Dev Psych ch 1
In 2017, ______ of children under 18 years of age were living in families with incomes below the poverty line
17.5%
The ______ period of development is the period of transition from childhood to early adulthood. It begins at approximately 10 to 12 years of age and ends at 18 to 21 years of age.
Adolescence
Which of the following is the leading architect of social cognitive theory?
Albert Bandura
Sharon is becoming more self-sufficient and can follow instructions. She is even learning to identify letters. She is in the ______ period of development.
Early childhood
Joey is 21 years old. He is looking at his career options and who and what he wants to be. These choices are typical of an individual in the stage of ______ adulthood.
Emerging
Integrity vs despair
Erikson's eighth, final stage (60yrs-onward) in which those near the end of life look back and evaluate their lives
Identity vs identity confusion
Erikson's fifth stage of development, which occurs during the adolescent years; adolescents are faced with finding out who they are, what they are all about, and where they are going in life.
Trust vs mistrust
Erikson's first stage(first yr) during the first year of life, infants learn to trust when they are cared for in a consistent warm manner
Industry vs inferiority
Erikson's fourth stage (6 yrs- puberty) when the child focuses on knowledge and mastering skills
Autonomy vs. Shame and Doubt
Erikson's second stage (1-3yrs) in which a toddler learns to exercise will and to do things independently; failure to do so causes shame and doubt
Generativity vs. Stagnation
Erikson's seventh stage (20-30yrs) of social development in which middle-aged people begin to devote themselves more to fulfilling one's potential and doing public service
Intimacy vs isolation
Erikson's sixth stage (10-20yrs) in which individuals form deeply personal relationships, marry, begin families
Initiative vs. Guilt
Erikson's third stage (3-5yrs) in which the child finds independence in planning, playing and other activities
______ theory states that behavior is tied to evolution, is strongly affected by biological influence, and is characterized by critical or sensitive periods.
Ethological
True or false: Research using the life-span perspective is not relevant to social policy issues.
False
Developmentalists believe that biological, cognitive, and socioemotional processes
Interact as people develop
______ stressed that a human infant's attachment to a caregiver over the first year of life has consequences throughout life.
John Bowlby
As adolescents develop romantic relationships, their time with friends may decrease. This is an example of the ______ of development.
MUltidrectionality
Which of the following may include the contextual settings that affect our development? disease mosque family school
Mosque, family, school
According to today's psychoanalytic theories, Freud's theory overemphasized
Sexual instincts
The father of psychoanalytic theory is _____
Sigmund Freud
The father of psychoanalytic theory is ______
Sigmund Freud
The ______ pattern of aging characterizes people who maintain their functioning longer than for most other elderly adults.
Successful
The term ______ in development refers to the capacity for change
plasticity
Erikson's first stage of psychosocial development is the stage of ______ versus ______
trust; mistrust
Normative history-graded influences are A) common to members of a particular generation. B) events that typically occur at the same age for most people. C) unusual occurrences that happen to individual people.
common to members of a particular generation.
An older adult with which of the following personality traits is most likely to be psychologically young?
conscientiousness
As compared to Freud, today's psychoanalytic theorists place more emphasis on ______ as determinants of an individual's development.
cultural experiences
Which three of the following are key factors in social cognitive theory?
environment behavior cognition
Biological age is determined by the
functioning capacities of a person's vital organs.
Which four of the following concepts are particularly useful when studying the sociocultural context?
gender socioeconomic status culture ethnicity
One criticism of Bronfenbrenner's theory is that it
gives inadequate attention to the influence of biological and cognitive factors.
According to a recent 150-country study, in those aged 58 and older, which was the best predictor of life satisfaction?
health
In general, which of the following is the biggest policy concern for older adults
health-care costs and access
What theory of development emphasizes individuals manipulating, monitoring, and strategizing about information?
information-processing theory
Which of the following is an example of a normative history-graded influence? A) integration of the Internet into everyday life B) retirement at the age of 65 in the United States C) pubertal development in middle schoolers D) the death of a parent while someone is young
integration of the Internet into everyday life
Which of the following developmental periods is typically the longest, based on today's population trends?
late adulthood
What are the five stages of psychosexual development, according to Freud?
latency anal phallic oral genital
According to Robert Siegler, an important aspect of development is
learning good strategies for processing information.
As people enter into middle and late adulthood, development tends to involve ______ and regulation of ______. Multiple choice question.
maintenance; loss
Robert Siegler emphasizes the importance of using the ______ method to discover not just what children know but the cognitive processes involved in how they acquired the knowledge.
microgenetic
Most children in the United States start school when they are 5 or 6 years of age. This occurrence is an example of a _____
normative age-graded influence
Events or trends (such as social or economic trends) that are common to members of a particular generation are known as ______ influences.
normative history-graded
What term do Baltes and Smith use to describe adults over about age 85, who show considerable losses in physical and cognitive functioning?
oldest old
At about 2 to 7 years of age children reach what stage of Piaget's cognitive development?
preoperational
Age has been conceptualized in which of the following ways?
psychologically socially biologically chronologically
What theoretical view holds that behavior, environment, and cognition are the key factors in development?
social cognitive theory
According to Vygotsky, which of the following is crucial to children's cognitive development? Multiple choice question.
social interaction with more-skilled adults and peers
The key aspect of development according to Skinner is ______
behavior
Which of the following are theoretical orientations to development?
behavioral and social cognitive ecological ethological psychoanalytic cognitive
Which of the following is often used by the information-processing approach as an analogy to explain the connection between cognition and the brain?
A computer
Which theorist believed that development reflects the influence of five environmental systems?
Bronfenbrenner
______ age refers to the number of years that one has lived since birth
Chronological
processes are changes in an individual's thinking, intelligence, and language.
Cognitive
If a study is "cross-cultural," this means that it _____
Compares multiple cultures
A(n) ______ is a setting where development occurs, such as in the family, peer group, or place of employment. A) context B) dimension C) environment
Context
_______ encompasses the behavior patterns and beliefs that are passed from generation to generation.
Culture
Baltes and his colleagues believed that what three goals of human development (which correspond to the three broad stages of life) often conflict and compete with each other?
Growth Maintenance Regulation of loss
Which of the following are reasons why happiness typically increases as people age?
Older adults tend to be more satisfied with what they have. Older people have more satisfying relationships. Older people have more free time.
________ theories view development as being primarily the result of unconscious processes.
Psychoanalytic
According to Erikson, humans develop in ______ stages.
Psychococial
______ age refers to an individual's ability to adapt to change as compared to other people who have lived the same amount of time.
Psychological
What happened when the income of parents participating in the Minnesota Family Investment program rose?
They did better in school
True or false: Health and well-being is heavily influenced by lifestyle and psychological state.
True
True or false: Malnutrition and chronic illness are NOT developmental issues related to parenting and education.
True
True or false: Some studies have indicated that the lowest levels of life satisfaction may occur in middle age.
True
The brain plays a role in shaping culture and culture plays a role in shaping the brain. This is pointed to as an example of how life-span development is
a co-construction of biology, culture, and the person
Which scientific field focuses on creating machines capable of performing activities that require intelligence when they are done by people?
artificial intelligence
During Erikson's stage of autonomy versus shame and doubt, what do infants begin to do?
assert their independence
Vygotsky maintained that development
is inseparable from social and cultural influences
A person creates a unique developmental path by actively choosing from the environment the things that optimize their life. Which of the following statements describes this process? Multiple choice question.
Development is a co-construction of biology, culture, and the individual.
The idea that development is ______ refers to the fact that some dimensions or components of a dimension expand and others shrink throughout the life spam
Multidirectional
According to the life-span perspective, which age dominates development?
No age dominates development.
_____ life events are unusual occurrences that have a major impact on an individual's life, but do not occur to every individual and do not always influence people in the same way.
Nonnormative
Who is the behaviorist best known for his theory of operant conditioning
Skinner
_____ policy is a government's course of action designed to promote the welfare of its citizens.
Social
______ age refers to connectedness with others and the roles that individuals adopt.
Social
Culture, gender, ethnicity, and socioeconomic status are ______ components of life-span development.
Sociocultural
status refers to a person's position within society based on occupational, educational, and economic characteristics.
Socioeconomic
processes involve changes in an individual's relationships with other people, changes in emotions, and changes in personality.
Socioemotional