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What happens when data is sent over the internet?

It is broken down into packets

What happens when a file is too large?

It is divided into chunks (packets)

Why might change be expensive?

It might be expensive (either in terms of money or time)

What might happen if a new system is less efficient?

It might be necessary to change back to an old system in order to optimize efficiency

How does e-waste harm the environment?

It soils into the environment and harms nature

What is a router?

Joins multiple networks and acts as an intermediary between them

What is encapsulation?

Keeping attributes public or private

What is memory management?

Keeping track of memory usage and controlling access to memory.

What are the two categories of networks?

LANs (local area networks) and WANs (wide area networks).

What is a stack?

LIFO structure for reversing order

Speed

LTE allows for greater speed

Compatibility

LTE is compatible with 2G and 3G, unlike WiMAX

Popularity

LTE is more popular and widespread

Cost

LTE networks are more expensive

What is an advantage of surveys?

Large amount of data from a large group, quick to analyze if done electronically

Postorder traversal

Left-right-middle

What is the function of the control bus?

Link RAM to CPU via CU

What is the function of the memory bus?

Link RAM to CPU via MAR

What is the function of the data bus?

Link RAM to CPU via MDR

What is a Node?

Link between arrays in a linked array

What is a pointer?

Link between arrays in a linked array

What does the data bus do?

Links CPU to RAM

What is the purpose of the control bus?

Links CU to execute loaded commands

What are some common Operating Systems?

Linux, Mac, Android, and iOS.

What are the steps involved in executing the Java code 'area = length * width'?

Load length, load width, multiply, store result in area

What is the function of the CU?

Load new commands into the CPU, decode commands, direct data flow and operation of the ALU

What is multiprogramming?

Loading 2 or more programs into memory, executing one at a time

What is the function of the control unit?

Loads new commands and directs data flow

What is a LAN?

Local Area Network covering a small geographical area

What is a LAN?

Local area network

What is the difference between local and remote software?

Local is stored on a local server or disc, remote is stored on a remote place (cloud/SaaS).

What is the purpose of the memory address register?

Locate the instruction or data.

What is the purpose of the address bus?

Locating the address of the instruction.

What is the address bus used for?

Locating the address.

What are REM and ROM?

Long term memory

What is linear search?

Loops through every element in an array and checks it against the desired element

Data Loss

Loss of data due to human error, software corruption, hardware destruction, or viruses

What is the power level of Bluetooth transmission?

Low power levels

What is machine language?

Low-level programming language.

What is the downside of a system without a dedicated sound processor?

Lower quality sound

What are the three most important registers?

MAR, MDR, Accumulator

What are some examples of standards?

MP3, HTML, Unicode

What is a hard disk?

Magnetic storage for long term storage

What is the use of SAN?

Makes a network of storage devices accessible to multiple servers.

What is code reusability?

Making code reusable and easier to maintain

What does MAR stand for?

Memory Address Register

What does MDR stand for?

Memory Data Register

What is MDR?

Memory Data Register.

What information does the address bus carry?

Memory addresses being transferred between components

What is direct observation?

Method of collecting client requirements through observing

What are some examples of database management systems?

Microsoft Access, FileMaker

What technology does Bluetooth use?

Microwave radio

What do satellites use for wireless communication?

Microwave signals

Preorder traversal

Middle-left-right

What is the role of an owner in agents?

Minimal interference

What is a client-server architecture?

Model where client sends data to server

What is client-server computing?

Model where server provides resources to clients

What is the difference between morals and ethics?

Morals are personal beliefs, ethics are cultural standards

What does cache store?

Most commonly used instructions and data

What are the two parts of an instruction?

Opcode and operand

What influences the design of agents?

Operating environments

What is the advantage of designing an OS from scratch?

Optimized for device

What documents are included in examining current systems?

Order, logistics, and computer system procedures, reports

Why is it important to involve the end-user throughout development?

Otherwise they may not be satisfied with the final product

What is the purpose of a requirement specification document?

Outline system requirements and customer requirements

Wi-Fi

PAN technology

What information is often contained on the back of packets?

Packet number, total length, time to live, checksum

What are Printed Manuals?

Paper copy of instructions

What is a process scheduler?

Part of OS that decides on next task to be admitted to CPU

What is require analysis?

Part of SDLC

What is the process for a simple program to ask for services from an online database?

Pass request through different layers and obtain answer through different layers

Why do people find change complex?

People find change complex

What is a disadvantage of observation?

People might work differently if they're being watched

What are agents?

Perceive and act on environment

What is the function of the ALU?

Perform arithmetic and logical calculations

What is the function of the ALU?

Perform arithmetic and logical calculations for the CPU

What is Polling?

Periodic checking of device status

What is external hardware?

Peripherals such as monitors, keyboards, mice, printers, and scanners.

What is hardware?

Physical aspects of a computer

What is hardware?

Physical parts of a computer.

What is RAM?

Place in memory for current data/programs

What are the 4 main parts of change management?

Plan, Communicate, Integrate, Evaluate

What is the first step in managing change?

Planning

What is the NULL pointer?

Points to nothing

What are unshielded twisted pair cables?

Popular in LAN's, easy to install, prone to electrical interference, low cost, and secure

What are mainframes?

Powerful computers with vast amounts of resources

What is a feasibility study?

Predicts outcome and analyzes it

What is the role of the OS in system security?

Prevents unauthorized access and protects files

What is binary?

0's and 1's

What are decimals?

0-9 numbers

What is the speed of unshielded twisted pair?

100 Mbps-1 Gbps

How many sets of root servers exist worldwide?

13

How to convert F4 to decimal?

15*16+4=244

What is my IP address?

174.99.220.58

What is Fortnite's IP address?

199.255.40

What is a network?

2 or more devices connected together

How many levels is cache split up into?

3 (L1, L2, L3)

What is the speed of fiber-optic?

5-100 Gbps

What is the speed of WLAN/Wi-Fi?

5-200 Mbps

How to convert 68 to decimal?

6*16+8=104

What percentage of Americans say social media has a negative effect?

64%

Social issue

Problem affecting society

What is an ethical issue?

Problem requiring ethical decision-making

What is the topic of 1.1.6?

Problems with data migration

What is the fetch-decode-execute cycle?

Process a CPU goes through to process an instruction.

What is modular design?

Process of designing system modules individually and then combining them to form a solution to a problem

What is swapping?

Process of moving program from RAM to hard disk and back

What is a scheduler?

Process of selecting the next process to be executed

What is system analysis?

Process of studying a system to identify its components and their interactions

What is testing?

Process of using software before implementing it to ensure it works

What is a Release?

Product launch or new product

What is PC?

Program Counter.

What is a spreadsheet?

Program for arranging data in rows and columns

What is a word processor?

Program for storing, manipulating, and formatting text

What is a device driver?

Program that acts as a bridge between hardware and OS

What is graphic processing software?

Programs for manipulating visual images on a computer

What is CAD?

Programs that use computer systems to assist in design

What is the negative effect of media and propaganda?

Propagated through being in a network world

Physical security

Protection against natural disasters

What are the functions of an OS?

Provide a user interface, link between user and hardware, manage memory and peripherals, allow multiple applications to run, and provide user security.

What does a server do?

Provides a service to other computer systems

What are the methods of stacks?

Push, Pull, isEmpty, isFull

What are surveys?

Questionnaires for people to fill out

Advantages of social media

Quick spread of news, entertainment, convenience, direct connection, brand building, performance monitoring, scrutinizing scandals

What are the advantages of a distributed system?

Quicker access, shared load, specific response

What is primary memory?

RAM, ROM, and cache

What is RFID?

Radio frequency identification device

What technology does RFID use?

Radio technology

What is the technology used in WLAN/Wi-Fi?

Radio waves

What is the full form of RAM?

Random Access Memory

What is RAM also referred to as?

Random access memory

What does ROM stand for?

Read only memory

What does a root server do if it cannot find the IP address?

Redirects the resolver to where the info can be found

What are the benefits of Agile Development?

Reduces cost, time, and risk of delivering changes

What are some advantages of SaaS?

Reduces need for management and maintenance, allows for a reduction of cost and staff workload, easier to back up files and start running again after an outage.

What is the effect of a bottleneck on network throughput?

Reduces network throughput

What is the advantage of eliminating certain aspects of the OS?

Reduces size and RAM usage

What does the internet refer to?

Refers to global communication system, including hardware and infrastructure. The world wide web on the other hand is one of the services communicated over the internet.

What is MAR?

Register connected to address bus

What is the frequency range of Bluetooth?

Regularly changes frequencies

What is the speed of wireless communication?

Relatively fast

What is abstraction?

Removing complexity from something

What is the function of a graphics processor?

Renders complex graphics

Iteration in programming

Repetition of code for a specific time or until a condition is met.

What is an iteration?

Repetition of instructions for a specific period of time or until desired result is obtained

Define iteration

Repetition of instructions until desired result is achieved

What is abstraction in operating systems?

Representation of complex system with simpler model

What is the Agile Manifesto principle?

Requirements and solutions evolve through collaborative effort of self-organizing teams and their consumers.

What are the disadvantages of Online Support?

Requires internet, difficult for some users to explain problems

If the IP address is not found in cache, what does it ask for next?

Resolver server/ISP

What are the four main functions of an OS?

Resource, peripheral, hardware interface, memory/process management

Private Network

Restricted network access

Non-volatile storage

Retains data without power

If the IP address is not found in the ISP's cache, what does it ask for next?

Root server

What is dynamic testing?

Running a program to see how it fares when launched and making corrections based on results

What are signed floating point numbers?

Same as floating point but negative

What is ergonomics?

Scientific discipline for human-system interaction

What is selection sort?

Searches for the smallest item and moves it to the front, then repeats for the rest of the list

What are packets?

Sections of a file that make it easier to transport data

What are layers in the internet?

Sections that split information into smaller tasks

VPN

Secure remote network access

Duplication of storage devices

Secured data storage

What are the factors to compare different network medias?

Security, reliability, cost, and speed

What is a time slice?

Segment of time given to a task on CPU

What is the data bus used for?

Sending data stored in memory address to the MDR.

What is the purpose of the data bus?

Sending data stored in memory address to the MDR.

What are queues used for?

Sending packets, job scheduling, resource sharing

What does RAM do?

Sends and receives program instructions from CPU

What is the role of the control unit (CU)?

Sends instructions to the ALU and other components

What is the main function of MAR?

Sends required addresses to RAM

What are critical organizational capabilities?

Sense-making, decision making, asset availability, operations management

What is the purpose of domain names?

Serve as memorable names for websites and services

What are mnemonics?

Set of commands to create programs

What is an instruction set?

Set of commands written in machine language.

What is software?

Set of instructions

What are algorithms?

Sets of instructions for computers

What is cache?

Short term memory stored in CPU

What is an interrupt?

Signal from device that causes OS to stop current task

What affects bandwidth?

Signaling technique and physical properties of the medium

WEP

Simple and broken algorithm, superseded by WPA

What are the two types of VPNs?

Site-to-site and remote-access VPNs

What is the difference between site-to-site and remote-access VPNs?

Site-to-site connects entire networks, while remote-access connects individual hosts to private networks

What is the effect of network traffic on data transfer?

Slower data transfer on a particular connection

What creates a bottleneck?

Slowest segment of a network

What is the impact of CPU processing sounds?

Slows down the system

PAN

Small area network

What is cache?

Small section of memory built into CPU

Why does digital need to be converted to analog?

So it can be output

Why does analog need to be converted to digital?

So the processor can read it

What is a web browser?

Software application for retrieving and presenting information on the web

What are some issues with international merging?

Software compatibility, language, time zone, cultural differences.

What is Continuous Delivery?

Software engineering for reliable, frequent releases

What is an Update?

Software file containing fixes for problems

What is a database management system?

Software for creating and managing databases

What are some drawbacks of SaaS?

Software integration problems, security concerns, government compliance and laws differ based on regions.

What are applications?

Software packages that perform a specific function directly for an end user.

What is server software?

Software specific to server type

What is an Operating System (OS)?

Software that controls the general operation of a computer.

What is an operating system?

Software that supports basic functions

What is application software?

Software used to create something

What is SaaS?

Software-as-a-service, where a third party provides access to software and files for a cost.

What is another name for WLAN?

Sometimes called a Wi-Fi network, but can include other transmission technologies.

What is file management?

Sorting out where data is stored on disk drives and memory, and allowing users to organize with folders, copy, and delete files.

What are some features that sensors can record?

Sound, motion, vibration, heat, pressure, temperature

What does each layer in a program perform?

Specific activities

What are software programs?

Specific code/sets of instructions that perform a certain task.

What process does every computer system connected to a network use to transfer data?

Specific process

What is merge sort?

Splits array in half, sorts each half, then merges them together in order

Disadvantages of social media

Spread of false/biased information, propaganda, manipulation, echo chamber, unproven accusations, cancel culture

What is the difference between dynamic and static control?

Static systems don't change over time, dynamic systems can change

Iterative development

Steady improvement of software design through evaluation and testing.

What is a virtual LAN?

A VLAN allows networks of computers and users to communicate in a stimulated environment as if they exist in a single LAN.

What is a server?

A computer with processing power for a function

What is the function of registers?

Store intermediate values from calculations or instructions inside the CPU

What is the role of the accumulator?

Stores results of executed instructions

What is the role of the program counter (PC)?

Stores the address of the next instruction to be executed

What is the role of the memory data register (MDR)?

Stores the data fetched from memory

What is the role of the current instruction register (CIR)?

Stores the instruction fetched from memory

Encryption security advantages

Strong encryption is hard to break, computers can encrypt on the fly

What is a static control system?

A control system that aims to maintain a physical variable at some constant value

What is a client?

A device connected to a server

What is PPTX?

A file extension for PowerPoint presentations.

What is the meaning of the internet?

A globally connected network systems that uses TCP/IP protocols to transmit data.

What is a doubly linked list?

A linked list with 2 pointers per node.

What is a double linked list?

A linked list with 2 pointers.

What is a linked list?

A list of nodes with pointers.

What is the meaning of a logical group in VLAN?

A logical group of workstations, servers, and network devices that appear to be on the same LAN despite their geographical distribution.

What is a potential problem with a pilot running?

Subset users have no fallback if system fails

Help files

Supplied with system for general instructions and error solving

What is an actuator?

A mechanism by which a control system acts upon an environment

What is extranet?

A private network that uses internet protocols, network connectivity, and possibly the public telecommunication system to securely share part of an organization's information or operations with suppliers, vendors, partners, customers, or other businesses.

What is an ethical issue?

A problem that requires an organization to choose between alternatives that are right or wrong

What is a moral issue?

A problem with potential to help or harm anyone

What are the methods of collecting client requirements?

Surveys, interviews, direct observation, collecting documents

What is the hierarchy of software?

System Software, Application Software, Operating System, Utilities, Drivers/Libraries.

What is SDLC?

System development life cycle

What is a distributed system?

System with computers distributed across multiple systems

What is a centrally controlled system?

System with dedicated computer for all tasks

What is the SUS scale?

A scale for subjective usability assessments.

What is a virtual private network?

A secure connection between private networks and remote users/sites

What is the meaning of SAN network?

A secure high-speed data transfer network that provides access to consolidated block (level storage).

What are scripts?

A series of commands within a file capable of being executed without being compiled.

What does each packet contain?

A small amount of data of that file

What is a microprocessor?

A small processor that contains a CPU on a single chip or circuit

What does each module in a structure chart perform?

A specific function

What is checksum?

A sum common on each packet of a file to check if packets are part of the same file

What is a context diagram?

A type of data flow diagram that shows the system being modeled and its relationship to external entities

What is the use of WLAN?

A wireless LAN allows users to move around the coverage area, such as a home, while maintaining network connection.

What is the encryption algorithm used for confidentiality?

AES

What do software application developers have to do to develop applications that can communicate with other software over the internet?

Abide by standards

What is a prototype?

Abstract representation of a system

What are some problems that can arise with accessibility features?

Accent recognition, Touch screen sensitivity, Small buttons, Incorrect tone/grammar, Speaker issues, Germ transmission

UserID advantages

Access rights and user groups can be managed

What is the relationship between accessibility and ergonomics?

Accessibility + ergonomics = usability

What are some characteristics of a good sensor?

Accuracy, range, resolution

What is an open loop control system?

Act on the basic of input and the output has no effect on the control action

What happens in the execute step?

Actions required by the instruction take place.

What is the difference between active and passive RFID?

Active needs internal power, passive needs no internal power source

What is the benefit of the old system during implementation of a new system?

Acts as backup

What is throughput?

Actual transfer rate

What are the key characteristics of Agile methodology?

Adaptive, evolutionary, early delivery, and continual improvement.

How to find a hexadecimal value?

Add place in alphabet to 9

What is the value placed in the PC?

Address of the instruction to be carried out.

What is an example of graphic processing software?

Adobe Photoshop

What are the two ways to design a dedicated OS?

Adopt existing OS or design from scratch

What is AES?

Advanced Encryption Standard

What is the security level of infrared?

Advanced security

What are the key principles of DevOps?

Advocates automation and monitoring at all steps of software construction. Aims at shorter development cycle, at increased deployment frequency.

What is a sorted array?

An array where the elements are in ascending or descending order

What is a legacy system?

An old method, technology, computer system, or application program that is possible no longer supported or available

Data packets

Analyzed based on predetermined rules

What is a disadvantage of interviews?

Takes a long time

What are interviews?

Talking to key people within a system to gather detailed information

Data protection

Techniques to protect data

What does a router do?

Tells data where to go

What is a base case in recursion?

Terminates the recursion

White-box testing

Testing by developer with knowledge

Beta testing

Testing by employees or developers

Black-box testing

Testing by unfamiliar person

What is alpha testing?

Testing performed by the development team before releasing the software to external testers

User acceptance testing

Testing with end users

Automated testing

Testing with software tools

What is multitasking?

The ability to run multiple applications at the same time.

What are the two parts of software?

Application and system

What is a task scheduler?

Application that carries out specific tasks at specific times

What does ALU stand for?

Arithmetic Logic Unit

What is a linked array?

Array with an address linked to another array

What happens if a node's location is lost?

The entire list is lost.

What is the technology used for layer 2 VPNs?

Asynchronous transfer mode (ATM) circuits, Frame relay circuits, and Multiprotocol Label Switching (MPLS)

What are the advantages of a prototype?

Attracts client attention, helps investors decide on funding, encourages active participation, gives an idea of the final product, identifies problems, increases system development speed

What are the advantages of a prototype?

Attracts client attention, provides concept for investors, identifies problems, gives idea of final product

What are the aims of Continuous Delivery?

Building, testing, and releasing software with speed and frequency

What are clients in the real world?

Businesses.

What is the special link between RAM and CPU?

Busses

How do you create inception with merge sort?

By creating multiple lists and sorting them with merge sort recursively

What is bubble sort?

Compares adjacent elements and swaps them if they are in the wrong order

WiMAX vs LTE

Comparison of 4G IP technologies

What is examined in competing products analysis?

Competitive factors, benefits, vulnerabilities, design features

What is multitasking?

Completing smaller tasks or processes quickly

What does the OS hide from users?

Complexity of hardware interactions

What is internal hardware?

Components such as motherboards, hard drives, and RAM.

What is an example of an ethical issue?

Computer crimes

What is an email client?

Computer program used to access and manage email

What is computer software?

Computer programs or sets of instructions.

What do system flowcharts represent?

Computer programs, files, databases, associated manual processes, etc.

What is a server?

Computer that provides data to other computers

Peripheral Devices

Computers creating networks

What is multiprocessing?

Computers with more than one core

What are environmental issues?

Concerns for protection of natural world

What are busses?

Connecting wires that link the CPU to other devices, carrying instructions to/from components

Firewall

Connection between trusted system and outside

What is a hub?

Connection point for devices on a network

What is a switch?

Connection point for multiple devices on a network

What is a closed loop control system?

Considers the current output and alters it to the desired function

What are coaxial cables?

Consist of 2 copper conductors, used in computer networks and to carry TV signals

What is the function of MAR?

Contain the RAM address of the instructions the CPU wants next

What does CU stand for?

Control Unit

What is a dynamic control system?

Control system for tracking desired time function

What is peripheral management?

Controlling devices like keyboard, mouse, monitor, and printers through device drivers.

What can actuator do?

Convert a signal into movement such as opening a door

What do transducers do?

Convert from one form to another (analog to digital or digital to analog)

What does the OS do?

Coordinates resources and controls execution of software

What is the role of the memory address register (MAR)?

Copies the address of the next instruction from the PC

What is unshielded twisted pair?

Copper cable susceptible to EMI

What is the downside of implementing a new system?

Costly in time and money

Explain the need of prototyping during the design stage

Create preliminary version of final product

Who are the stakeholders in a new system?

Creditors, directors, employees, government, owners, suppliers, unions, and community

What are dedicated operating systems?

Custom made for specific function

What are the learning goals for unit 1.2.7?

Develop system flow charts, data flow diagrams, structure charts, distinguish between different diagrams, suggest optimal way to represent system requirements

Why is iteration important during the design process?

Developers may have to reconsider choices made

What is the advantage of SAN?

Devices appear to servers as attached drives, eliminating traditional network bottlenecks.

What are clients in relation to servers?

Devices that access server data

What is a system flow chart?

Diagram representing a process with symbols where arrows show direction, diamond represents decisions, square represents input/output/process

What is a structure chart?

Diagram representing the organization of a system, usually showing different parts in hierarchical order

What is a structure chart?

Diagram that describes functions and sub-functions of a system and relationships between modules of a computer program

What are data flow diagrams (DFD)?

Diagrams used to describe problems to be solved and show how data moves through a system

Channels

Different frequencies used by WiMAX and LTE

What are some problems that can arise with usability?

Difficult hardware, Complex UI, Prior knowledge, Specialist support, Device uniqueness

What is the reliability of microwave radio?

Difficult to guarantee, less secure than wired communication

What are the 4 main installation processes?

Direct changeover, parallel running, phased installation, pilot running.

Routing

Directing data from LAN to network

What are the different types of distances in a network?

Distances range from multiple buildings on campus to satellite links connecting offices internationally.

What is a singly-linked list?

Each element has data and address of next node

What is a doubly-linked list?

Each element has link to previous and next node

What is alphabet shifting?

Each letter of the alphabet is shifted by a certain amount (key)

What is usability?

Ease of use and learnability of a human-made object

Why is organizing a network design in layers important?

Eases process by breaking down problems into distinct modules

What are the advantages of a centrally controlled system?

Easy administration, more control

What are the advantages of using layers?

Easy management, greater understanding, common language, eases protocol design, independent technology advancements, products can work together

What are the advantages of wireless connections?

Easy to set up temporary link, convenient, variety of public access points, easier to plan.

What is RFID?

Effective for short distances between repeaters

What is a node in a linked list?

Element with data and pointer to next node

What are some examples of servers?

Email servers and DNS servers.

What is encryption?

Encoding data so only a computer with the right decoder can read and use it

Describe the need for user/client feedback

Encourages active participation between users and developers

What are the methods of queues?

Enqueue, Dequeue, isEmpty, isFull

What is the benefit of comparing results between systems?

Ensures accuracy

What are tertiary causes of speed variance?

Environmental issues, infrastructure limitations, type of data being transmitted

P2P

Equal client file sharing

What is tunnelling?

Establishing and maintaining a logical network connection where packets are encapsulated within another protocol

What are modern LANs based on?

Ethernet protocols for exchanging data

What is the fourth step in managing change?

Evaluate

Quality affects rate of implementation

Evaluation of advantages and disadvantages

What is the Toilet Paper crisis?

Example of media spreading rumors and claims for attention

What are some examples of spreadsheets?

Excel, Google Sheets

What does a VPN enable?

Exchange of data across the internet as if directly connected to a private network

What is the role of the arithmetic logic unit (ALU)?

Executes arithmetic and logical operations

What is multithreading?

Executing different parts of a program simultaneously

What are some reasons legacy systems can be hard to maintain?

Expensive to change, compatibility issues, difficulty recruiting programmers, pre-internet.

User documentation

Explains system usage to non-technical users

What are the advantages of Online Support?

Extensive, revised, live support, search capabilities

What are peripherals?

External devices that provide input and output for the computer.

What is a queue?

FIFO data structure for ordered execution

What are the benefits of VPNs?

Facilitates communication, improves security, cheaper than traditional WANs, extends connections across geographic sites without a leased line, offers flexibility to employees to access a company's intranet, improves productivity, offers global networking opportunities, reduces environmental footprint, simplifies network topology.

What are supercomputers?

Fast and expensive computers focused on mathematical calculations

What is TELOS?

Feasibility study acronym: Technical, Economical, Legal, Operational, Schedule

What is Virtual Memory?

Feature to compensate for RAM shortages

What is the function of the CPU?

Fetch, decode, and execute program instructions from/to main memory

What is the basic operation of a computer called?

Fetch-execute cycle.

What does the computer do in the fetch step?

Fetches the instruction from memory.

Computer firewall

Filter for trusted data

What is collecting documents?

Finding documents related to the system to gather information quickly

What is a circular linked list?

First and last element point towards each other

What is two's complement practice?

First number is negative

What is a Temporary Fix?

Fix between full releases

What are Updates used for?

Fix bugs, install drivers, address security and stability issues

What are static data structures?

Fixed size, e.g. arrays

How to find a binary number in positive?

Flip numbers and add 1

What are autonomous agents?

Follow owner's algorithms

What are data structures?

Forms of data and how they are used

What are some types of testing?

Functionality, user experience, performance and load, compatibility, security, test management

What are the types of user interfaces?

GUI, CLI, NLI, and MBI.

What is an advantage of collecting documents?

Gathers information quickly

How does the OS handle task priority?

Gives more and longer time slices to high priority tasks

What are some examples of environmental issues?

Global warming, electronic waste, plastic waste, power generation, fuel, loss of habitat, dangerous chemicals

What are some examples of email clients?

Gmail, Outlook

How do you access elements in a linked array?

Go through linked elements first

What is the relationship between goodput and throughput?

Goodput is less than throughput

What is a patent?

Government license for using a title or right for a certain period

What is an instruction set?

Group of commands for a CPU in machine language.

What is a computer network?

Group of computer systems and hardware devices linked through communication channels

What is batch processing?

Grouping programs together and executing without intervention

What is a core in a computer?

Handles multiple calculations

What are shielded twisted pair cables?

Harder to install than UTW cables, but more reliable with less interference

Router

Hardware device directing packets

What is a router?

Hardware device that routes data between networks

What can legacy systems include?

Hardware like floppy discs, or software like windows xp

Firewalls

Hardware or software controlling network traffic

What does a system include?

Hardware, software, and people

How is a new node added to the beginning of a list?

Head points to new node, new node points to old head.

What are some examples of devices that use control systems?

Heating and air con, automatic doors, washing machines, GPS, etc.

What does the OS do for user accounts?

Helps create accounts and defines privileges/rights

What is object-oriented programming?

Hides internal details of an object

What is the possibility of gaining firsthand, unbiased information?

High

What is preemptive scheduling?

High priority task takes over low priority task

What is the bandwidth offered by microwave radio?

High, but lower than cables

What is the function of MDR?

Hold data that will be written to or read from RAM

What does the OSI model define?

How computers communicate with each other

What is time to live?

How long packets have to transport to their destination

What does the evaluation step check?

How well a new system works after it is implemented

What is HTTP and HTTPS?

Hypertext Transfer Protocol/Secure

What are some organizations that standardize network protocols?

IEEE, IETF

When a client requests to view a website, what does it search for first?

IP address in cache

Destination address

IP address of receiver

Source address

IP address of sender

Do computers access internet devices by domain names or IP addresses?

IP addresses

What is literature search?

Identification and retrieval of information sources

MAC address

Identifies hardware, managed by IEEE

Why is VLAN implemented?

Implemented to achieve scalability security and ease of network management and can quickly adapt changes in network requirements and relocation of workstations and server nodes.

What is phased conversion?

Implementing new system in different phases

What is a pilot running?

Implementing new system to a subset of company

Updates

Improve product with patches and bug fixes

Why is iteration important during the system and software lifecycle?

Improves design based on evaluation and testing methods

What is binary search?

In a sorted array, takes the midpoint and repeats until desired element is found

Travels order

In order, left-middle-right

Encryption over wireless networks

Includes UserID, PSK, WEP, WPA/WPA2

What is a packet?

Includes sender and receiver address and information

What are some possible problems that may arise during data migration?

Incompatible file formats, data structure differences, validation rules, incomplete data transfer, international conventions on dates, currency, and character sets

What are the goals of a modern system?

Increase client trust, preserve brand strength, maintain corporate resiliency, enhance organizational peace

Explain the need for effective collaboration

Increases system development speed

What is the IPO model?

Input process output

What is static testing?

Inspecting software for flaws without running it

What are the disadvantages of wireless connections?

Installing a cable can be difficult/expensive, speed is low, high error rates, affected by weather, weakest protection/privacy, less reliable, health concerns, old devices might not have wireless capabilities.

What is the third step in managing change?

Integrate

What is online processing?

Interactive data processing performed by a single processor

Primary and secondary servers

Interchange regularly

What are the disadvantages of wireless communication?

Interference, often crowded with other devices, limited range, WEP encryption is not difficult to hack, access points can be used to steal data, and health concerns

What factors affect throughput?

Interference, traffic, connected devices, errors

Intranet

Internal network for employees

Who created the OSI model?

International Standards Organization (ISO)

What does IP stand for?

Internet Protocol

What is an IP address?

Internet Protocol given to each computer connected to the internet

What is required to set up a VPN?

Internet access, VPN software, VPN routers, VPN appliances, VPN concentrators

What issues are associated with change management?

Issues with planning the system

What is the advantage of a double linked list?

It allows for easy navigation in both directions.

Why is planning important in managing change?

It helps avoid problems in the future

What is the internet?

It is a WAN.

What is the meaning of WAN?

It is a collection of LANs and WANs.

What is the internet?

It is a network of networks.

What is SAN?

It is a storage area network.

What is VLAN?

It is a virtual local area network.

What is WLAN?

It is a wireless Local Area Network.

What are the 4 types of disabilities that can affect the way people interact with digital devices?

Visual, Auditory, Mobility and dexterity, Cognitive

Is RAM volatile or non-volatile?

Volatile

What are the types of WANs?

WANs can be wired (fibre-optic cable) or wireless (microwave or satellite transmission technology).

What is observation?

Watching how things are done with your own eyes

What are some sensors found in washing machines?

Water-level, temperature, load sizes, buttons

What affects the performance of microwave radio?

Weather conditions

What is Online Support?

Web service for user documentation

What are some types of servers?

Web, mail, file servers

What is a bottleneck?

When bandwidth is lower than data passing through

What does a hub decide?

Which client data from the server must be sent

What can a switch identify?

Which network device is connected to which port

Developing countries

WiMAX is a better choice in developing countries

What is a WAN?

Wide Area Network covering a wider area than LAN

What is a WAN?

Wide area network

What is the primary way for mobile phones?

Wireless communication

What is a prototype?

Working or non-working preliminary version of final product

What is WiMAX?

Worldwide interoperability for microwave access, designed for large distance high speed, and relatively cheap

How to find a negative decimal?

Write positive value in binary, flip signs, add decimal 1

Are buttons considered sensors?

Yes

Can criminals communicate in an encrypted way through VPNs?

Yes

Do linked lists have predecessors and successors?

Yes

Is cache easy and fast to access?

Yes

Can an actuator be a transducer?

Yes, if it converts the signal

Can agents build their own actions?

Yes, through learning algorithms

What is the first node in a list called?

The head.

What is special about a circular linked list?

The last node points to the first node.

What is the OSI model?

The most widely used networking standard

What happens during the integration part of change management?

The new system actually gets integrated into a business

What is checked when adding a node in the middle of a list?

The next node in the list.

What is the packet number?

The number of the packet between all the other packets making up a file

What is merging?

The process were multiple companies merge together into one entity, usually to reduce costs

What is bandwidth?

Theoretical speed of data in a medium

What might happen during migration?

There might be data loss during migration

What is the advantage of SSL/TLS-based VPNs over IPsec-based VPNs?

They are simpler

What happens to packets at the final destination?

They get reassembled

What is 3G?

Third generation mobile network

Confidentiality, integrity, availability

Three pillars of security

How do operating systems hide complexity from users?

Through GUI, folder structures, icons, and abstraction

How is information carried in microwave radio?

Through air

How are elements accessed in a linked list?

Through pointers of previous elements

How do agents determine their actions?

Through sensors and experiences

How does the OS ensure system security?

Through usernames, passwords, and file protection

What factors affect goodput?

Throughput, type of data being transmitted

Why do software manufacturers use standards?

To build systems that can communicate with each other

What is the purpose of remote-access VPNs?

To connect individual hosts to private networks and facilitate teleworkers

Why is it important for systems to be compatible during mergers?

To ensure smooth operations

Why is feedback important for control systems?

To ensure the input is in the correct format

What is the purpose of the fetch-decode-execute cycle?

To execute instructions in a computer program

What is the aim of the OSI model?

To facilitate communication across systems

What is the purpose of site-to-site VPNs?

To facilitate secure data interchange between different sites

What is the purpose of VPN gateways?

To facilitate site-to-site VPNs

What is the purpose of a prototype?

To fail inexpensively, gather accurate requirements, conceptualize a product, understand the problem, resolve conflicts, rally financial support, file patents

Why is it important for hardware to follow specific standards?

To interconnect computer systems

Why is it necessary to inform stakeholders within the organization?

To keep everyone satisfied

What is the context for which a new system is planned?

To replace outdated and inefficient systems

Why is a stack useful for shutting down programs?

To shut off plugins first

What is the purpose of splitting information into layers?

To split a big task into smaller ones

Why are prototypes important?

To test components and illustrate the system to the client

What is the purpose of decoding an instruction?

To understand the instruction.

What are the 4 main ways to improve accessibility of a system?

Touch screens, Voice recognition, Text-to-speech, Braille keyboard

Line for preorder

Touches left of each node

Line for postorder

Touches right of every square

What causes speed variance?

Traffic, time of day, distance, infrastructure, etc.

What is change management?

Transfer of management from old to new system

What is goodput?

Transfer rate of usable data

What is the purpose of the data bus?

Transfers data between components

What is the purpose of the address bus?

Transfers memory addresses between components

What is the benefit of a pilot running?

Trialling new features and only affecting a small part if it fails

What does wireless communication allow?

Tunnelling of phone lines

What are the two ways to implement ethernet?

Twisted-pair cables or wireless (wifi radiowaves)

One, two, or three factor authentication

Types of authentication

When is a stack useful?

Undo buttons, recursion, internet history

What is DevOps?

Unifies software development and software operations.

Customer dissatisfaction

Unsatisfied with product

What is the relationship between usability and utility?

Usability + utility = useful

What is slicing?

Used by multitasking to manage all running programs

What is microwave radio?

Used for mobile telephone networks and LANs

What is infrared?

Used for very short instances, directional, requires line of sight

What is Wi-Fi?

Used to connect wirelessly to home networks, relatively slow to fast data transmissions, backwards compatible with most older Wi-Fi standards, and has a smaller transmitting radius

Encryption security disadvantages

Users can take easy-to-guess passwords, passwords need to be transmitted over the network, backdoors can be built in

Why don't users like change?

Users don't like change (too often/at all)

What is free space optics?

Uses lasers for wireless computer communication

What are the advantages of wireless communication?

Uses unlicensed radio spectrum, free, LANs can be set up without cabling, no cost or space or time wasted, WIFI can support roaming between access points, and minimal setup costs

How do devices connect to a hub?

Using an ethernet table

How is WLAN different from VLAN?

VLAN, but still in a similar geographical area.

What is the classification of VPNs based on the infrastructure used?

VPNs that go over the public infrastructure

What do the data and address buses connect to?

Various components in a computer system

What is a Beta Version?

Version for core developers to provide feedback

What is the security level of WLAN/Wi-Fi?

Very insecure unless encrypted

What is fiber-optic?

Very secure, difficult to break into, generally fragile

How does VPN provide authentication?

Via digital certificates

What is the relationship between servers and clients?

One-to-many

What are embedded systems?

Dedicated computer systems designed for one or two specific functions

What is human resources?

Department responsible for managing resources related to employees.

What are system flowcharts?

Descriptions of a data processing system, including the flow of data through programs

What is accessibility?

Design for specific needs

What does utility refer to?

Design functionality

What are the stages in developing a prototype?

Design, feedback provided, refine prototype, build prototype, user tests prototype, final product

What happens when issues arise during the design process?

Designers may have to return to previous steps

Why should iterative design methodology be adopted?

Designers often have to reconsider choices

What is Utilitarianism?

Designing a system for the greatest good of the greatest number of people

What is examining current systems?

Detailed examination of current system

What should successful change management do?

Maximize benefits and minimize impact on people

Product limitations

May not solve customer's problem

Does it take longer to access CPU or cache?

CPU

What happens when a graphics processor is limited?

CPU processes graphics, taking longer or being limited

What kind of actions can take place in the execute step?

Calculations using data.

What is recursion?

Calling a subprogram from within itself

What are public attributes?

Can be accessed directly by a child class

What is a disadvantage of surveys?

Can be difficult to ask the 'right question', information gathered is limited and can be biased, quality of responses is not ensured

What are the disadvantages of Printed Manuals?

Can be lost, limited information, not always updated

What are the advantages of Printed Manuals?

Can be read before use, always available, help with installation

UserID disadvantages

Can be stolen or bypassed, does not protect against message interception

What is the disadvantage of designing an OS from scratch?

Can't be used on other devices and more expensive

What are private attributes?

Cannot be accessed directly by a child class

What are fiber optic cables?

Carries a beam of light, expensive, offers higher speeds, needs fewer repeaters, and is extremely secure

What does the protocol of a layer do?

Carries out a sequence of operations

What does CPU stand for?

Central Processing Unit

What is the CPU?

Central Processing Unit.

What might change lead to from a technology perspective?

Change might lead to incompatibility

What is the cost of RFID?

Cheap

What are copper cables?

Cheap and commonly used for communication

What is inheritance?

Child inherits properties of parents

What are some examples of web browsers?

Chrome, Opera, Safari, Explorer

What is a child class?

Class that inherits properties of a parent class

What is a parent class?

Class that passes properties to a child class

What is polymorphism?

Classes inherit attributes differently

What must be considered before creating a system?

Client requirements

What are the roles a computer can do?

Clients, routers, firewalls, and servers.

What is the second step in managing change?

Communicate

What is the best condition for microwave radio?

No buildings or other structures between transmitter and receiver

What is a potential problem with phased conversion?

No fallback if a new phase fails

What is the requirement for using VPN technology?

No specific client software is required

Can a collection be accessed non-sequentially?

No.

What hardware is needed for a wireless network?

Node (PC, laptop, printer, etc.), wireless network interface cards, radio waves (WiFi, Bluetooth), connection point (Wireless AP/router), network operating system (with drivers), protocol stack (TCP/IP), and applications (browser)

Is ROM volatile or non-volatile?

Non-volatile

What is the meaning of asynchronous in ATM?

Not at the same time

What is a disadvantage of collecting documents?

Not specific to the questions you want to ask

What are some examples of word processors?

Notepad, Microsoft Word, etc.

What is a floating point number?

Numbers past 1 with fractions

What is the space complexity of bubble sort?

O(1)

What is the time complexity of binary search?

O(log n)

What is the time complexity of merge sort?

O(n log n)

What is the space complexity of merge sort?

O(n)

What is the time complexity of linear search?

O(n)

What is the time complexity of bubble sort?

O(n^2)

What is the time complexity of selection sort?

O(n^2)

What is memory management?

OS manages computer memory and instructions executed in ALU

When might old systems be faster?

Old systems might be faster in certain circumstances

What is the length of a linked list?

Amount of nodes it contains

What are standards?

Agreed way of doing things for software/hardware

What are the VPN technologies?

All traffic must be encrypted, authenticated, and sent along virtual tunnels. IPSec functions in transport and tunnel mode.

What is the disadvantage of VPNs?

All traffic on the VPN relies on security of a provider's network to protect the network

What is the role of the OS in program coordination?

Allocate CPU time based on priority and time

What is paging?

Allows OS to use secondary storage as if it was RAM

What is the function of the data bus?

Allows data to be read or given to/from RAM

What is an advantage of interviews?

Allows for a lot of detailed information to be gathered, people can be asked about their dislikes

What is the benefit of phased conversion?

Allows gradual adjustment and training of staff

What is the total length of packets used for?

Allows routers to see if all packets are present

What are the other names of SAN?

Also referred to as SAN storage, SAN network, network SAN, etc.

What does ROM store?

BIOS

Failover/switchover system

Backup system for hardware failure

What is the difference between bandwidth and throughput?

Bandwidth is theoretical speed, throughput is actual transfer rate

What factors affect speed of data transmission?

Bandwidth, interferences, traffic, packet loss, read speed of storage devices, slowest segment, technology of network server, user authentication and security checks, type of files being sent, type of transmission medium, user's CPU speed, user's RAM/disk caching, user's various subsystem performances

What is hexadecimal?

Base 16 system with 0-9 and A-F

What does BIOS stand for?

Basic input output system

What is the agreed-upon protocol for instructions?

Binary bits.

What are some examples of CAD programs?

Blender, Sketchup

Name 5 peripherals and software for accessibility

Braille keyboards, Eye-Typers, Accessible controllers, Screen readers, Voice synthesizers

What does a VPN encrypt and send separately?

Data and a key

What does each node in a linked list have?

Data and a pointer.

What information does the data bus carry?

Data being transferred between components

What are the three most important busses?

Data bus, Control bus, Memory bus

What is end-to-end encryption?

Data encrypted from sender to receiver

What is batch processing?

Data processing performed on composed and processed data as a single unit

What do data flow diagrams show?

Data stores a system uses and how data moves through a system

What can be accessed through a VPN?

Data, files, databases, and resources stored in a work PC from a home PC

What does DNS stand for?

Domain Name System

Counting squares

Draw line, count when touches bottom

Redundancy

Duplication of critical components or functions

What is a linked list?

Dynamic data structure with 3 types

How can Updates be done?

Manually or automatically

What is a data flow diagram?

Maps out the flow of information for any process or system using defined symbols like rectangles, circles and arrows to show data inputs, outputs, and storage points

What does CPU and storage contain?

Motherboard

What is data migration?

Moving data from one place to another

What is a network?

Multiple devices communicating using a transmission medium.

What is multi-access?

Multiple users interacting with a single computer through their terminals

What is the technology used for transporting layer 2 frames over MPLS?

Multiprotocol Label Switching (MPLS)

What is the technology used for layer 3 VPNs?

Multiprotocol Label Switching (MPLS) with constrained distribution of routing information through Border Gateway protocol (BGP)

What are dynamic data structures?

Mutable, e.g. lists

What is real-time processing?

On-the-fly data processing influenced by generated data

What is a control system?

One or more devices that guide other devices

What are the pointers in a double linked list?

One points forwards and one points backwards.

What might happen with new systems?

New systems might omit old features


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