Cultural Anthropology Chapter 5

Agriculturalists are more vulnerable to environmental changes, such as crop failures, and disease, than are horticulturalists. (T/F)

True

In agriculture, the same piece of land is repeatedly cultivated. (T/F)

True

Increasing dependence on a global marketplace makes our food supply vulnerable to economic volatility. (T/F)

True

Not all human societies are engaged in food production. (T/F)

True

Subsistence strategies must change in response to changing environments. (T/F)

True

The oldest form of human subsistence is foraging. (T/F)

True

Population densities among horticultural populations rarely exceed _____ people per square mile. a. 150 b. 10 c. 75 d. 50 e. 5

a. 150

Which of the following is one of the primary differences between horticulture and agriculture? a. Amount of capital investment b. Availability of land c. Use of human labor d. Planting of diverse crops e. Household diets

a. Amount of capital investment

Which subsistence strategy supports the lowest population density? a. Foraging b. Nomadic pastoralism c. Transhumant pastoralism d. Intensive cultivation e. Horticulture

a. Foraging

All of the following are results of the Industrial Revolution and industrialization EXCEPT: a. decreasing consumer choices. b. decline in the percentage of the population directly involved in food production. c. pronounced environmental degradation and climate change. d. high levels of economic inequality. e. increase in hazardous air pollutants.

a. decreasing consumer choices.

The high productivity and efficiency of the meat-packing industries is primarily made possible by cheap: a. labor. b. land. c. communication networks. d. water resources. e. technology.

a. labor.

Unlike the other subsistence strategies, in industrialism the focus: a. moves away from food to the production of goods and services. b. of production is on fast and available food. c. moves away from local food production to globalized trading networks. d. is on forces of transportation and communication only. e. remains only on the market and not on individual families.

a. moves away from food to the production of goods and services.

Subsistence strategies are best defined as: a. ways in which societies transform the material resources of the environment into food. b. ways in which a society uses the environment to produce food surplus. c. food choices that each family in a society makes. d. an inheritance that is passed from generation to generation. e. access to an environment and its food choices.

a. ways in which societies transform the material resources of the environment into food.

Which of the following statements about global warming is NOT correct? a. It has affected modern-day foraging practices among the Inuit. b. The pelts of fox and marten are now thicker than they used to be. c. Melting ice has made hunting and travel more difficult. d. Disappearing sea ice has interfered with various animals' abilities to adapt. e. A warmer climate makes the cultural patterns centered around hunting more fragile.

b. The pelts of fox and marten are now thicker than they used to be.

All of the following characterize contemporary industrial and postindustrial societies EXCEPT: a. greater mobility in the work force b. decreased emphasis on skill and education c. increasing importance of government bureaucracies d. well-coordinated specialized labor forces e. shrinking elite and managerial class

b. decreased emphasis on skill and education

There is a severe crisis of plant species disappearance in the United States. One study found that _____ percent of the vegetable varieties available in the early 20th century are extinct today. a. 63 b. 47 c. 97 d. 77 e. 58

c. 97

Which of the following has suffered most directly from the spread of meatpacking and poultry-processing industries? a. Multinational corporations b. Global trade networks c. Rural communities d. Urban areas e. Government bureaucracies

c. Rural communities

During the "hungry time," to what lengths do the Pintupi go in order to nourish weak individuals? a. They go to government mission stations to get food. b. They begin to slaughter their own animals in order to provide for those in need. c. They feed them blood from stronger and healthier individuals. d. Some stronger members leave their groups in order to work in the cities for money. e. They eat leather and other animal products that are available.

c. They feed them blood from stronger and healthier individuals.

The integration of resources, labor, and capital into a complex global network is called: a. industrialism b. multi-nationalism c. globalization d. multiculturalism e. internationalization

c. globalization

The integration of resources, labor, and capital into a complex global network is called: a. industrialism. b. multi-nationalism. c. globalization. d. multiculturalism. e. internationalization.

c. globalization.

The key to the pastoralist economy is: a. the availability of technology. b. the extent of grazing rights shared among all people. c. herd growth. d. agricultural crops. e. global markets.

c. herd growth.

The main subsistence crop of the Lua' people of northern Thailand is: a. millet b. corn c. rice d. sugar cane e. wheat

c. rice

The agricultural revolution began with: a. the development of the plow. b. the use of irrigation. c. the domestication of plants and animals. d. the advent of class societies. e. the development of urban areas.

c. the domestication of plants and animals.

The central structure of traditional peasant agriculture is: a. the farm cooperative. b. the church. c. the household. d. the bank. e. the government.

c. the household.

What term do we use to identify the environmental impact that individual products have in our food chain? a. Fossil fuel impact b. Oxygen footprint c. Carbon impact d. Carbon footprint e. Erosion force

d. Carbon footprint

For most of the history of our species, human lived by which form of human subsistence? a. Transhumant pastoralism b. Horticulture c. Agriculture d. Foraging e. Industrialism

d. Foraging

Which of the following types of societies generates the most overall inequality? a. Foraging b. Horticultural c. Pastoral d. Industrial e. Agricultural

d. Industrial

Which of the following forms of technology is specifically related to the practice of agriculture? a. Nets b. Rifles c. Digging sticks d. Plows e. Hoes

d. Plows

Peasants are always integrated into which types of societies? a. Horticultural b. Foraging c. Industrial d. State e. Tribal

d. State

Which of the following statements best describe the Yarahmadzai subsistence strategy? a. They herd camels, cattle, goats, and sheep, and they depend on the global market for trade. b. They herd only camels and live exclusively on camel products. c. They herd cattle and camels, but their primary source of food is wheat. d. They herd various types of animals, but also sell and exchange milk products for grain. e. They herd various types of animals, but their main source of protein is camel meat.

d. They herd various types of animals, but also sell and exchange milk products for grain.

The productivity of any given environment is directly related to: a. the amount of available biofuels. b. the amount of genetic diversity in the species present in the environment. c. the number of people living in an area. d. the technology used to exploit it. e. the availability of resources within specific climate zones.

d. the technology used to exploit it.

What is the primary difference between nomadic and transhumant pastoralism? a. The amount of foraging practiced b. The types of money used for exchange c. The amount of direct competition that exists between pastoral and agricultural groups d. The types of animals that are herded e. The existence of permanent villages

e. The existence of permanent villages

The domestication of plants and animals led directly to: a. less stratified societies. b. better control of diseases. c. increases in health and nutrition. d. slowed population growth rates. e. a sedentary lifestyle.

e. a sedentary lifestyle.

The Gwich'in peoples of the Arctic are classified as: a. horticulturalists. b. industrialists. c. agriculturalists. d. pastoralists. e. foragers.

e. foragers.

In comparison with horticulture, the greater productivity associated with agriculture comes from all of the following EXCEPT: a. the use of plows. b. more intensive use of labor. c. techniques of fertilization. d. more capital investment. e. leaving farm land fallow every 5 years.

e. leaving farm land fallow every 5 years.

The main constraint on the Pintupi foragers of Australia is: Select one: a. healthcare. b. shelter. c. animals. d. vegetables. e. water.

e. water.

In nomadic pastoralism, men and boys regularly move cattle to different areas as pastures become available at different altitudes or in different climates. (T/F)

False

Peasants normally produce solely for the larger society. (T/F)

False

The large-scale meatpacking industry has generally had a positive impact on the environment. (T/F)

False