CS 1301 Exam 2 Review

d. 65,536

UNICODE is able to encode a total of ____ different characters. a. 64 b. 256 c. 512 d. 65,536

Unicode

Uses a 16-bit representation for characters.

a. sign/magnitude

Using the leftmost bit of a number to represent the sign, with 0 meaning positive and 1 meaning negative is termed ____ notation. a. sign/magnitude b. unsigned c. one's complement d. two's complement

Nanosecond

one billionth of a second

Decimal to binary

repeatedly dividing by 2 and recording the remainder

Computer organization

the branch of computer science that studies computers in terms of their major functional units and how they work

Grid computing

A MIMD model in which the individual processors can be computer systems belonging to a wide range of groups or individuals.

Binary number system

A base-2 positional numbering system.

Bit

A binary digit, 0 or 1.

Boolean logic

A branch of mathematics which operates on the values true and false.

Compression ratio

Measures how much a compression scheme has reduced the storage requirements of the data.

Memory width (cell size)

The number of bits in a single memory cell

Bit depth

The number of bits used to encode each sample during digitization.

Cache hit rate

The percentage of the time that the information needed is in cache memory

Hardware design

The process of designing the low level components of a computer, including arithmetic and control circuits

Data compression

The process of reducing the number of bits required to represent a sound or image.

Circuit optimization

The process of reducing the number of gates needed to implement a circuit.

Machine language

The programming language that a processor is directly able to understand and execute. It is written in binary.

Instruction register (IR)

The register that holds a copy of the instruction to be executed.

Instruction set

The set of all operations that can be executed by a processor.

Sampling rate

The time interval between sampling points.

Period

The time it takes for a single wave in a periodic wave function.

Memory access time

The time it takes to fetch or store the contents of a single memory cell

Latency

The time required to rotate the disk to the beginning of the desired sector.

d. cycles

The total number of ____ per second is called hertz. a. bytes b. periods c. bits d. cycles

Frequency

The total number of cycles per unit time measure in cycles/second, also called hertz.

Memory address

The unique numeric identifier for a memory cell.

Digital representation

The values for a given object are drawn from a finite set, such as the letters {A, B, C, ..., Z} or a subset of integer {0, 1, 2, 3, ..., MAX}

c. external representation

The way information is represented by humans and the way it is entered at the keyboard is known as the ____ of information. a. user output b. user input c. external representation d. internal representation

a. two

There are ____ stable states in a bistable environment. a. two b. three c. four d. five

parallel

To construct an OR gate, two transistors are connected in ____________________.

s. semiconductors

Transistors are constructed from ____, such as silicon and gallium arsenide. a. semiconductors b. magnetic cores c. ionic crystals d. chips

Byte

8 bits

Digitized

Converted from a continuous value to a single numeric value.

Gigabyte

1 billion bytes

Control circuit

A circuit used to make decisions and control the flow of execution.

Circuit

A collection of logic gates (1) that transforms a set of binary inputs into a set of binary outputs and (2) where the values of the outputs depend only on the current values of the inputs; more properly called a combinational circuit

Arithmetic/logic unit (ALU)

A computer subsystem that performs such mathematical and logical operations as addition, subtraction, and comparison for equality.

Multiplexor

A control circuit that has 2N input lines and 1 output line.

Decoder

A control circuit that has N input lines numbered 0, 1, 2, ..., N - 1 and 2N output lines numbered 0, 1, 2, 3, ..., 2N - 1.

Direct access storage devices

A mass storage device in which each unit of information is associated with a unique address, but the time to access each piece of information may not be the same

RGB encoding scheme

A method for encoding color that digitizes the contribution of the red, green, and blue components of each pixel.

Raster graphics

A method for storing an image in which a sequence of picture elements is digitized and stored one row at a time, from left to right.

c. selector

A multiplexor chooses one specific input by using an additional set of N lines called ____ lines. a. feedback b. decision c. selector d. control

a. 1

A multiplexor is a circuit that has 2 N input lines and ____ output line(s). a. 1 b. 2 c. N d. 2 N

Positional numbering system

A numbering system in which each position of a number represents a value times the radix to a given power.

MIMD parallel processing

A parallel processing model in which multiple processors all work independently on their own program to solve a single problem; MIMD stands for "multiple instruction stream/multiple data stream"; also called cluster computing.

Hierarchy of abstractions

A series of abstractions, each one more detailed and each one showing lower level components of a system

Interrupt signal

A signal sent by the I/O controller to the CPU to let it know that it has completed an I/O operation.

Cache memory

A special high-speed memory unit that keeps a copy of memory cells with a high likelihood of access in the near future.

I/O controller

A special-purpose device that controls the operations of an input/output device.

Level of abstraction

A specific way to view a system

Truth table

A table that contains columns labeled inputs that list the possible combinations of true/false values.

Scientific notation

A way to represent real numbers as a mantissa times a base to an exponential power.

Two's complement representation

A way to represent signed integer in which we count up from zero to represent positive values and we count down from zero to represent negative values.

Sign/magnitude notation

A way to represent signed integer values in which one bit is used to represent the sign and the remaining bits are used to represent the magnitude.

b. full adder

A(n) ____ is a circuit that performs binary addition on two unsigned N-bit integers. a. adding circuit b. full adder c. calculator d. compare-for-equality

d. pixel

A(n) ____ is a distinct point located on an image's surface. a. pitch b. amplitude c. bit d. pixel

arithmetic overflow

A(n) ____________________ is an error condition that occurs when an operation in a computer produces an integer that exceeds the maximum allowable value.

b. 256

ASCII is able to encode a total of ____ different characters. a. 64 b. 256 c. 512 d. 65,536

Sampling

At fixed time intervals, the amplitude of a signal is measured and stored as an integer value; the wave is then represented in the computer in digital form as a sequence of sampled numerical amplitudes.

ASCII

An acronym for the American Standard Code for Information Interchange; ASCII is an international standard for representing textual information in the majority of computers.

Circuit construction algorithm

An algorithm that allows us to go from a specification of what we wish to accomplish to a circuit that carries out those specifications.

Arithmetic overflow

An attempt to represent an integer that exceeds the maximum allowable value.

Transistor

An electronic device that can be in an OFF state, which does not allow electricity to flow, or in an ON state, in which electricity can pass unimpeded; a transistor is a solid-state device that has no mechanical or moving parts.

Gate

An electronic device that operates on a collection of binary inputs to produce a binary output.

Boolean expression

An expression that can evaluate only to true or false.

Logic design

Another term for hardware design as it uses the capabilities of Boolean logic to carry out the design process.

c. more

Any whole number that can be represented in base 10 can also be represented in base 2, although it may take ____ digits. a. 2 b. 10 c. more d. fewer

Sequential circuit

Circuit that contains feedback loops in which the output of a gate is fed back as input to an earlier gate.

CISC machine

Complex Instruct Set Computer; a machine that has a very large and complex instruction set

Lossy compression

Compress data in a way that does not guarantee that all the information in the original data can be fully ad completely recreated.

a. circuit

In a ____, the values of the outputs depend only on the current values of the inputs. a. circuit b. transistor c. decoder d. multiplexor

Cluster computing

In which independent systems such as mainframes, desktops, or laptops are interconnected by a local area network (LAN) like the Ethernet or a wide area network (WAN) such as the Internet; also called MIMD parallel processing

Lossless compression

No information is lost in the compress, and it is possible to reproduce exactly the original data.

Analog representation

Objects can take on any continuous value.

feedback

Sequential circuits contain ____________________ loops.

Functional units

Subunits of a computer that perform tasks such as instruction processing, information storage, computation, and data transfer

Mass storage systems

Systems or devices where information is kept for long periods of time and not lost when the computer is not being used.

Data path

The ALU circuits, registers, and interconnections between components

c. 24

The True Color scheme uses ____ bits. a. 8 b. 16 c. 24 d. 64

d. bit depth

The ____ is the number of bits used to encode each sample. a. digital rate b. bit rate c. pixel rate d. bit depth

b. amplitude

The ____ of a sound wave is a measure of its loudness. a. frequency b. amplitude c. period d. wavelength

a. NOT

The ____ operation complements the value of a Boolean expression. a. NOT b. OR c. NOR d. AND

Fault-tolerant computing

The ability to continue functioning even in the presence of the failure of one or more components.

Fetch/store controller

The component that determines whether a value will be placed into memory or taken out of memory.

Control unit

The computer subsystem that fetches and executes instructions stored in the memory of the computer

Input/output (I/O)

The devices that allow a computer system to communicate and interact with the outside world as well as store information

Memory

The functional unit of a computer that stores and retrieves the instructions and the data being executed.

Amplitude

The height of a periodic wave which is a measure of its loudness

Address space (max memory size)

The maximum amount of memory that a computer can physically hold. It is determined by the size of the address field.

Memory Address Register (MAR)

The memory register that holds the address of the cell to be fetched or stored.

Memory Data Register (MDR)

The memory register that holds the data value to be stored or the data value that was just fetched.

Memory cell

The minimum unit of memory access.

b. truth table construction, subexpression construction using AND and NOT gates, subexpression combination using OR gates, circuit diagram production

What are the four steps of the sum-of-products algorithm? a. select input column, add inputs, multiply inputs, select output column b. truth table construction, subexpression construction using AND and NOT gates, subexpression combination using OR gates, circuit diagram production c. add subexpressions, multiply subexpressions, add gates, repeat as necessary d. compare for equality, subexpression construction using AND and NOT gates, subexpression addition using OR gates, subexpression multiplication

Destructive store

When you change the contents of a memory cell you destroy its previous contents and replace it with the new contents.

d. Sum-of-products

____ is a circuit construction algorithm. a. Compare-for-equality b. Full adder c. Circuit optimizer d. Sum-of-products

a. Lossy compression

____ schemes compress data in a way that does not guarantee that all of the information in the original data can be fully and completely recreated. a. Lossy compression b. Repeat sampling c. Decompression d. Randomized compression

Pitch

____________________ is the highness or lowness of a sound.

Analog

____________________ signals must first be digitized to be stored in the computer.