Cumulative Quiz 2

Which of the following represents the most effective chunking of the digit sequence 14929111776?

1492 911 1776

What is the typical duration of short-term memory?

15 to 30 seconds

The effective duration of short-term memory, when rehearsal is prevented, is

15-20 seconds or less.

Which of the following reaction time data sets illustrates the typicality effect for the bird category, given the following three trials? (NOTE: Read data sets as RTs for Trial 1: Trial 2: Trial 3) Trial 1: An owl is a bird. Trial 2: A penguin is a bird. Trial 3: A sparrow is a bird.

608: 678: 543 ms

Which term represents the "average" member of a category?

A prototype

When we discuss cognitive processes, we often attempt to identify the different representations (or "codes") that each process uses. What is the dominant representation in long-term memory?

A semantic code.

What is the name of the procedure in which trained participants describe their experiences and thought processes in response to stimuli presented under controlled conditions?

Analytic introspection

Which of the following methods, often associated with structuralism, was used in the psychology laboratory established by Wilhelm Wundt?

Analytic introspection

What is the name of the procedure in which trained participants describe their experiences and thought processes in response to stimuli presented under controlled conditions?

Analytic introspection.

One fundamental assumption in cognitive psychology is that we can use experiments to produce measurable behavior. That allows us to

measure mental processes by comparing the presentation of the stimulus and the participant's response.

Why can we consider Tolman one of the early cognitive psychologists?

Because he used behavior to infer mental processes

Which of the following is the best example of a garden path sentence?

Before the police stopped, the Toyota disappeared into the night.

Paivio (1963) proposed dual-coding theory. His work suggests which of the following would be most difficult to remember?

Belief

In one of the earliest studies of memory, Ebbinghaus memorized lists of letter triads (e.g., Z-U-G). His studies were important because they were able to systematically show

the rate at which memory declined over time.

Which property below is NOT one of the characteristics that makes human language unique?

Communication

A phoneme is _______.

the shortest segment of speech that, if changed, changes the meaning of a word

We spent a good deal of time discussing Tolman's maze experiment in class. Why was this study so important?

It showed that mice could form cognitive maps prior to being rewarded.

Which of the following differs between bottom-up and top-down processing?

the source of information (learned vs. innate)

A property of control processes in the modal model of memory is that they

may differ from one task to another.

Wilhelm Wundt established the first psychology research laboratory. Which of the following methods, often associated with structuralism, did he use?

Classical conditioning

Which of the following is not a stage in the information processing model of memory?

Episodic memory

Which Gelstalt principle explains why you see an extension cord coiled in a garage as a single strand?

Good continuation

Suppose we ask people to perform the following cognitive tasks. Which is LEAST likely to strongly activate the visual cortex?

Imagine the meaning of the word "truth."

What does it mean to say that memory is constructive?

Memories are based on what actually happened plus additional factors such as other knowledge, experiences, and expectations.

How did Kosslyn interpret the results from his scanning experiments (e.g., the island experiment)?

Mental imagery likely relies on a spatial code.

Given what we know about the operation of the phonological loop, which of the following word lists would be most difficult for people to retain for 15 seconds?

PAD, RAT, LAD, MAD, PAT

We discussed dichotic listening tasks, where individuals had different messages played into each ear. What is one thing these studies found about attention?

People could focus on one message and ignore the other one at the same time.

Which of the following is an example of a control process in the modal model?

Repeating to-be-remembered information to yourself.

What was the main conflict in the "imagery debate"?

Researchers who believed imagery was based on a spatial code vs. researchers who believed imagery was based on a language code.

Which of the following help us remember information that has already been stored in memory?

Retrieval cues

Cognitive psychologists frequently discuss the different types of representations (or "codes") the mind uses when processing information. Which of the following codes would most closely be associated with abstract concepts like "freedom"?

Semantic

Richard Atkinson and Richard Shiffrin's (1968) model of memory, which was introduced a year after the publication of Neisser's book, described the flow of information in the memory system as progressing through three stages. Which memory holds incoming information for a fraction of a second and then passes most of this information to short-term memory?

Sensory memory

Endel Tulving, one of the most prominent early memory researchers, proposed that long-term memory is subdivided into all of the following components EXCEPT

Short-term memory.

Which of the following terms best describes the concept of entrainment?

Similarity

Which of the following theories on conceptual representation combines both sensory and motor experiences?

The embodied approach

Which of the following is a nonverbal component of communication?

Theory of mind

I almost always fill my travel mug with tea. However, last week I decided to bring coffee. Unfortunately, I forgot about this switch by the time I took my first sip later in the day. Although I really like coffee, I almost spit out my first sip because I had expected peach herbal tea. What best explains why I typically like coffee but did not in this instance?

Top-down processing.

The study of mental imagery was largely abandoned during the time when behaviorism was the dominant philosophy in psychological research. Why would a behaviorist be opposed to studying imagery?

Visual images are invisible to everyone except the person experiencing them.

When performing more than one task at a time (e.g., playing Tetris and counting backwards by 3), performance usually decreases in one or both of the tasks. However, occasionally we can do two things at once (e.g., walking and carrying on a conversation). What explains the difference in these two scenarios (Tetris-math vs. walking-talking)?

Walking is well-learned and does not actually require much (if any) attention.

Which statement best describes the likelihood principle?

We perceive the object that is most likely to have caused the pattern of stimuli we have received.

Who founded the first laboratory of scientific psychology at the University of Leipzig in Germany?

Wilhelm Wundt

A task for determining how prototypical an object is would be

a task where participants rate the extent to which each member represents the category title.

Imagery neurons respond to

an actual visual image as well as imagining that same image.

The sequence of steps that includes the image on the retina, changing the image into electrical signals, and neural processing is an example of _____ processing.

bottom-up

In our first in-class experiment, one condition required you to respond as soon as you saw a green dot (in this condition we never saw the patterned dot). Similarly, in one condition of Donders's experiment on decision making participants were asked to press a button upon presentation of a light. These are both examples of a ______

choice reaction time task.

Attention, perception, memory, and decision making are all different types of mental processes in which the mind engages. These are known as different types of

cognition.

A mental conception of the layout of a physical space is known as a(n)

cognitive map

A mental conception of the layout of a physical space is known as a(n)

cognitive map.

The relationship between the ____________ is NOT measured directly by cognitive psychologists.

cognitive task and the mental response

The results from the Brown-Peterson task were first though to illustrate _____, but later work suggested the results were the product of ______.

decay; interference

Donders's main reason for doing his choice reaction time experiment was to study

decision making.

The four proposals addressing the representation of concepts in the brain all agree that the information is ________.

distributed

The landmark task (which requires the use of visual information for action) is more difficult to do if you have damage to the _____ pathway

dorsal

The landmark task (which requires the use of visual information for action) is more difficult to do if you have damage to the _____ pathway.

dorsal

Within cognitive psychology, sensation is to _______ as perception is to _______.

feeling; believing

Noam Chomsky proposed that

humans are genetically programmed to acquire and use language.

The Tower of Hanoi problem in more closely aligned with a(n) ______ problem whereas the lily-pad problem is more representative of a(n) _______ problem

information processing; insight

Evidence that language is a social process that must be learned comes from the fact that when deaf children find themselves in an environment where there are no people who speak or use sign language, they

invent a sign language themselves.

Which of the following terms describes the difficulty encountered by the visual system when trying to interpret a 3D world based on 2D information?

inverse projection problem.

Your text describes imagery performance of a patient with unilateral neglect. This patient was asked to imagine himself standing at one end of a familiar plaza and to report the objects he saw. His behavior shows

neglect always occurred on the left side of the image, with "left side" being determined by the direction in which the patient imagined he was positioned.

John Watson believed that psychology should focus on the study of

observable behavior.

Actions that take the problem from one state to another are known as

operators

"Early filter" models of attention propose that attentional filtering occurs at the start of the information process and occurs based on

physical characteristics.

From a behaviorist perspective, what should increase the frequency of a behavior (e.g., the frequency with which mice can exit a maze)?

positive reinforcers

Reaction time refers to the time between the _______ of a stimulus and a person's response to it.

presentation

Within cognitive psychology, sensation is to _______ as perception is to _______.

reception; interpretation

In the context of language, another term for "heuristics" is ________.

rules

Syntax is the

rules for combining words into sentences.

Information remains in sensory memory for

seconds or a fraction of a second.

The three structural components of the modal model of memory are

sensory memory, short-term memory, long-term memory.

What are the three main elements of the modal model of memory?

sensory memory, short-term memory, long-term memory.

People often find it easier to identify a word that is spoken in a sentence than if that word is spoken on its own. This is an example of _____ processing.

sequential

According to memory research, studying is most effective if study sessions are

short and across several days.

Rehearsal is important for transferring information from

short-term memory to long-term memory.

The word frequency effect refers to the fact that we respond more

slowly to low-frequency words than high-frequency words.

Research suggests that the capacity of short-term memory is

somewhat small, holding only about seven items at one time.

One function of ___________ is to pull information out of long-term memory.

the central executive

In class you all demonstrated the ability to focus on your conversation while filtering out all the other conversations around you. This demonstrated

the cocktail party effect.

Research on the use of cell phones while driving indicates that

the main effect of cell phone use on driving safety can be attributed to the fact that attention is used up by the cognitive task of talking on the phone

Research on the use of cell phones while driving indicates that

the main effect of cell phone use on driving safety can be attributed to the fact that attention is used up by the cognitive task of talking on the phone.

Lexical ambiguity studies show that people access ambiguous words based on

the meaning dominance of each definition of the word.

Working memory differs from short-term memory in that

working memory is engaged in processing information.