Crossroads Chapter 8: Arrival in Canada | Grade 9 | Meadowridge School
What did Cabot name the new land he found?
"New Found Land"
Who were the coureurs de bois?
"Runners of the wood", who were sent out by Champlain to explore the Great Lakes region; would live with Native peoples and marry into their communities
When was Europe's Age of Exploration?
1450 to 1600
What was the population of the Hurons?
20 000, lived in communities of 800-1600 in longhouses which was designed to house several families and surrounded by defensive palisades and huge fields.
Who was Samuel de Champlain?
A French soldier and navigator who set up Port Royal with another explorer, and later led an expedition up the St. Lawrence River, where he met the Algonkians and Montagnais; owned a monopoly in Canada, involved in the fur trade with the Hurons
What happened in 1534, ten years after Verrazano returned from his journey?
A new king sent Jacques Cartier to continue looking for the Northwest Passage
Who was the Sieur de Roberval?
A noble who was authorized to start a French colony in North America; in 1542, he set sail to North America, but the expedition failed
What did the Algonkians and Montagnais offer as a trade for Champlain's alliance?
Agreed not to trade any furs with the English and were against the Iroquois
What did King Francis I do in 1541?
Allowed Cartier to make a third expedition, in hopes of finding more wealth and territory for France
Who was Christopher Columbus?
An Italian explorer who arrived at the New World in 1492, and launched the competition between European nations to open trade routes to Asia by crossing the Atlantic
Who was John Cabot?
An Italian explorer who was hired to find and claim new lands for England, discovered Newfoundland
What happened in 1661?
An appeal for help sent from New France to France succeeded; the king of France, Louis XIV, and his minister, Jean-Baptiste Colbert, were determined to make the colony strong and profitable
What is mercantilism?
An economic theory that was popular in Europe in the 1500s and 1600s, that stated that a nation can seize power through wealth; thus, by paying little for raw materials and selling finished products for more, the empire could benefit greatly
Who was Leif Erikson?
An explorer known as "Leif the Lucky", who found Helluland, Markland, and Vinland
Who was Giovanni Verrazano?
An explorer sent by France in 1524 to find the Northwest Passage to Asia
Who was Henry Hudson?
An explorer who visited Hudson River on behalf of the Dutch East India Company
Who were the Jesuits?
An order of Roman Catholic priests, who were partners of the Company; set out to convert the Native people
How did Louis and Colbert view Canada?
As a crucial addition to the French mercantile empire, because of the fur trade and the production of barrel staves, which could be sent to France's colony in the West Indies, where they needed sugar production (wood was cheaper in Canada than anywhere else)
How did the Native people and the Europeans view the fur trade?
As a supplement to their primary income from fishing and hunting
What was the Huron economy like?
Based on farming, mainly by women; relied on corn, which could be traded for furs with other tribes (where farming was nonexistent), such as the Nipissings and the Algonkians Fishing nets made from twisted hemp (a tall herb that is tough and fiberous) were also important trade items which would be traded for tobacco, wampum, and black-squirrel skins
What happened to Champlain in 1613?
Became a partner in a trading company with a monopoly in Canada
What did Champlain do when he returned to Quebec?
Began to rebuild the colony, which had been destroyed by the English; he also set up new posts under the Company's name along the St. Lawrence River
What were Spain and England attempting at the end of the 1400s?
Break Portugal's monopoly on trade with Asia
What did the Company of a Hundred Associates have to do according to its charter?
Bring settlers to Canada, and establish seigneuries (feudal-style manors)
Why were relations between the French and the Iroquois tense?
Cartier kidnapped more Iroquois, and they died within six years due to diseases for which they had no immunity to scurvy and miserable winters; the French had also started building forts near the town
What happened in 1535?
Cartier returned to explore the St. Lawrence River, and arrived at the city of Stadacona, near present-day Quebec City, and also visited Hochelaga, present-day Montreal
Why did Native allies begin to become annoyed with Champlain?
Christian missionaries followed the traders to Canada, and tried to convert the Native people to Roman Catholicism, forcing them to change their culture and traditions
When did Champlain die?
Christmas Day, 1635
What is a monopoly?
Complete control of the market for a specific good or service
Why did the Hurons want to convert to Christianity?
Could enjoy privileges in the fur trade
Name some travellers who travelled the Great Lakes and the upper Mississippi.
Daniel du Lhut, Jacques Marquette, Antoine de la Mothe Cadillac
What did Champlain do upon arriving in Quebec City?
Established a post at Quebec, and allied with the Algonkians and Montagnais against the Iroquois; the French's firearms helped the Algonkians win several battles
What happened in the summer of 1605 to de Monts, Champlain, and 60 other settlers?
Established a small post known as "Port Royal", in modern-day Nova Scotia
Who were brothers in law Pierre Radisson and Medart de Groseilliers?
Famous coureurs de bois, were guided by the Algonkians and Ojibwa to Hudson Bay, which was surrounded by fur territories
What did French explorers and the coureurs de bois seek?
Furs and the Northwest Passage
What were the fur brigades? Why were they important?
Groups of people who traded furs for a living; they opened up the west to the fur trade
What did the Algonkians and the Montagnais do when Champlain's colony was attacked by the English Kirke brothers?
Guided the English and refused to help the French, since they were uneasy about the possibility of Champlain forging links with the strong Huron nation
What happened to the few settlers who were allowed to stay in the settlement?
Had to agree not to work in the fur trade, but became highly skilled farmers and later formed the colony of Acadia
How did the coureurs de bois retrieve furs?
Had to go to the source, since the Iroquois had stopped the Native bands, like Algonkians from bringing furs to the St. Lawrence, they used bribes and paid official fees
Why did Champlain want to ally with the Hurons?
Had trading connections, and could offer fur, they were skilled in navigating the rivers of central Canada
Who gave consent for John Cabot's expedition?
Henry VII of England
Where is the evidence that the Vikings landed in North America?
Icelandic sagas, which were historical stories
Who did the coureurs de bois later become?
Independent traders in the fur business, who defied monopolies
What did Cabot expect to find?
Japan and China
In 1497, John Cabot given permission to do what?
John Cabot has permission to explore the North Atlantic in hopes of finding the riches of Asia
What did Champlain do in 1608?
Led an expedition up the St. Lawrence River and landed in present-day Quebec City, but did not meet the Iroquois- instead, he found the Algonkians and the Montagnais, who were Native hunters from the northern forests
What did the French do after Cartier's failure in establishing a permanent French colony?
Limited their activities in Canada to fishing and trading by shore parties
What was the Hurons diet like?
Lived on their produce (mainly farmers), was supplemented by fish and game from Georgian Bay and the Great Lakes, they did very little hunting as meat made less than 10% of their diet
What did Cartier do in the spring of 1542?
Loaded his ship with Canadian "diamonds and gold", which were actually worthless crystals and pyrites; was supposed to meet Roberval, who was arriving in the Gulf of St. Lawrence, but went against orders and returned to France
What happened to the Company in 1660?
Lost its monopoly in the fur trade, and fell into bankruptcy
What did some people believe Vinland was?
Many people believed Vinland was a southern region where vines grew, others thought it was a place with warm climates
Who are some famous English explorers?
Martin Frobisher, William Baffin, John Davis
In 1583, English explorer Humphrey Gilbert claimed where?
Newfoundland for England, even thought Portuguese and Basque fishers already lived there
Did the Company want to bring in settlers?
No, because it saw itself in the fur business and not the farming business
Was it easy for the Jesuits to master Native languages?
No, because they were very different from French and Latin
Were the Hurons and the Iroquois allies?
No, were enemies
Where (most likely) was Vinland?
Northern Newfoundland
How did the Huron nation split?
Not everyone wanted to convert into Christianity
Was Port Royal a success?
Not really, business was not quick and de Monts eventually lost his trading monopoly; the settlement and the buildings, with mills and planted crops created by the settlers were abandoned by 1607
Who was Jacques Cartier?
One of Verrazano's officers, who saw Labrador, Newfoundland, PEI, and New Brunswick, and claimed the Gaspe Peninsula for France
What was the Dutch East India Company?
One of the East India companies that was authorized by European monarchs to establish international trading connections
During his voyage, Cabot set sailed against what?
Prevailing Winds (winds blow from the west in the northern hemisphere)
What did the Iroquois do as a result of French treachery?
Refused to trade food, threatened war
What happened as a result of Cartier's defiance to meet Roberval?
Roberval was forced to spend the winter alone, and lost 50 settlers
What land did Taignoagny and Domagaya tell Cartier of?
Saguenay, a kingdom where people wore beautiful clothes and expensive jewellery
Where did the Vikings come from?
Scandinavia
What did the king of France, Louis XIII, encourage the Jesuits, and Richelieu to do?
Spread their faith to the Native people
What did Verrazano discover?
That North America was not an archipelago, but a continent
What was Champlain's cooking club called?
The Company of Good Cheer, a way to keep everyone's spirits up during the long winter months at Port Royal
Which company took over Champlain's colony?
The Company of a Hundred Associates, backed by the most powerful person in France, Cardinal Richelieu
Which groups travelled to Newfoundland and Labrador after Cabot's journey?
The English, French, and Portuguese
Who was supplying most of the beaver furs along the St. Lawrence River?
The Hurons
Other than the Algonkians and the Montagnais, who did Champlain meet?
The Hurons from the west, who told him that furs could also be found in their territories
Who controlled most of the fur trade after Champlain's death in 1635?
The Iroquois, who wrested it from the Hurons, raised prices and cut French profits
On Cabot's first journey, what was the name of his ship?
The Mathew
By when and who crossed the prairies and established trading forts?
The Verendrye family (a father and three sons), by 1740
When Champlain joined the Algonkian raid against the Iroquois, how did the French help?
The firearms of the French helped the Algonkians win several battles
Why did Champlain and his soldiers have keen eye on Quebec city?
The geological advantaged of the region had towering cliffs which provided an untouchable natural fort
Who did Radisson and de Groseilliers turn to?
The king of England, King Charles II, who sponsored the creation of the Hudson's Bay Company- soon to be New France's #1 enemy
What new way of gaining profit did the Europeans discover?
The selling of furs, which were used to decorate clothing and bedding
Who were Taignoagny and Domagaya?
The sons of an Iroquis chief, who Cartier kidnapped and appointed as guides; the two agreed since they saw great trade possibilities from the alliance with the French
Why did the Vikings leave their farms before 1000?
They wanted to find new opportunities
Who were the first explorers of Canada?
Vikings
What places did the English explore?
Wanted to find a Northwest Passage, but explored the Arctic
Why did John Cabot set out to explore the North Atlantic?
Wanted to find the riches of Asia
Why did Champlain attempt to stop people from coming to farm at the habitation in Quebec?
Was afraid that it would ruin the trade, or create trade outside his monopoly
What happened to Champlain after the English Kirke brothers invaded his colony?
Was captured and taken prisoner
How did the king of France respond to Verrazano's discovery?
Was disappointed by Verrazano's failure in finding the Northwest Passage, and stopped launching expeditions
What happened to Champlain in 1604?
Was made an assistant to the Sieur de Monts, who was a French noble appointed by the king to set up trading posts in Canada; he was given a monopoly on the fur trade in return for establishing a French colony
How did the geographic location of the Hurons help them?
Were located on the southern shore of Georgian Bay, where fishing was excellent and there was a variety of forests, meadows and fields; also, the soil was ideal for planting corn, squash, pumpkins, and beans
How did the Jesuits go about converting the Hurons?
Were prepared to make any sacrifice, and tried to adapt to Native traditions and customs; the Hurons tolerated them, but were unwilling to abandon their own culture
How were colonies seen in mercantilism?
Were simply there to benefit the home country, since they could not sell raw materials to anyone but the home country; also, they weren't allowed to manufacture anything for export
What was castor gras d'hiver?
Winter beaver pelts
Did the trading of furs between Cartier and the Native people benefit the Native people?
Yes; the furs were easy to obtain, and since European trade goods (knives, hatchets, pots, beads) were not commonly available to them, the trade benefited them as well (however, the monetary value of the furs greatly exceeded those of the trade items)
Did the trading of furs benefit the Europeans?
Yes; they could pick up furs at bargain prices in the new colony, and sell them for higher prices to earn profit
Who is Etienne Brule
a "Runner of the wood", who travelled far into the interior of the country, guided to Lakes Ontario, Erie and Superior by Huron allies
In 1610 the Dutch first settled where?
in New Amsterdam, their colony on the Hudson River.
As he drew closer to Newfoundland, what did Cabot pick up on?
the Labrador Current, which flows down toward Newfoundland
Who were the Algonkians and Montagnais?
they are Native hunters from the Northern forests
How did the coureurs de bois travel?
through waterways in birch-bark canoes,, usually made by the Algonkians
