CS OOP, CS 7, CS 6, CS 5, CS 4, CS 3, CS 2, CS 1.2, CS 1.1
What happens when data is sent over the internet?
It is broken down into packets
What happens when a file is too large?
It is divided into chunks (packets)
Why might change be expensive?
It might be expensive (either in terms of money or time)
What might happen if a new system is less efficient?
It might be necessary to change back to an old system in order to optimize efficiency
How does e-waste harm the environment?
It soils into the environment and harms nature
What is a router?
Joins multiple networks and acts as an intermediary between them
What is encapsulation?
Keeping attributes public or private
What is memory management?
Keeping track of memory usage and controlling access to memory.
What are the two categories of networks?
LANs (local area networks) and WANs (wide area networks).
What is a stack?
LIFO structure for reversing order
Speed
LTE allows for greater speed
Compatibility
LTE is compatible with 2G and 3G, unlike WiMAX
Popularity
LTE is more popular and widespread
Cost
LTE networks are more expensive
What is an advantage of surveys?
Large amount of data from a large group, quick to analyze if done electronically
Postorder traversal
Left-right-middle
What is the function of the control bus?
Link RAM to CPU via CU
What is the function of the memory bus?
Link RAM to CPU via MAR
What is the function of the data bus?
Link RAM to CPU via MDR
What is a Node?
Link between arrays in a linked array
What is a pointer?
Link between arrays in a linked array
What does the data bus do?
Links CPU to RAM
What is the purpose of the control bus?
Links CU to execute loaded commands
What are some common Operating Systems?
Linux, Mac, Android, and iOS.
What are the steps involved in executing the Java code 'area = length * width'?
Load length, load width, multiply, store result in area
What is the function of the CU?
Load new commands into the CPU, decode commands, direct data flow and operation of the ALU
What is multiprogramming?
Loading 2 or more programs into memory, executing one at a time
What is the function of the control unit?
Loads new commands and directs data flow
What is a LAN?
Local Area Network covering a small geographical area
What is a LAN?
Local area network
What is the difference between local and remote software?
Local is stored on a local server or disc, remote is stored on a remote place (cloud/SaaS).
What is the purpose of the memory address register?
Locate the instruction or data.
What is the purpose of the address bus?
Locating the address of the instruction.
What is the address bus used for?
Locating the address.
What are REM and ROM?
Long term memory
What is linear search?
Loops through every element in an array and checks it against the desired element
Data Loss
Loss of data due to human error, software corruption, hardware destruction, or viruses
What is the power level of Bluetooth transmission?
Low power levels
What is machine language?
Low-level programming language.
What is the downside of a system without a dedicated sound processor?
Lower quality sound
What are the three most important registers?
MAR, MDR, Accumulator
What are some examples of standards?
MP3, HTML, Unicode
What is a hard disk?
Magnetic storage for long term storage
What is the use of SAN?
Makes a network of storage devices accessible to multiple servers.
What is code reusability?
Making code reusable and easier to maintain
What does MAR stand for?
Memory Address Register
What does MDR stand for?
Memory Data Register
What is MDR?
Memory Data Register.
What information does the address bus carry?
Memory addresses being transferred between components
What is direct observation?
Method of collecting client requirements through observing
What are some examples of database management systems?
Microsoft Access, FileMaker
What technology does Bluetooth use?
Microwave radio
What do satellites use for wireless communication?
Microwave signals
Preorder traversal
Middle-left-right
What is the role of an owner in agents?
Minimal interference
What is a client-server architecture?
Model where client sends data to server
What is client-server computing?
Model where server provides resources to clients
What is the difference between morals and ethics?
Morals are personal beliefs, ethics are cultural standards
What does cache store?
Most commonly used instructions and data
What are the two parts of an instruction?
Opcode and operand
What influences the design of agents?
Operating environments
What is the advantage of designing an OS from scratch?
Optimized for device
What documents are included in examining current systems?
Order, logistics, and computer system procedures, reports
Why is it important to involve the end-user throughout development?
Otherwise they may not be satisfied with the final product
What is the purpose of a requirement specification document?
Outline system requirements and customer requirements
Wi-Fi
PAN technology
What information is often contained on the back of packets?
Packet number, total length, time to live, checksum
What are Printed Manuals?
Paper copy of instructions
What is a process scheduler?
Part of OS that decides on next task to be admitted to CPU
What is require analysis?
Part of SDLC
What is the process for a simple program to ask for services from an online database?
Pass request through different layers and obtain answer through different layers
Why do people find change complex?
People find change complex
What is a disadvantage of observation?
People might work differently if they're being watched
What are agents?
Perceive and act on environment
What is the function of the ALU?
Perform arithmetic and logical calculations
What is the function of the ALU?
Perform arithmetic and logical calculations for the CPU
What is Polling?
Periodic checking of device status
What is external hardware?
Peripherals such as monitors, keyboards, mice, printers, and scanners.
What is hardware?
Physical aspects of a computer
What is hardware?
Physical parts of a computer.
What is RAM?
Place in memory for current data/programs
What are the 4 main parts of change management?
Plan, Communicate, Integrate, Evaluate
What is the first step in managing change?
Planning
What is the NULL pointer?
Points to nothing
What are unshielded twisted pair cables?
Popular in LAN's, easy to install, prone to electrical interference, low cost, and secure
What are mainframes?
Powerful computers with vast amounts of resources
What is a feasibility study?
Predicts outcome and analyzes it
What is the role of the OS in system security?
Prevents unauthorized access and protects files
What is binary?
0's and 1's
What are decimals?
0-9 numbers
What is the speed of unshielded twisted pair?
100 Mbps-1 Gbps
How many sets of root servers exist worldwide?
13
How to convert F4 to decimal?
15*16+4=244
What is my IP address?
174.99.220.58
What is Fortnite's IP address?
199.255.40
What is a network?
2 or more devices connected together
How many levels is cache split up into?
3 (L1, L2, L3)
What is the speed of fiber-optic?
5-100 Gbps
What is the speed of WLAN/Wi-Fi?
5-200 Mbps
How to convert 68 to decimal?
6*16+8=104
What percentage of Americans say social media has a negative effect?
64%
Social issue
Problem affecting society
What is an ethical issue?
Problem requiring ethical decision-making
What is the topic of 1.1.6?
Problems with data migration
What is the fetch-decode-execute cycle?
Process a CPU goes through to process an instruction.
What is modular design?
Process of designing system modules individually and then combining them to form a solution to a problem
What is swapping?
Process of moving program from RAM to hard disk and back
What is a scheduler?
Process of selecting the next process to be executed
What is system analysis?
Process of studying a system to identify its components and their interactions
What is testing?
Process of using software before implementing it to ensure it works
What is a Release?
Product launch or new product
What is PC?
Program Counter.
What is a spreadsheet?
Program for arranging data in rows and columns
What is a word processor?
Program for storing, manipulating, and formatting text
What is a device driver?
Program that acts as a bridge between hardware and OS
What is graphic processing software?
Programs for manipulating visual images on a computer
What is CAD?
Programs that use computer systems to assist in design
What is the negative effect of media and propaganda?
Propagated through being in a network world
Physical security
Protection against natural disasters
What are the functions of an OS?
Provide a user interface, link between user and hardware, manage memory and peripherals, allow multiple applications to run, and provide user security.
What does a server do?
Provides a service to other computer systems
What are the methods of stacks?
Push, Pull, isEmpty, isFull
What are surveys?
Questionnaires for people to fill out
Advantages of social media
Quick spread of news, entertainment, convenience, direct connection, brand building, performance monitoring, scrutinizing scandals
What are the advantages of a distributed system?
Quicker access, shared load, specific response
What is primary memory?
RAM, ROM, and cache
What is RFID?
Radio frequency identification device
What technology does RFID use?
Radio technology
What is the technology used in WLAN/Wi-Fi?
Radio waves
What is the full form of RAM?
Random Access Memory
What is RAM also referred to as?
Random access memory
What does ROM stand for?
Read only memory
What does a root server do if it cannot find the IP address?
Redirects the resolver to where the info can be found
What are the benefits of Agile Development?
Reduces cost, time, and risk of delivering changes
What are some advantages of SaaS?
Reduces need for management and maintenance, allows for a reduction of cost and staff workload, easier to back up files and start running again after an outage.
What is the effect of a bottleneck on network throughput?
Reduces network throughput
What is the advantage of eliminating certain aspects of the OS?
Reduces size and RAM usage
What does the internet refer to?
Refers to global communication system, including hardware and infrastructure. The world wide web on the other hand is one of the services communicated over the internet.
What is MAR?
Register connected to address bus
What is the frequency range of Bluetooth?
Regularly changes frequencies
What is the speed of wireless communication?
Relatively fast
What is abstraction?
Removing complexity from something
What is the function of a graphics processor?
Renders complex graphics
Iteration in programming
Repetition of code for a specific time or until a condition is met.
What is an iteration?
Repetition of instructions for a specific period of time or until desired result is obtained
Define iteration
Repetition of instructions until desired result is achieved
What is abstraction in operating systems?
Representation of complex system with simpler model
What is the Agile Manifesto principle?
Requirements and solutions evolve through collaborative effort of self-organizing teams and their consumers.
What are the disadvantages of Online Support?
Requires internet, difficult for some users to explain problems
If the IP address is not found in cache, what does it ask for next?
Resolver server/ISP
What are the four main functions of an OS?
Resource, peripheral, hardware interface, memory/process management
Private Network
Restricted network access
Non-volatile storage
Retains data without power
If the IP address is not found in the ISP's cache, what does it ask for next?
Root server
What is dynamic testing?
Running a program to see how it fares when launched and making corrections based on results
What are signed floating point numbers?
Same as floating point but negative
What is ergonomics?
Scientific discipline for human-system interaction
What is selection sort?
Searches for the smallest item and moves it to the front, then repeats for the rest of the list
What are packets?
Sections of a file that make it easier to transport data
What are layers in the internet?
Sections that split information into smaller tasks
VPN
Secure remote network access
Duplication of storage devices
Secured data storage
What are the factors to compare different network medias?
Security, reliability, cost, and speed
What is a time slice?
Segment of time given to a task on CPU
What is the data bus used for?
Sending data stored in memory address to the MDR.
What is the purpose of the data bus?
Sending data stored in memory address to the MDR.
What are queues used for?
Sending packets, job scheduling, resource sharing
What does RAM do?
Sends and receives program instructions from CPU
What is the role of the control unit (CU)?
Sends instructions to the ALU and other components
What is the main function of MAR?
Sends required addresses to RAM
What are critical organizational capabilities?
Sense-making, decision making, asset availability, operations management
What is the purpose of domain names?
Serve as memorable names for websites and services
What are mnemonics?
Set of commands to create programs
What is an instruction set?
Set of commands written in machine language.
What is software?
Set of instructions
What are algorithms?
Sets of instructions for computers
What is cache?
Short term memory stored in CPU
What is an interrupt?
Signal from device that causes OS to stop current task
What affects bandwidth?
Signaling technique and physical properties of the medium
WEP
Simple and broken algorithm, superseded by WPA
What are the two types of VPNs?
Site-to-site and remote-access VPNs
What is the difference between site-to-site and remote-access VPNs?
Site-to-site connects entire networks, while remote-access connects individual hosts to private networks
What is the effect of network traffic on data transfer?
Slower data transfer on a particular connection
What creates a bottleneck?
Slowest segment of a network
What is the impact of CPU processing sounds?
Slows down the system
PAN
Small area network
What is cache?
Small section of memory built into CPU
Why does digital need to be converted to analog?
So it can be output
Why does analog need to be converted to digital?
So the processor can read it
What is a web browser?
Software application for retrieving and presenting information on the web
What are some issues with international merging?
Software compatibility, language, time zone, cultural differences.
What is Continuous Delivery?
Software engineering for reliable, frequent releases
What is an Update?
Software file containing fixes for problems
What is a database management system?
Software for creating and managing databases
What are some drawbacks of SaaS?
Software integration problems, security concerns, government compliance and laws differ based on regions.
What are applications?
Software packages that perform a specific function directly for an end user.
What is server software?
Software specific to server type
What is an Operating System (OS)?
Software that controls the general operation of a computer.
What is an operating system?
Software that supports basic functions
What is application software?
Software used to create something
What is SaaS?
Software-as-a-service, where a third party provides access to software and files for a cost.
What is another name for WLAN?
Sometimes called a Wi-Fi network, but can include other transmission technologies.
What is file management?
Sorting out where data is stored on disk drives and memory, and allowing users to organize with folders, copy, and delete files.
What are some features that sensors can record?
Sound, motion, vibration, heat, pressure, temperature
What does each layer in a program perform?
Specific activities
What are software programs?
Specific code/sets of instructions that perform a certain task.
What process does every computer system connected to a network use to transfer data?
Specific process
What is merge sort?
Splits array in half, sorts each half, then merges them together in order
Disadvantages of social media
Spread of false/biased information, propaganda, manipulation, echo chamber, unproven accusations, cancel culture
What is the difference between dynamic and static control?
Static systems don't change over time, dynamic systems can change
Iterative development
Steady improvement of software design through evaluation and testing.
What is a virtual LAN?
A VLAN allows networks of computers and users to communicate in a stimulated environment as if they exist in a single LAN.
What is a server?
A computer with processing power for a function
What is the function of registers?
Store intermediate values from calculations or instructions inside the CPU
What is the role of the accumulator?
Stores results of executed instructions
What is the role of the program counter (PC)?
Stores the address of the next instruction to be executed
What is the role of the memory data register (MDR)?
Stores the data fetched from memory
What is the role of the current instruction register (CIR)?
Stores the instruction fetched from memory
Encryption security advantages
Strong encryption is hard to break, computers can encrypt on the fly
What is a static control system?
A control system that aims to maintain a physical variable at some constant value
What is a client?
A device connected to a server
What is PPTX?
A file extension for PowerPoint presentations.
What is the meaning of the internet?
A globally connected network systems that uses TCP/IP protocols to transmit data.
What is a doubly linked list?
A linked list with 2 pointers per node.
What is a double linked list?
A linked list with 2 pointers.
What is a linked list?
A list of nodes with pointers.
What is the meaning of a logical group in VLAN?
A logical group of workstations, servers, and network devices that appear to be on the same LAN despite their geographical distribution.
What is a potential problem with a pilot running?
Subset users have no fallback if system fails
Help files
Supplied with system for general instructions and error solving
What is an actuator?
A mechanism by which a control system acts upon an environment
What is extranet?
A private network that uses internet protocols, network connectivity, and possibly the public telecommunication system to securely share part of an organization's information or operations with suppliers, vendors, partners, customers, or other businesses.
What is an ethical issue?
A problem that requires an organization to choose between alternatives that are right or wrong
What is a moral issue?
A problem with potential to help or harm anyone
What are the methods of collecting client requirements?
Surveys, interviews, direct observation, collecting documents
What is the hierarchy of software?
System Software, Application Software, Operating System, Utilities, Drivers/Libraries.
What is SDLC?
System development life cycle
What is a distributed system?
System with computers distributed across multiple systems
What is a centrally controlled system?
System with dedicated computer for all tasks
What is the SUS scale?
A scale for subjective usability assessments.
What is a virtual private network?
A secure connection between private networks and remote users/sites
What is the meaning of SAN network?
A secure high-speed data transfer network that provides access to consolidated block (level storage).
What are scripts?
A series of commands within a file capable of being executed without being compiled.
What does each packet contain?
A small amount of data of that file
What is a microprocessor?
A small processor that contains a CPU on a single chip or circuit
What does each module in a structure chart perform?
A specific function
What is checksum?
A sum common on each packet of a file to check if packets are part of the same file
What is a context diagram?
A type of data flow diagram that shows the system being modeled and its relationship to external entities
What is the use of WLAN?
A wireless LAN allows users to move around the coverage area, such as a home, while maintaining network connection.
What is the encryption algorithm used for confidentiality?
AES
What do software application developers have to do to develop applications that can communicate with other software over the internet?
Abide by standards
What is a prototype?
Abstract representation of a system
What are some problems that can arise with accessibility features?
Accent recognition, Touch screen sensitivity, Small buttons, Incorrect tone/grammar, Speaker issues, Germ transmission
UserID advantages
Access rights and user groups can be managed
What is the relationship between accessibility and ergonomics?
Accessibility + ergonomics = usability
What are some characteristics of a good sensor?
Accuracy, range, resolution
What is an open loop control system?
Act on the basic of input and the output has no effect on the control action
What happens in the execute step?
Actions required by the instruction take place.
What is the difference between active and passive RFID?
Active needs internal power, passive needs no internal power source
What is the benefit of the old system during implementation of a new system?
Acts as backup
What is throughput?
Actual transfer rate
What are the key characteristics of Agile methodology?
Adaptive, evolutionary, early delivery, and continual improvement.
How to find a hexadecimal value?
Add place in alphabet to 9
What is the value placed in the PC?
Address of the instruction to be carried out.
What is an example of graphic processing software?
Adobe Photoshop
What are the two ways to design a dedicated OS?
Adopt existing OS or design from scratch
What is AES?
Advanced Encryption Standard
What is the security level of infrared?
Advanced security
What are the key principles of DevOps?
Advocates automation and monitoring at all steps of software construction. Aims at shorter development cycle, at increased deployment frequency.
What is a sorted array?
An array where the elements are in ascending or descending order
What is a legacy system?
An old method, technology, computer system, or application program that is possible no longer supported or available
Data packets
Analyzed based on predetermined rules
What is a disadvantage of interviews?
Takes a long time
What are interviews?
Talking to key people within a system to gather detailed information
Data protection
Techniques to protect data
What does a router do?
Tells data where to go
What is a base case in recursion?
Terminates the recursion
White-box testing
Testing by developer with knowledge
Beta testing
Testing by employees or developers
Black-box testing
Testing by unfamiliar person
What is alpha testing?
Testing performed by the development team before releasing the software to external testers
User acceptance testing
Testing with end users
Automated testing
Testing with software tools
What is multitasking?
The ability to run multiple applications at the same time.
What are the two parts of software?
Application and system
What is a task scheduler?
Application that carries out specific tasks at specific times
What does ALU stand for?
Arithmetic Logic Unit
What is a linked array?
Array with an address linked to another array
What happens if a node's location is lost?
The entire list is lost.
What is the technology used for layer 2 VPNs?
Asynchronous transfer mode (ATM) circuits, Frame relay circuits, and Multiprotocol Label Switching (MPLS)
What are the advantages of a prototype?
Attracts client attention, helps investors decide on funding, encourages active participation, gives an idea of the final product, identifies problems, increases system development speed
What are the advantages of a prototype?
Attracts client attention, provides concept for investors, identifies problems, gives idea of final product
What are the aims of Continuous Delivery?
Building, testing, and releasing software with speed and frequency
What are clients in the real world?
Businesses.
What is the special link between RAM and CPU?
Busses
How do you create inception with merge sort?
By creating multiple lists and sorting them with merge sort recursively
What is bubble sort?
Compares adjacent elements and swaps them if they are in the wrong order
WiMAX vs LTE
Comparison of 4G IP technologies
What is examined in competing products analysis?
Competitive factors, benefits, vulnerabilities, design features
What is multitasking?
Completing smaller tasks or processes quickly
What does the OS hide from users?
Complexity of hardware interactions
What is internal hardware?
Components such as motherboards, hard drives, and RAM.
What is an example of an ethical issue?
Computer crimes
What is an email client?
Computer program used to access and manage email
What is computer software?
Computer programs or sets of instructions.
What do system flowcharts represent?
Computer programs, files, databases, associated manual processes, etc.
What is a server?
Computer that provides data to other computers
Peripheral Devices
Computers creating networks
What is multiprocessing?
Computers with more than one core
What are environmental issues?
Concerns for protection of natural world
What are busses?
Connecting wires that link the CPU to other devices, carrying instructions to/from components
Firewall
Connection between trusted system and outside
What is a hub?
Connection point for devices on a network
What is a switch?
Connection point for multiple devices on a network
What is a closed loop control system?
Considers the current output and alters it to the desired function
What are coaxial cables?
Consist of 2 copper conductors, used in computer networks and to carry TV signals
What is the function of MAR?
Contain the RAM address of the instructions the CPU wants next
What does CU stand for?
Control Unit
What is a dynamic control system?
Control system for tracking desired time function
What is peripheral management?
Controlling devices like keyboard, mouse, monitor, and printers through device drivers.
What can actuator do?
Convert a signal into movement such as opening a door
What do transducers do?
Convert from one form to another (analog to digital or digital to analog)
What does the OS do?
Coordinates resources and controls execution of software
What is the role of the memory address register (MAR)?
Copies the address of the next instruction from the PC
What is unshielded twisted pair?
Copper cable susceptible to EMI
What is the downside of implementing a new system?
Costly in time and money
Explain the need of prototyping during the design stage
Create preliminary version of final product
Who are the stakeholders in a new system?
Creditors, directors, employees, government, owners, suppliers, unions, and community
What are dedicated operating systems?
Custom made for specific function
What are the learning goals for unit 1.2.7?
Develop system flow charts, data flow diagrams, structure charts, distinguish between different diagrams, suggest optimal way to represent system requirements
Why is iteration important during the design process?
Developers may have to reconsider choices made
What is the advantage of SAN?
Devices appear to servers as attached drives, eliminating traditional network bottlenecks.
What are clients in relation to servers?
Devices that access server data
What is a system flow chart?
Diagram representing a process with symbols where arrows show direction, diamond represents decisions, square represents input/output/process
What is a structure chart?
Diagram representing the organization of a system, usually showing different parts in hierarchical order
What is a structure chart?
Diagram that describes functions and sub-functions of a system and relationships between modules of a computer program
What are data flow diagrams (DFD)?
Diagrams used to describe problems to be solved and show how data moves through a system
Channels
Different frequencies used by WiMAX and LTE
What are some problems that can arise with usability?
Difficult hardware, Complex UI, Prior knowledge, Specialist support, Device uniqueness
What is the reliability of microwave radio?
Difficult to guarantee, less secure than wired communication
What are the 4 main installation processes?
Direct changeover, parallel running, phased installation, pilot running.
Routing
Directing data from LAN to network
What are the different types of distances in a network?
Distances range from multiple buildings on campus to satellite links connecting offices internationally.
What is a singly-linked list?
Each element has data and address of next node
What is a doubly-linked list?
Each element has link to previous and next node
What is alphabet shifting?
Each letter of the alphabet is shifted by a certain amount (key)
What is usability?
Ease of use and learnability of a human-made object
Why is organizing a network design in layers important?
Eases process by breaking down problems into distinct modules
What are the advantages of a centrally controlled system?
Easy administration, more control
What are the advantages of using layers?
Easy management, greater understanding, common language, eases protocol design, independent technology advancements, products can work together
What are the advantages of wireless connections?
Easy to set up temporary link, convenient, variety of public access points, easier to plan.
What is RFID?
Effective for short distances between repeaters
What is a node in a linked list?
Element with data and pointer to next node
What are some examples of servers?
Email servers and DNS servers.
What is encryption?
Encoding data so only a computer with the right decoder can read and use it
Describe the need for user/client feedback
Encourages active participation between users and developers
What are the methods of queues?
Enqueue, Dequeue, isEmpty, isFull
What is the benefit of comparing results between systems?
Ensures accuracy
What are tertiary causes of speed variance?
Environmental issues, infrastructure limitations, type of data being transmitted
P2P
Equal client file sharing
What is tunnelling?
Establishing and maintaining a logical network connection where packets are encapsulated within another protocol
What are modern LANs based on?
Ethernet protocols for exchanging data
What is the fourth step in managing change?
Evaluate
Quality affects rate of implementation
Evaluation of advantages and disadvantages
What is the Toilet Paper crisis?
Example of media spreading rumors and claims for attention
What are some examples of spreadsheets?
Excel, Google Sheets
What does a VPN enable?
Exchange of data across the internet as if directly connected to a private network
What is the role of the arithmetic logic unit (ALU)?
Executes arithmetic and logical operations
What is multithreading?
Executing different parts of a program simultaneously
What are some reasons legacy systems can be hard to maintain?
Expensive to change, compatibility issues, difficulty recruiting programmers, pre-internet.
User documentation
Explains system usage to non-technical users
What are the advantages of Online Support?
Extensive, revised, live support, search capabilities
What are peripherals?
External devices that provide input and output for the computer.
What is a queue?
FIFO data structure for ordered execution
What are the benefits of VPNs?
Facilitates communication, improves security, cheaper than traditional WANs, extends connections across geographic sites without a leased line, offers flexibility to employees to access a company's intranet, improves productivity, offers global networking opportunities, reduces environmental footprint, simplifies network topology.
What are supercomputers?
Fast and expensive computers focused on mathematical calculations
What is TELOS?
Feasibility study acronym: Technical, Economical, Legal, Operational, Schedule
What is Virtual Memory?
Feature to compensate for RAM shortages
What is the function of the CPU?
Fetch, decode, and execute program instructions from/to main memory
What is the basic operation of a computer called?
Fetch-execute cycle.
What does the computer do in the fetch step?
Fetches the instruction from memory.
Computer firewall
Filter for trusted data
What is collecting documents?
Finding documents related to the system to gather information quickly
What is a circular linked list?
First and last element point towards each other
What is two's complement practice?
First number is negative
What is a Temporary Fix?
Fix between full releases
What are Updates used for?
Fix bugs, install drivers, address security and stability issues
What are static data structures?
Fixed size, e.g. arrays
How to find a binary number in positive?
Flip numbers and add 1
What are autonomous agents?
Follow owner's algorithms
What are data structures?
Forms of data and how they are used
What are some types of testing?
Functionality, user experience, performance and load, compatibility, security, test management
What are the types of user interfaces?
GUI, CLI, NLI, and MBI.
What is an advantage of collecting documents?
Gathers information quickly
How does the OS handle task priority?
Gives more and longer time slices to high priority tasks
What are some examples of environmental issues?
Global warming, electronic waste, plastic waste, power generation, fuel, loss of habitat, dangerous chemicals
What are some examples of email clients?
Gmail, Outlook
How do you access elements in a linked array?
Go through linked elements first
What is the relationship between goodput and throughput?
Goodput is less than throughput
What is a patent?
Government license for using a title or right for a certain period
What is an instruction set?
Group of commands for a CPU in machine language.
What is a computer network?
Group of computer systems and hardware devices linked through communication channels
What is batch processing?
Grouping programs together and executing without intervention
What is a core in a computer?
Handles multiple calculations
What are shielded twisted pair cables?
Harder to install than UTW cables, but more reliable with less interference
Router
Hardware device directing packets
What is a router?
Hardware device that routes data between networks
What can legacy systems include?
Hardware like floppy discs, or software like windows xp
Firewalls
Hardware or software controlling network traffic
What does a system include?
Hardware, software, and people
How is a new node added to the beginning of a list?
Head points to new node, new node points to old head.
What are some examples of devices that use control systems?
Heating and air con, automatic doors, washing machines, GPS, etc.
What does the OS do for user accounts?
Helps create accounts and defines privileges/rights
What is object-oriented programming?
Hides internal details of an object
What is the possibility of gaining firsthand, unbiased information?
High
What is preemptive scheduling?
High priority task takes over low priority task
What is the bandwidth offered by microwave radio?
High, but lower than cables
What is the function of MDR?
Hold data that will be written to or read from RAM
What does the OSI model define?
How computers communicate with each other
What is time to live?
How long packets have to transport to their destination
What does the evaluation step check?
How well a new system works after it is implemented
What is HTTP and HTTPS?
Hypertext Transfer Protocol/Secure
What are some organizations that standardize network protocols?
IEEE, IETF
When a client requests to view a website, what does it search for first?
IP address in cache
Destination address
IP address of receiver
Source address
IP address of sender
Do computers access internet devices by domain names or IP addresses?
IP addresses
What is literature search?
Identification and retrieval of information sources
MAC address
Identifies hardware, managed by IEEE
Why is VLAN implemented?
Implemented to achieve scalability security and ease of network management and can quickly adapt changes in network requirements and relocation of workstations and server nodes.
What is phased conversion?
Implementing new system in different phases
What is a pilot running?
Implementing new system to a subset of company
Updates
Improve product with patches and bug fixes
Why is iteration important during the system and software lifecycle?
Improves design based on evaluation and testing methods
What is binary search?
In a sorted array, takes the midpoint and repeats until desired element is found
Travels order
In order, left-middle-right
Encryption over wireless networks
Includes UserID, PSK, WEP, WPA/WPA2
What is a packet?
Includes sender and receiver address and information
What are some possible problems that may arise during data migration?
Incompatible file formats, data structure differences, validation rules, incomplete data transfer, international conventions on dates, currency, and character sets
What are the goals of a modern system?
Increase client trust, preserve brand strength, maintain corporate resiliency, enhance organizational peace
Explain the need for effective collaboration
Increases system development speed
What is the IPO model?
Input process output
What is static testing?
Inspecting software for flaws without running it
What are the disadvantages of wireless connections?
Installing a cable can be difficult/expensive, speed is low, high error rates, affected by weather, weakest protection/privacy, less reliable, health concerns, old devices might not have wireless capabilities.
What is the third step in managing change?
Integrate
What is online processing?
Interactive data processing performed by a single processor
Primary and secondary servers
Interchange regularly
What are the disadvantages of wireless communication?
Interference, often crowded with other devices, limited range, WEP encryption is not difficult to hack, access points can be used to steal data, and health concerns
What factors affect throughput?
Interference, traffic, connected devices, errors
Intranet
Internal network for employees
Who created the OSI model?
International Standards Organization (ISO)
What does IP stand for?
Internet Protocol
What is an IP address?
Internet Protocol given to each computer connected to the internet
What is required to set up a VPN?
Internet access, VPN software, VPN routers, VPN appliances, VPN concentrators
What issues are associated with change management?
Issues with planning the system
What is the advantage of a double linked list?
It allows for easy navigation in both directions.
Why is planning important in managing change?
It helps avoid problems in the future
What is the internet?
It is a WAN.
What is the meaning of WAN?
It is a collection of LANs and WANs.
What is the internet?
It is a network of networks.
What is SAN?
It is a storage area network.
What is VLAN?
It is a virtual local area network.
What is WLAN?
It is a wireless Local Area Network.
What are the 4 types of disabilities that can affect the way people interact with digital devices?
Visual, Auditory, Mobility and dexterity, Cognitive
Is RAM volatile or non-volatile?
Volatile
What are the types of WANs?
WANs can be wired (fibre-optic cable) or wireless (microwave or satellite transmission technology).
What is observation?
Watching how things are done with your own eyes
What are some sensors found in washing machines?
Water-level, temperature, load sizes, buttons
What affects the performance of microwave radio?
Weather conditions
What is Online Support?
Web service for user documentation
What are some types of servers?
Web, mail, file servers
What is a bottleneck?
When bandwidth is lower than data passing through
What does a hub decide?
Which client data from the server must be sent
What can a switch identify?
Which network device is connected to which port
Developing countries
WiMAX is a better choice in developing countries
What is a WAN?
Wide Area Network covering a wider area than LAN
What is a WAN?
Wide area network
What is the primary way for mobile phones?
Wireless communication
What is a prototype?
Working or non-working preliminary version of final product
What is WiMAX?
Worldwide interoperability for microwave access, designed for large distance high speed, and relatively cheap
How to find a negative decimal?
Write positive value in binary, flip signs, add decimal 1
Are buttons considered sensors?
Yes
Can criminals communicate in an encrypted way through VPNs?
Yes
Do linked lists have predecessors and successors?
Yes
Is cache easy and fast to access?
Yes
Can an actuator be a transducer?
Yes, if it converts the signal
Can agents build their own actions?
Yes, through learning algorithms
What is the first node in a list called?
The head.
What is special about a circular linked list?
The last node points to the first node.
What is the OSI model?
The most widely used networking standard
What happens during the integration part of change management?
The new system actually gets integrated into a business
What is checked when adding a node in the middle of a list?
The next node in the list.
What is the packet number?
The number of the packet between all the other packets making up a file
What is merging?
The process were multiple companies merge together into one entity, usually to reduce costs
What is bandwidth?
Theoretical speed of data in a medium
What might happen during migration?
There might be data loss during migration
What is the advantage of SSL/TLS-based VPNs over IPsec-based VPNs?
They are simpler
What happens to packets at the final destination?
They get reassembled
What is 3G?
Third generation mobile network
Confidentiality, integrity, availability
Three pillars of security
How do operating systems hide complexity from users?
Through GUI, folder structures, icons, and abstraction
How is information carried in microwave radio?
Through air
How are elements accessed in a linked list?
Through pointers of previous elements
How do agents determine their actions?
Through sensors and experiences
How does the OS ensure system security?
Through usernames, passwords, and file protection
What factors affect goodput?
Throughput, type of data being transmitted
Why do software manufacturers use standards?
To build systems that can communicate with each other
What is the purpose of remote-access VPNs?
To connect individual hosts to private networks and facilitate teleworkers
Why is it important for systems to be compatible during mergers?
To ensure smooth operations
Why is feedback important for control systems?
To ensure the input is in the correct format
What is the purpose of the fetch-decode-execute cycle?
To execute instructions in a computer program
What is the aim of the OSI model?
To facilitate communication across systems
What is the purpose of site-to-site VPNs?
To facilitate secure data interchange between different sites
What is the purpose of VPN gateways?
To facilitate site-to-site VPNs
What is the purpose of a prototype?
To fail inexpensively, gather accurate requirements, conceptualize a product, understand the problem, resolve conflicts, rally financial support, file patents
Why is it important for hardware to follow specific standards?
To interconnect computer systems
Why is it necessary to inform stakeholders within the organization?
To keep everyone satisfied
What is the context for which a new system is planned?
To replace outdated and inefficient systems
Why is a stack useful for shutting down programs?
To shut off plugins first
What is the purpose of splitting information into layers?
To split a big task into smaller ones
Why are prototypes important?
To test components and illustrate the system to the client
What is the purpose of decoding an instruction?
To understand the instruction.
What are the 4 main ways to improve accessibility of a system?
Touch screens, Voice recognition, Text-to-speech, Braille keyboard
Line for preorder
Touches left of each node
Line for postorder
Touches right of every square
What causes speed variance?
Traffic, time of day, distance, infrastructure, etc.
What is change management?
Transfer of management from old to new system
What is goodput?
Transfer rate of usable data
What is the purpose of the data bus?
Transfers data between components
What is the purpose of the address bus?
Transfers memory addresses between components
What is the benefit of a pilot running?
Trialling new features and only affecting a small part if it fails
What does wireless communication allow?
Tunnelling of phone lines
What are the two ways to implement ethernet?
Twisted-pair cables or wireless (wifi radiowaves)
One, two, or three factor authentication
Types of authentication
When is a stack useful?
Undo buttons, recursion, internet history
What is DevOps?
Unifies software development and software operations.
Customer dissatisfaction
Unsatisfied with product
What is the relationship between usability and utility?
Usability + utility = useful
What is slicing?
Used by multitasking to manage all running programs
What is microwave radio?
Used for mobile telephone networks and LANs
What is infrared?
Used for very short instances, directional, requires line of sight
What is Wi-Fi?
Used to connect wirelessly to home networks, relatively slow to fast data transmissions, backwards compatible with most older Wi-Fi standards, and has a smaller transmitting radius
Encryption security disadvantages
Users can take easy-to-guess passwords, passwords need to be transmitted over the network, backdoors can be built in
Why don't users like change?
Users don't like change (too often/at all)
What is free space optics?
Uses lasers for wireless computer communication
What are the advantages of wireless communication?
Uses unlicensed radio spectrum, free, LANs can be set up without cabling, no cost or space or time wasted, WIFI can support roaming between access points, and minimal setup costs
How do devices connect to a hub?
Using an ethernet table
How is WLAN different from VLAN?
VLAN, but still in a similar geographical area.
What is the classification of VPNs based on the infrastructure used?
VPNs that go over the public infrastructure
What do the data and address buses connect to?
Various components in a computer system
What is a Beta Version?
Version for core developers to provide feedback
What is the security level of WLAN/Wi-Fi?
Very insecure unless encrypted
What is fiber-optic?
Very secure, difficult to break into, generally fragile
How does VPN provide authentication?
Via digital certificates
What is the relationship between servers and clients?
One-to-many
What are embedded systems?
Dedicated computer systems designed for one or two specific functions
What is human resources?
Department responsible for managing resources related to employees.
What are system flowcharts?
Descriptions of a data processing system, including the flow of data through programs
What is accessibility?
Design for specific needs
What does utility refer to?
Design functionality
What are the stages in developing a prototype?
Design, feedback provided, refine prototype, build prototype, user tests prototype, final product
What happens when issues arise during the design process?
Designers may have to return to previous steps
Why should iterative design methodology be adopted?
Designers often have to reconsider choices
What is Utilitarianism?
Designing a system for the greatest good of the greatest number of people
What is examining current systems?
Detailed examination of current system
What should successful change management do?
Maximize benefits and minimize impact on people
Product limitations
May not solve customer's problem
Does it take longer to access CPU or cache?
CPU
What happens when a graphics processor is limited?
CPU processes graphics, taking longer or being limited
What kind of actions can take place in the execute step?
Calculations using data.
What is recursion?
Calling a subprogram from within itself
What are public attributes?
Can be accessed directly by a child class
What is a disadvantage of surveys?
Can be difficult to ask the 'right question', information gathered is limited and can be biased, quality of responses is not ensured
What are the disadvantages of Printed Manuals?
Can be lost, limited information, not always updated
What are the advantages of Printed Manuals?
Can be read before use, always available, help with installation
UserID disadvantages
Can be stolen or bypassed, does not protect against message interception
What is the disadvantage of designing an OS from scratch?
Can't be used on other devices and more expensive
What are private attributes?
Cannot be accessed directly by a child class
What are fiber optic cables?
Carries a beam of light, expensive, offers higher speeds, needs fewer repeaters, and is extremely secure
What does the protocol of a layer do?
Carries out a sequence of operations
What does CPU stand for?
Central Processing Unit
What is the CPU?
Central Processing Unit.
What might change lead to from a technology perspective?
Change might lead to incompatibility
What is the cost of RFID?
Cheap
What are copper cables?
Cheap and commonly used for communication
What is inheritance?
Child inherits properties of parents
What are some examples of web browsers?
Chrome, Opera, Safari, Explorer
What is a child class?
Class that inherits properties of a parent class
What is a parent class?
Class that passes properties to a child class
What is polymorphism?
Classes inherit attributes differently
What must be considered before creating a system?
Client requirements
What are the roles a computer can do?
Clients, routers, firewalls, and servers.
What is the second step in managing change?
Communicate
What is the best condition for microwave radio?
No buildings or other structures between transmitter and receiver
What is a potential problem with phased conversion?
No fallback if a new phase fails
What is the requirement for using VPN technology?
No specific client software is required
Can a collection be accessed non-sequentially?
No.
What hardware is needed for a wireless network?
Node (PC, laptop, printer, etc.), wireless network interface cards, radio waves (WiFi, Bluetooth), connection point (Wireless AP/router), network operating system (with drivers), protocol stack (TCP/IP), and applications (browser)
Is ROM volatile or non-volatile?
Non-volatile
What is the meaning of asynchronous in ATM?
Not at the same time
What is a disadvantage of collecting documents?
Not specific to the questions you want to ask
What are some examples of word processors?
Notepad, Microsoft Word, etc.
What is a floating point number?
Numbers past 1 with fractions
What is the space complexity of bubble sort?
O(1)
What is the time complexity of binary search?
O(log n)
What is the time complexity of merge sort?
O(n log n)
What is the space complexity of merge sort?
O(n)
What is the time complexity of linear search?
O(n)
What is the time complexity of bubble sort?
O(n^2)
What is the time complexity of selection sort?
O(n^2)
What is memory management?
OS manages computer memory and instructions executed in ALU
When might old systems be faster?
Old systems might be faster in certain circumstances
What is the length of a linked list?
Amount of nodes it contains
What are standards?
Agreed way of doing things for software/hardware
What are the VPN technologies?
All traffic must be encrypted, authenticated, and sent along virtual tunnels. IPSec functions in transport and tunnel mode.
What is the disadvantage of VPNs?
All traffic on the VPN relies on security of a provider's network to protect the network
What is the role of the OS in program coordination?
Allocate CPU time based on priority and time
What is paging?
Allows OS to use secondary storage as if it was RAM
What is the function of the data bus?
Allows data to be read or given to/from RAM
What is an advantage of interviews?
Allows for a lot of detailed information to be gathered, people can be asked about their dislikes
What is the benefit of phased conversion?
Allows gradual adjustment and training of staff
What is the total length of packets used for?
Allows routers to see if all packets are present
What are the other names of SAN?
Also referred to as SAN storage, SAN network, network SAN, etc.
What does ROM store?
BIOS
Failover/switchover system
Backup system for hardware failure
What is the difference between bandwidth and throughput?
Bandwidth is theoretical speed, throughput is actual transfer rate
What factors affect speed of data transmission?
Bandwidth, interferences, traffic, packet loss, read speed of storage devices, slowest segment, technology of network server, user authentication and security checks, type of files being sent, type of transmission medium, user's CPU speed, user's RAM/disk caching, user's various subsystem performances
What is hexadecimal?
Base 16 system with 0-9 and A-F
What does BIOS stand for?
Basic input output system
What is the agreed-upon protocol for instructions?
Binary bits.
What are some examples of CAD programs?
Blender, Sketchup
Name 5 peripherals and software for accessibility
Braille keyboards, Eye-Typers, Accessible controllers, Screen readers, Voice synthesizers
What does a VPN encrypt and send separately?
Data and a key
What does each node in a linked list have?
Data and a pointer.
What information does the data bus carry?
Data being transferred between components
What are the three most important busses?
Data bus, Control bus, Memory bus
What is end-to-end encryption?
Data encrypted from sender to receiver
What is batch processing?
Data processing performed on composed and processed data as a single unit
What do data flow diagrams show?
Data stores a system uses and how data moves through a system
What can be accessed through a VPN?
Data, files, databases, and resources stored in a work PC from a home PC
What does DNS stand for?
Domain Name System
Counting squares
Draw line, count when touches bottom
Redundancy
Duplication of critical components or functions
What is a linked list?
Dynamic data structure with 3 types
How can Updates be done?
Manually or automatically
What is a data flow diagram?
Maps out the flow of information for any process or system using defined symbols like rectangles, circles and arrows to show data inputs, outputs, and storage points
What does CPU and storage contain?
Motherboard
What is data migration?
Moving data from one place to another
What is a network?
Multiple devices communicating using a transmission medium.
What is multi-access?
Multiple users interacting with a single computer through their terminals
What is the technology used for transporting layer 2 frames over MPLS?
Multiprotocol Label Switching (MPLS)
What is the technology used for layer 3 VPNs?
Multiprotocol Label Switching (MPLS) with constrained distribution of routing information through Border Gateway protocol (BGP)
What are dynamic data structures?
Mutable, e.g. lists
What is real-time processing?
On-the-fly data processing influenced by generated data
What is a control system?
One or more devices that guide other devices
What are the pointers in a double linked list?
One points forwards and one points backwards.
What might happen with new systems?
New systems might omit old features
