law enforcement in which volunteers were organized into groups that patrolled their community from dusk till dawn to keep the peace were referred to as?

Night Watch System

Latin for "I will not contest it," what is a plea in which a criminal defendant chooses not to challenge, or contest, the charges brought by the government?

Nolo Contendere

Under the "plain view" doctrine, what are the four criteria that must be met for a warrantless seizure?

Officer was old by an informant that it was in a specific place.

What is the doctrine that holds that the state has a responsibility to look after the well-being of children and to assume the role of parent if necessary?

Parents Patriea

A form of corruption in which the political party hires and promotes police officers and receives job related favors in return for what is known as?

Patronage System

An early form of correctional facility operated on the assumption that silence and labor provided the best hope of rehabilitating the criminal spirit. This facility, which also emphasized separating inmates from society and from each other, was known as what?

Penitentiary

Which of the following is NOT one of the four categories of items that can be seized with a search warrant?

People cannot be seize without a search warrant.

What is the document filed with a juvenile court alleging that the juvenile is a delinquent or a status offender and requesting that the court either hear the case or transfer it to an adult court?

Petition

Which is the term to describe evidence that officers happen to see when they are engaged in police work and are NOT in a constitutionally protected space? Officers are allowed to seize the evidence without a search warrant?

Plain View

What is the abuse of authority by a law enforcement officer for personal gain known as?

Police corruption

What theory states that criminal behavior is determined by biological , psychological, and social forces and is beyond the control of the individual?

Positivism

Under Federal law, marijuana is still illegal, and the DEA has it listed as a Schedule 1 drug-in the same class as heroin. Why?

Potential for abuse

What is the decision that is furnished as an example of authority for deciding subsequent cases involving similar legal principles or facts is known as what?

Precedent

When a defendant appears before a judge or magistrate who decides whether the evidence presented is sufficient for the case to proceed to trial, what is this called?

Preliminary Hearing

What is the degree of proof required in a civil case that must be met that is established when the plaintiff proves that a fact is "more than likely than not"true?

Preponderance of evidence

If police officers respond to loud music and unruly people at a late night party and they disperse the partygoers, and have the resident turn off the music, this would be an example of what law enforcement responsibility?

Preserving the peace

Someone who has been arrested by the police and remains in jail because, for any number of reasons, is unable to post bail prior to the adjudication of their case would be called what?

Pretrial Detainee

Correctional facilities operated by private corporations instead of the government and are therefore reliant on profits for survival are known as what?

Private prisons

Reasonable grounds to believe the existence of facts warranting certain actions such as the search and arrest of a person is defined as what ?

Probable Cause

The county of Riverside V. McLaughlin, the Supreme Court handed down a specific ruling that further defined procedural rules for officers making an arrest. What was that decision?

Probable cause must be made 48 hours after arrest.

A period of time at the beginning of a police officer's career during which they may be fired without cause is called what?

Probationary Theory

What term is used to refer to an individual who acts as a trial lawyer, initiating and conducting cases in the government's name and on behalf of the people?

Public Prosecutor

The practice of targeting people for police action based solely on their race, ethnicity, or national origin is known as what?

Racial Profiling

What refers to police officers making the rounds of a specific area with the general goal of detecting and preventing crime?

Random Patrol

Which theory states that at any given moment, a person can choose between committing a crime and not committing a crime?

Rational Choice Theory

The state of being aware that a risk does or will exist and nevertheless acting in a way that consciously disregards the risk is called what?

Recklessness

The notification process through which a law enforcement officer or other concerned citizen makes the juvenile court aware of a juvenile's unlawful or unruly conduct is known as what?

Referral

What term is used to refer to the philosophy that society is best served when wrongdoers are provided the resources needed to eliminate their criminal behavior?

Rehabilitation

Bail reformers desire to see an increase of releasing defendants at no cost with the understanding that they will return for trial without having to pay bail. What is this called?

Release on Recognize

What is the theory that certain people and places are more likely to be subject to repeated criminal activity and that past victimization is a strong indicator of future victimization?

Repeat Victim

What term is used to refer to monetary compensation for damages done to the victim by the offender's criminal act?

Restitution

What is the method used for determining the likelihood that an offender will be involved in future wrongdoing?

Risk Assessment

When an individual intentionally causes the death of another, and the killing involves a wanton disregard for the consequences of their actions, what would the charge be?

Second Degree Murder

The Secret Service and the Alcohol, Tobacco, Firearms, and Explosives are examples of what?

Secret Service

A method of gathering crime data that relies on participants to reveal and detail their own criminal delinquent behavior is known as what?

Self reported survey

A juvenile who has engaged in behavior deemed unacceptable for those under a certain statutorily determined age and is subject to being placed in the custody of the state is known as what?

Status Offender

What is it called when an officer briefly detains a person when they have reasonable suspicion that criminal activity has taken place or is about to take place?

Stop

Certain criminal activity holds a defendant guilty even where the intent to commit the offense is lacking, (e.g., statutory rape). These types of crimes are called what?

Strict Liability

A highly secure, freestanding correctional facility—or such a unit within a correctional facility—that manages offenders who would pose a threat to the security and safety of other inmates and staff members if housed in the general inmate population is known as what?

Supermax prisons

An explanation of a happening or circumstance that is based on observation, experimentation, and reasoning is called what?

Theory

The period of time that a person denied bail (or unable to pay it) has spent in jail prior to their trial is known as what?

Time Served

Women in law enforcement face a problem that stems from the belief that they have been hired or promoted to fulfill diversity requirements and have not earned the positions, which creates pressure to prove the stereotype wrong. What is this called?

Tokenism

What type of evidence can include fingerprints, blood, or hair found in small, sometimes microscopic amounts at a crime scene?

Trace Evidence

What is the correct term for the type of court in which most cases begin, in which questions of fact are examined, and in which the traditional prosecution v. defendant case is heard?

Trial Court

What are the sentencing laws passed to ensure violent convicts complete at least 85 percent of their prison sentence?

Truth in sentencing

What is the correct term for the appellate court that can hear appeals from both state courts and federal courts?

U.S Supreme Court

What term is used to refer to the federal court(s) with the authority to hear appeals from the U.S. district courts?

U.S court of appeals

The Federal Agency responsible for protecting the U.S. Borders and facilitating legal trade and travel across the U.S. borders is called what?

U.S customs and border protection

The annual report compiled by the FBI to give an indication of criminal activity in the U.S. is known as what?

Uniform Crime Report

What is the master list of jurors, compiled by the clerk of the court called?

Venire

What is it called when the prosecutor raises the level of a charge against a defendant above its proper place?

Vertical Overcharge

What process involves both written and oral questioning of potential jurors, involving inquiries from attorneys fashioned in such a manner as to uncover any biases on the parts of prospective jurors and to find persons who might identify with the plights of their respective sides?

Voir Dire

What is the title of the prison official who is ultimately responsible for the organization and performance of a correctional facility?

Warden

When is a person more likely to become addicted to drugs if they begin to use drugs when?

When they are younger

In the eyes of the law, what are the differences between a stop and an arrest?

When you are stopped, you are questioned by the police, but you are not taken into custody. If a police officer detains you, they must have reasonable suspicion that you committed, were somehow involved in, or have information about a crime.

In California V. Riley, the Court handed down a decision that affected the search and seizure procedural law. What was the decision?

You need a warrant to search the contents of a phone.

A self-formed group of youths with several identifiable characteristics, including a gang name and other recognizable symbols, a geographic territory, and participation in illegal activities, is known as what?

Youth gang

What is the term used to describe the mistreatment of children involving physical, emotional, or sexual damage?

Child abuse

What is the term for which a child is denied certain necessities such as shelter, food, care, and love?

Child neglect

Which theory in the school of criminology is based on the belief that individuals have free will to engage in any behavior, including criminal behavior?

Choice Theory

What refers to the decision about whether or not a person committed a crime and is based on their rational decision-making process-that the person would weigh the benefits of the crime against the cost of being apprehended?

Classical Criminology

The process through which prison officials screen each incoming inmate to best determine that inmate's security and treatment needs is referred to as what?

Classification

A comparison of the number of crimes cleared by arrest and prosecution with the number of crimes reported during any given time period is known as what?

Clearence rate

In the Supreme Court, what term is used to refer to separate opinions that are prepared by justices who support the decision of the majority of the court but who want to make or clarify a particular point or to voice disapproval of the grounds on which the decision was made?

Cocurring opinion

What is the term for investigations that are not cleared after a certain amount of time, which varies from department to department?

Cold Case

What type of hit results when identification is made (in DNA identification, firearm identification, and latent print identification) by entering suspect data into a criminal database without other knowledge of the suspect?

Cold hit

Which of the following is a policing strategy from the 1980's and 1990's that is based on the notion that meaningful interaction between officers and citizens will lead to a partnership in preventing and fighting crime?

Community Policing

A defendant who is charged with a federal crime would face trial in what court?

Federal

The U.S. has a dual court system (two independent judicial systems). What are these two systems?

Federal and State

What is the term given to a form of government in which powers are shared by the national government and states?

Federalism

Training that takes place outside of the confines of the police academy, in which a recruit is paired with an experienced officer, with the intent of helping rookies apply the concepts they have learned in the academy is known as what?

Field Training

When one individual intentionally causes the death of another, and the crime was premeditated, the resulting charge would be?

First Degree Murder

Crime scenes typically offer a wealth of evidence, some of which is incomprehensible to patrol officers and investigators without assistance. What is the science and technology to investigate evidence from the crime scene?

Forensic Investigations

What theory is where most of our thoughts, wishes, and urges originate in the unconscious region of the mind, and we have no control-or even awareness-of these processes?

Freud Psychoanalytic Theory

What is the term used to describe that evidence that police acquire by using other, illegally obtained evidence?

Fruit of the poisonous tree

Which case allowed searches, also known as stop and frisk, or pat downs, during field investigations?

Gary vs. Ohio

To assume a false identity in order to obtain information concerning illegal activities , what would this be considered?

Going undercover

In Arizona v. Evans, which legal doctrine was supported?

Good Faith

What term is used to refer to a reduction in time served by prisoners based on good behavior, conformity to rules, and other positive actions?

Good Time

What term is used to refer to an oral or written statement made by an out-of-court speaker that is later offered in court by a witness (not the speaker) concerning a matter before the court?

Hearsay

What is it called when the prosecutor brings a number of different charges against a defendant for a single criminal act?

Horizontal Overcharge

The practice of illegally transporting a person from one country to another for the purpose of forced labor and sexual exploitation is known as what?

Human Trafficking

Post Kent v. United States, which Supreme Court decision held that juveniles facing a loss of liberty were entitled to many of the same basic procedural safeguards granted to adult offenders in this country?

In Rea Gault

What term is used to refer to a strategy for preventing crime by detaining wrongdoers in prison, thereby separating them from the community and reducing criminal opportunities?

Incapacitation

What type of sentencing prescribes a range of years rather than a specified number of years to be served?

Indeterminate Sentencing

What term is used to refer to a charge or written accusation, issued by a grand jury, that probable cause exists to believe that a named person has committed a crime?

Indictment

In most jurisdictions, a noncriminal offense for which the penalty is a fine rather than incarceration is known as what?

Infraction

What is an accused person's first appearance before a judge or magistrate called?

Initial Appearance

What term is used to refer to the stage at which the magistrate or judge informs the defendant of the charges against them and explains their constitutional rights?

Initial Appearance

An approach to policing that measures the risk of criminal behavior associated with certain individuals or locations so as to predict when and where such criminal behavior is most likely to occur in the future is called what?

Intelligence Led Policing

A facility, usually operated by the county government, used to hold persons awaiting trial or those who have been found guilty of minor crimes (mostly misdemeanors), is called what?

Jail

What term is used to refer to the power of a court—particularly the United States Supreme Court—to review the actions of the executive and legislative branches and, if necessary, declare those actions unconstitutional?

Judicial Review

What term refers to a qualified judge having absolute discretion in making the sentencing decision and using their judicial discretion in determining punishments that fit both the crime and the criminal?

Judicial Sentencing

What is the term for a court's authority to hear a specific case because of the court's authority over the defendant's involvement, geographic location, or the case's subject matter?

Jurisdiction

Illegal behavior committed by a person who is under an age limit specified by statute is known as what?

Juvenile Delinquency

Which Supreme Court case was the first to extend due process rights to children in juvenile courts and laid the groundwork for additional juvenile protections?

Kent v. U.S

Which branch(es) of the government determine which deviant acts become criminal acts after society as a whole determines that those acts should be punished?

Legislature

In a civil court, the term for the legal responsibility for one's own or another's actions is called what?

Liable

Where did British Home Secretary Sir Robert Peele organize law enforcement by pushing through the Metropolitan Police Act?

London

What is a term used to describe the discretionary power police have in determining what to do with misbehaving juveniles?

Low visibility

What is the primary legal function of the law?

Maintain social order by protecting citizens from criminal harm.

Television shows have fostered unrealistic notions among jurors as to what high-tech forensic science can accomplish as part of a criminal investigation. What is this phenomenon called?

CSI effect

A clear rank and structure providing strict accountability for its members that is necessary to function properly is called what?

Chain of command

What is a "challenge for cause?"

A lawyer claims that a certain juror will be unable to render an impartial verdict be-cause of bias or prejudice.

Carroll V. U.S. established which rule about vehicle searches by police officers?

A vehicle can be searched without a search warrant with probable cause.

When describing the elements of a crime, a prohibited or voluntary act is known as what?

Actus Reus

A hiring or promotional policy that favors individual in groups, such as women, black people, and Latinos, who have suffered from discrimination in the past or continue to suffer from discrimination is called?

Affirmative Action

What is the term used in the text for a predictor that states the age at which a juvenile first exhibits delinquent behavior?

Age of onset

What is the term used in the text to explain the fact that criminal activity declines with age?

Aging out

What is a peremptory challenge?

Allows any party to remove a prospective juror from the jury panel without giving a reason.

Crime

Any act or omission in violation of penal law, committed without defense or justification, and made punishable by the state in a judicial proceeding.

The facts surrounding a criminal event that must be proven beyond a reasonable doubt to convict the defendant of the underlying crime are known as what?

Attenendent Circumstances

What is the rule of evidence requiring that communications between a client and their attorney be kept confidential, unless the client consents to disclosure?

Attorney Client Privilege

What is it called when a defendant waives their right to have a trial before a jury of their peers, but still has a trial?

Bench Trial

The degree/standard of proof in criminal cases to find a defendant in a criminal trial guilty of committing the crime can be defined as what?

Beyond Reasonable Doubt

The first 10 amendments of the constitution are known as what?

Bill of Rights

Overt acts taken by students with the goal of intimidating, harassing, or humiliating other students are known as what?

Bullying

Which system that is used by nearly every police department in the country is automatic differential response an integral part of?

Computer aided dispatch

A human source not employed by the police, but provides information concerning illegal activity in which they are involved, is most often called what?

Confidential Informant

When a group of people reject the consensus model and create laws based on what the most politically powerful segments of society imposes on the rest of the community, this is known as which model?

Conflict Model

A nineteenth-century penitentiary system developed in New York in which inmates were kept in separate cells during the night but worked together in the daytime under a code of enforced silence was known as which of the following?

Congregated system

A diverse group of people share similar morals, and share an ideal of what is "right" and "wrong" . This is an example of which model?

Consensus Model

Under what circumstance can law enforcement officers use electronic surveillance?

Consent was given by one or more parties.

What is a variation on traditional shock incarceration in which juveniles (and some adults) are sent to secure confinement facilities modeled on military basic training camps?

Correctional boot camps

Which member of the courtroom work group is responsible for keeping a record of every word that is said during the course of the trial?

Court Reporter

What is the scientific study of crime and the causes of criminal behavior?

Criminology

Using a suspect's DNA to match a suspect to a crime, a technique emerged in the mid 1990's , is often referred to as what?

DNA fingerprinting

To significantly reverse the trend of prison population growth, some criminal justice professionals subscribe to the idea that there must be a national consensus that "too many people have been sent to prison for too long." This has led to which ideology that accepts the lowering of incarceration rates?

Decarceration

In a civil court, the person or institution against whom an action is brought (or, in a criminal court, the person or entity who has been formally accused of violating a criminal law) is called what?

Defendant

What is the title of the person who acts as a staunch advocate for a defendant in court?

Defense Attorney

When a prosecutor agrees to delay further legal action as long as the defendant meets certain criteria, what is this referred to as?

Deferred Prosecution

Which of the following agencies is responsible for all financial matters of the federal government, including paying all federal government bills, borrowing funds, collecting taxes, minting coins, and printing paper currency?

Department of Treasury

What sentencing ideal reflects the philosophy that those who commit criminal acts should be punished in a manner that sets an example of the wrongdoer in order to send a message to potential criminals that certain acts will not be tolerated?

Deterrence

What is the subjective concept that refers to activity that may not necessarily be outside of the law, but does not conform to the norms of a given community or society?

Deviance

What term is used to refer to the kind of evidence that has been witnessed by the person giving testimony?

Direct Evidence

A process of prison and jail administration in which correctional officers are in continuous visual contact with inmates during the day is known as what?

Direct Supervision Approach

What is a patrol strategy designed to focus on a specific type of criminal activity in a specific geographic area?

Directed patrol

The authority of the court to choose between and among alternative courses of action, based on individual judgment and conscience rather than on formal rules is known as what?

Discretion

The illegal use of characteristics such as gender or race by employers when making a hiring or promotional decision is known as what?

Discrimination

An act of willful neglect or physical violence that occurs within a familial or other intimate relationship is known as what?

Domestic Violence

Which of the following is the neurotransmitter responsible for delivering pleasure signals to brain nerve endings in response to behavior-such as eating your favorite cake?

Dopamine

When the wrongful threat of one person induces another person to perform an act they would otherwise not perform , what is this legal defense called?

Duress

When a police officer or government agent deceives a defendant into wrongdoing, what is the justification called?

Entrapment

When the law recognizes that even though an act is inherently criminal, but society will not punish the actor because they do not have the requisite mental condition, is known as what?

Excuse Defense

What term is used to refer to a witness who testifies based on their professional training or substantial experience that qualifies them to testify on a certain subject?

Expert Witness