Cultural Dimension Chapter 2-4

Which of the following communication channels is most effective when the sender wants to persuade the receiver?

a personal face-to-face meeting with the receiver

Emotional signals are valid intuitions when they are based on

accurate mental models.

Which of the following ultimately energizes us to select the preferred choice?

emotions

Goal setting is most effective when

the goals are specific, measurable and achievable.

Exceptions to Media Richness

Able to multi-communicate through lean channels.2. More varied proficiency levels.3. Lean channels have less social distraction than do mediarich channels.17

Communication Channels andPersuasion

Accompanied by nonverbal communication.• Has high quality immediate feedback.• Has high social presence.

Benefits of Digital WrittenCommunication

Can be written, edited, and transmitted quickly.• Can be sent to many people simultaneously.• Some channels have search engines.• Increases upward communication.• May reduce status differences, but still exists.• May reduce stereotyping and prejudice, but may alsoincrease reliance on stereotypes.7

Digital Written Communication

Changing generational preferences.• Emerging workplace communication platforms.Email is most frequently used, but is declining quickly.Fastest growing channels are text messaging/chat.Gen Z employees use email less than text/chat atwork.6

Workplace Communication Through SocialMedia

Channels are "social."• Enable reciprocally interactive content.• Users provide feedback, links, edits ("user-generated"). Various social media serve diverse functions.• Identity, conversations, sharing, presence, relationships,reputation/status.9

Workspace design:

Communal areas.• Open-space offices.• Team spaces.

Media Richness

Conveys multiple cues.• Allows timely feedback.• Allows customizedmessage.

Problems with Digital WrittenCommunication

Less politeness andrespectfulness(flaming).• Inefficient forambiguous, complex,novel situations.• Contributes toinformation overload

Grapevine limitations:

Distorted/exaggerated information.• Employees dissatisfied when company slower than the grapevine.26

The ________ of human beings are also called primary needs.

Drives

Nonverbal Communication

Less rule bound.• Mostly automatic and nonconscious.

________ shape(s) how we evaluate information, not just which choice we select.

Emotions

Evaluating

Empathize Organize information

Getting message across

Empathize.• Repeat the message.• Use timing effectively.• Be descriptive.23

Higher social presenceincreases:

Empathy.• Influence

________ theory explains how people develop perceptions of fairness by comparing their input-output ratios with others.

Equity

Which of the following theories of motivation is based on the idea that work effort is directed toward behaviors that people believe will lead to desired outcomes?

Expectancy Theory

Grapevine benefits:

Fills in missing information.• Strengthens corporate culture.• Relieves anxiety.• Associated with drive to bond.

SocialAcceptance

Firm/team norms for usingthe channel.• Individual preferencesfor using the channel.• Symbolic meaning of thechannel.

Communication Barriers

Imperfect perceptual process.• Language problems.• Jargon.• Filtering.• Information overload.19

A way to increase a person's ________ expectancy is to measure his or her job performance more accurately and distribute more valued rewards to those with higher job performance.

P-to-O

Sensing

Postpone evaluation Avoid interruptions Maintain interest

Digital communication:

Real-time news from employees on enterprise platforms arereplacing company news.

Information Overload

Result: Information gets overlooked or misinterpreted.Two sets of solutions:• Increase information processing capacity.• Reduce information load.20

Responding

Show interest Clarify the message

Higher social presence with:

Synchronous communication.• Casual/personal messagecontent.

After the receiver decodes the message, what happens next in the communication process model?

The receiver forms feedback in response to the received message.

Direct communication with management:

Town hall meetings.• Roundtable forums.• Management by walking around.25

A person's hierarchy of needs is influenced by his or her

Values

Decision making

________ is the process of making choices among one or more alternatives with the intention of moving toward some desired state of affairs.

Social presence

________refers to how much the communication channel creates psychological closeness to others, awareness of their humanness, and appreciation of the interpersonal relationship.

The core elements of organizational behavior modification are depicted by the A-B-C model, in which A, B, and C stand for

antecedents, behavior, consequences.

In the communication process, filtering is less likely to occur when

corporate leaders create a culture of candor.

Motivation identifies three forces which affect voluntary work behavior. What are these three forces?

direction, intensity, persistence

Which of the following is assisted by incubation in the creative process?

divergent thinking

Listeners often engage in an automatic process of "catching" or sharing another person's emotions by mimicking that person's facial expressions and other nonverbal behavior. Which of the following drives causes this effect?

drive to bond

Prospect theory and sunk costs are two reasons why people

engage in escalation of commitment.

Decision makers tend to rely on their implicit favorite when they

evaluate decision alternatives sequentially.

When employees direct their effort toward a reward controlled by others that indirectly fulfills a need, they are

extrinsically motivated.

According to the communication process model

information flows through channels between the sender and receiver.

When engaged in ________, employees are encouraged to examine combinations of characteristics of a product or service that seem nonsensical.

morphological analysis

Which of the following is a strategy specifically identified to improve face-to-face communication among employees?

open workspace arrangements

Employee engagement is often described in terms of

self-efficacy.

Unlike traditional websites that merely "push" information from the creator to the audience, ________ are more conversational and reciprocally interactive between sender and receiver, resulting in a sense of community.

social media

Which of the following is a factor in social acceptance?

the symbolic meaning of the chosen channel

Satisficing refers to

the tendency to choose an alternative that is good enough rather than the best.

Decision makers might succumb to the solution-focused problem trap because

they feel comfort in having closure to problem.

Emotional contagion occurs when

we share the emotions of other people.