Dev Psych Final Exam Qs
5. Variability in the levels of development of different parts of the organism at a given time is called: a. heterochrony. b. heterogeneity. c. pluripotentiality. d. totipotentiality.
B
52. (Lecture) Which feature of an act involves the projection of meaning onto the world: a. embodiment b. assimilation c. accommodation d. all of the above
B
6. (Lecture) Variational change exhibits a. discontinuity b. continuity c. stagelike features d. novel features
B
7. The cephalocaudal pattern of development refers to which pattern of body development? a. from the middle of the organism to its periphery b. from the head down c. from the periphery of the organism to its middle d. upwards from legs and feet
B
9. Fetuses presented with light have been found to: a. show no response. b. change their heart rate. c. decrease their movement. d. increase their sucking rate.
B
36. According to Thomas and Chess's ratings of temperament, babies who adapt quickly to circumstances, are playful, and are regular in their biological functions are labeled: a. easy. b. pleasant. c. emotional. d. unemotional.
A
31. (Text) The particular gene forms that individuals inherit are called: a. genotypes. b. recessive traits. c. phenotypes. d. monozygotic traits.
A
33, (Text) Germ cells reproduce by , whereas somatic cells reproduce by . a. meiosis; mitosis b. mitosis; meiosis c. mitosis; mitosis d. meiosis; meiosis
A
34. (Lecture) Gene Expression involves two steps of a transcription/translation b. translation/transcription c RNA to DNA d. protein to cell
A
19, (Text). occurs when a child modifies an existing schema to account for new experiences. a. Accommodation b. Assimilation c. Modeling d. Replication
A
38. According to Piaget, infants' earliest schemas are: a. the action systems they have at birth. b. learned through reinforcement or lack of reinforcement. c. sensory in nature, but not presently including a motor component. d. conditioned responses learned during the first few months after birth.
A
39. (Text). Which represents the genetic sex of males? a. XY b. XO c. XX d. YY
A
11. What is the role played by fetal activity? a. It assists with normal development of muscles and limbs. b. It does not play a significant role in fetal development. c. It does not help the fetus develop, but it assists the parent in monitoring the fetus's development. d. It helps the skeleton ossify.
A
12. (Lecture) Which of the following represents one of the broadest and most abstract of metatheories a. mechanistic b. nativist c. empiricist d. constructivist
A
13. Studies have shown that a mother who is under stress secretes hormones, such as __________________, that pass through the placenta and have a measurable effect on the fetus's motor activity. a. cortisol b. myelin c. guanine d. hemoglobin
A
15. (Text). Theories are important for understanding child development because they: a. provide systematic organization of many different observations. b. guarantee agreement among researchers about what they see. c. make it appear that child development experts know everything. d. allow immediate applications to help children.
A
16. (Text). Whose theory emphasizes the fundamental role played by the sex drive in human development? a. Freud b. Piaget c. Erikson d. Bandura
A
17. Which of the following is NOT a true statement about prenatal development? a. Sequencing is of minor relevance b. Timing is crucial to development. c. Development proceeds unevenly. d. Development consists of differentiation and integration.
A
2. Which of the following is NOT true about mind. a. .it needs stimuli to activate it. b. it is a system c. "mental structures" like schemes, describe its organization d. it changes through interactions with its environment.
A
22. (Lecture) According to the Developmental Systems approach, psychological traits are a. 100% biological and 100% environmental b. .60% biological and 40% environmental c. 60% environmental and 40% biological d. not related to biology
A
23. (Lecture) According to the Developmental Systems approach development always arises from the organized a. active system in its environment-cultural world b. reactive system in its environment-cultural world c. biological system d. genetic system
A
25. (Text). The type of study that compares the behavior of subjects exposed to an environmental change with the behavior of a control group not exposed to the change is: a. an experiment. b. a clinical study. c. a correlational study. d. naturalistic observation.
A
25. Which of following has occurred when a newborn stops attending to a repeatedly presented stimulus? a. modeling b. habituation c. classical conditioning d. operant conditioning
A
26. (Lecture) In the days when behaviorism was the accepted story of development the newborn was considered _________________ with respect to sensory and motor systems.. a incompetent b competent c highly competent d super competent
A
27. (Lecture) The sensory, motor, relational action systems are: a available at birth b available at birth and explained by biology c available at birth and explained by the environment d. available by the 5th prenatal month
A
29, (Text) A tool is easy to observe because it exists "out there" in the world. a. material b. symbolic c. cultural d. mediator
A
3. During cleavage, cells do not all divide at the same time. This difference in rates of change is referred to as: a. heterochrony. b. totipotency. c. heterogeneity. d. meiosis.
A
30. Newborns have been found to show a preference for the sound of: a. human voices. b. low-pitched tones. c. instrumental music. d. very loud noises to very soft noises.
A
35. Temperamental characteristics such as activity level or intensity of reaction to a situation are thought to be: a. present at birth. b. established during the first month of life. c. established by 1 year of age. d. established by 2 years of age.
A
39. When they perform primary circular reactions, infants: a. repeat pleasurable actions for their own sake. b. perform reflexes elicited by environmental events. c. perform actions in order to receive reinforcement from adults. d. avoid performing actions that lead to unpleasant consequences.
A
4. "Core consciousness" a. is an early development feature of mind b. is reflective awareness c. involves a sense of self d. all of the above
A
40. (Text) A dominant allele: a. expresses itself in heterozygous individuals. b. is never expressed in heterozygous individuals. c. is the result of the interaction among several recessive alleles. d. has a phenotypic expression not affected by the environment.
A
46. (Lecture) The emotions theory that the Neonate begins with a neural system prewired to sense various emotions/feelings given appropriate situation in which to express them, is a part of the a Nativist model b Empiricist model c Behaviorist model d Developmental Systems Model
A
46. (Lecture) The idea that there is no 1:2 relation between genotype and phenotype is called: a. Phenotypical plasticity b. Genotypical plasticity c. Monogenetics d. Polymorphisims
A
47. (Lecture) Transposons suggest that a. the genome is not static and immutable during development b. the genome is static and immutable during development c. when they are available genetic development proceeds more smoothly d. when they are available genotype more directly predicts phenotype
A
49. (Lecture). Twin Studies that try to answer the "How Much" question of developmental causes a. assume twins have very similar environments b. assume twins have very different environments c. assume the twins in the study were raised apart d. none of the above
A
51. (Lecture). Which of the following is not true of an Act. a. It reflects movements and states of the organism b. It always intends some object. c. It transforms the known world d. It arises from the self-organizing system
A
7. (Text) Which of the following correctly describes the sequence of the periods of development? a. prenatal, infancy, middle childhood, adolescence b. adolescence, prenatal, early childhood, infancy c. infancy, early childhood, prenatal, adolescence d. early childhood, middle childhood, adolescence, prenatal
A
8. The proximodistal pattern of development refers to which pattern of body development? a. from the middle of the organism to the periphery of the organism b. from the head down c. from the periphery of the organism to the middle of the organism d. upwards from the feet
A
9. (Text). Alfred Binet developed the first intelligence test in order to: a. identify schoolchildren who could use special education instruction. b. predict the likelihood that individual children would be productive members of society. c. rank all citizens according to mental worth. d. inform the assignment of duties to army recruits.
A
31. Studies of newborn infants' auditory preferences demonstrate that: a. Infants prefer to hear foreign languages more than their own language. b. Infants prefer the sound of the human voice to other types of sounds. c. Infants prefer low-pitched voices to high-pitched voices. d. Infants' hearing is not acute enough for them to demonstrate preferences for particular categories of sound.
B
32. (Text) The process of meiosis produces: a. the zygote. b. germ cells. c. conception. d. somatic cells.
B
34. Nursing involves coordination of: a. the rooting and sucking reflexes alone. b. sucking, breathing, and swallowing by the infant. c. infants' sucking behaviors with the behaviors of their caregivers. d. infants' mothers' behaviors, with little contribution from the infants.
B
37. What seems to be the best research-based conclusion about the outcomes of co-sleeping for infant development? a. Co-sleeping is clearly stressful for the infant. b. Except in rare cases, co-sleeping does not seem to make a great deal of difference. c. Co-sleeping is found only in traditional (nontechnological) societies. d. Co-sleeping is associated with societies that emphasize independence in children's development.
B
38. (Lecture) The idea that evolution does not explain development but rather development explains evolution is a statement of the a. preformationist approach b. epigenetic developmental systems approach c. molecular biology d. population genetics
B
41. (Text). If not treated with a special diet, which of the following leads to mental retardation? a. hemophilia b. phenylketonuria c. sickle-cell anemia d. Down syndrome
B
42. (Text). Sickle-cell anemia is a good example of: a. the influence of canalization. b. the interaction of heredity and environment. c. the impact of sex-linked disorders. d. the always lethal outcome of genetic mutations.
B
2. Changes in the prefrontal cortex between 7 and 9 months of age seem to be important for the emergence of: A. complex reflexes. B. impulse inhibition. C. simple reflexes. D. speech recognition.
B
44. (Lecture) Epigenesis is development a. that results from preformation b. involving increasing system complexity and emergence c. that is primarily genetic in nature. d. that involves slow and continuous growth through RNA translation.
B
27. (Text). Which of the following questions is best answered using a longitudinal research design? a. Do toddlers understand gender as well as 5-year-olds? b. What is the sequence of a child's concept of gender development? c. At what age do most children fully understand the concept of gender? d. Do adolescents have a greater gender understanding than do elementary school children?
B
28. (Text) Culture is . a. passed on through biological processes b. composed of material and symbolic tools c. limited to humans d. stable over time
B
30, (Text) Cultures: a. remain stable over time. b. transform as individuals modify their uses of cultural tools. c. always evolve in advantageous ways. d. undergo change on a predictable timeline.
B
45. (Lecture) Harlow's experiments raising monkeys on wire mothers did not support the_____________ model of mother-infant relationships a. dynamic systems b behaviorist c organismic d relational
B
1. The prenatal period of development is important to developmental theorists because: a. they now understand the mechanisms by which the undifferentiated cells of the zygote first become the blastocyst and then the multitude of cells present at birth. b. it serves as a model for development during all subsequent periods. c. it has helped prove that epigenesis is a faulty explanation for mechanisms that drive developmental change. d. the rate of growth during the period of prenatal development predicts later physical development.
B
12. Children whose mothers did not want them were ___________ compared to control children. a. less likely to be breast-fed b. more likely to be underweight at birth c. less likely to have school-related problems later d. less likely to be referred for psychiatric help as teenagers
B
14. (Lecture) The metatheory that views the person as a Steel Filing Cabinet (or computer) and the environment as a Filing Clerk is the a. organismic b. nativist c. empiricist d. constructivist
B
14. Which of the following makes it difficult to isolate the effects of poor nutrition? a. Mothers who are undernourished are not good respondents in survey studies. b. Multiple risk factors tend to coexist with undernourishment. c. The high death rate from undernourishment makes it difficult to assemble a sample. d. While these studies are easy to control, they are not a funding priority.
B
15. Which of the following makes it difficult to isolate the effects of poor nutrition? a. Mothers who are undernourished are not good respondents in survey studies. b. Multiple risk factors tend to coexist with undernourishment. c. The high death rate from undernourishment makes it difficult to assemble a sample. d. While these studies are easy to control, they are not a funding priority.
B
16. What is fetal alcohol syndrome? a. an inherited tendency to become alcoholic b. a set of malformations caused by excessive exposure to alcohol in utero c. an inability to metabolize alcohol caused by prenatal exposure to alcohol d. a set of malformations common among children of female alcoholics, even if no alcohol was consumed during pregnancy
B
17. (Text). Behavior modification is a strategy suggested by theorists to help address problem behaviors in children. a. psychodynamic b. social learning c. constructivist d. information-processing
B
18. (Lecture) Heinz Werner's "Orthogenetic Principle" states that all development involves a variations and continuities b differentiation and integration c a biological determinism d a genetic determinism
B
1. Which of the following is NOT a good example of a topic in the scientific study of child development? a. cultural variations in children's play b. biological changes that occur in the brain during infancy c. the origins of public policies related to children's issues d. the influence of social interaction on the development of morality
C
10. (Text). Critical periods in development: a. occur in some animals but not in humans. b. are thought to regulate bonding in human infants. c. are times during which particular events must occur for development to proceed normally. d. have been observed in humans for psychological development but not for physical development.
C
11. (Text). Stages of development involve changes that are: a. slow. b. small. c. qualitative. d. quantitative.
C
13. (Lecture) Which of the following is associated with (influenced by) the Mechanistic metatheory a. Lev Vygotsky's theory b. John Bowlby's theory c. B. F. Skinner's theory d. Urie Bronfenbrenner's theory
C
18. (Text). The theorist who is known for his appreciation of the active role that children play in their own knowledge construction is: a. Freud. b. Bandura. c. Piaget. d. Bronfenbrenner.
C
19. Which of the following babies would receive the highest Apgar score, all other things equal? a. heart rate below 100, good crying, and body with extremities pink all over b. heart rate above 100, good crying, and body pink with extremities blue c. heart rate above 100, good crying, with body and extremities pink all over d. heart rate below 100, slow and irregular respiration, with body pink and extremities blue
C
21. (Lecture) The primary function of the Occipital lobe of the brain is a Abstract thinking, planning b Touch, spatial orientation c Vision d Speech comprehension
C
23. Experience-expectant processes of brain development . a. are the result of specific individual experiences b. have been found in chick embryos and rats, but not in humans c. anticipate certain experiences that are typically universal for humans d. allow organisms to learn from experience
C
24. (Text). When two observers simultaneously observing the same infant agree on their descriptions of how upset she becomes when a pacifier is taken from her, it is an example of: a. experimentation. b. validity. c. reliability. d. replicability.
C
26. (Text). A psychology instructor analyzing exam scores notices that the better her students performed on the lecture-based questions, the more poorly they performed on the textbook-based questions. She has discovered: a. a zero correlation between scores on the two parts of the exam. b. a positive correlation between scores on the two parts of the exam. c. a negative correlation between scores on the two parts of the exam. d. definite evidence that the students who read the textbook do not attend the lectures while those attending them do not read the text.
C
3. Most broadly mind is composed of a. perceptions, thoughts, memories b. wishes, strivings, desires c. cognition, conation, affect d. judgments, decisions, consciousness
C
37. (Lecture)Modern Epigenetic-Developmental Systems approach holds that ontogenetic resources are a. Localized in the phenotype of the developing system b. Localized in the genotype of the developing system c. Dispersed through the developing system and environment d. None of the above
C
4. "Totipotent stem cells" are those that: a. can become different sorts of neural cells only. b. can become tissue cells of any type, but cannot give rise to an entire organism. c. can become an entire organism, or any type of tissue cell. d. serve a dedicated purpose and cannot develop into other forms.
C
42. (Lecture) According to Piaget's theory the first mental organization develops a at birth b within the first three weeks c around 3 months d through schemes
C
43. (Lecture) Core consciousness appears a at birth b within the first three weeks c around 3 months d around 6 months
C
43. (Lecture) Which of the following is true of genes: a. They are self-replicating b. They carry a blueprint c. They code for proteins d. None of the above
C
44. (Lecture) According to the Adhesive model of the mother-infant relationship, the glue binding the two is a. innate b biologically determined c based on feeding d based on pre-adapted action systems
C
45. (Lecture) The idea that genotype directly predicts phenotype is a view held by a. Contemporary developmental systems theorists b. The field of developmental biology c. Preformists d. None of the above
C
48. (Lecture)The fact that the Summer European map butterfly shows one pattern and color and the Spring European map butterfly shows a different pattern in the winter supports the idea of a. the central dogma of of molecular biology b. the idea of preformism c. the idea of epigenesist d. the role of embodiment in development.
C
5. Developmental change is ordered change that is a. selective b. continuous c. relatively permanent d. reversible
C
50. (Lecture) According to the Developmental Systems approach, what explains development? a. The interaction of biological and environmental causes b. Primarily innate motivations c. Actions of the person d. The Socio-Cultural context
C
8. (Text) One of the first developmentalists to stress the importance of systematic observation was Wilhelm Preyer (1841-1897). In his view, careful observation was necessary to establish the ___________ of behavior and, hence, to see how behavioral patterns arose. a. frequency b. importance c. sequence d. goals
C
1. The area of the brain thought to be crucial for the appearance of the ability to inhibit impulses is the: A. brain stem. B. hippocampus. C. cerebral cortex. D. prefrontal cortex.
D
10. Toward the end of gestation, the fetus can hear: a. very little, since the uterus is a quiet place. b. only the sounds of the mother's heart and her digestive system. c. very little, since the sense of hearing is poorly developed until after birth. d. the sounds of the mother's body and some sounds from the outside world.
D
2. Which of the following is a general principle of prenatal development? a. It proceeds without interference from the environment. b. It proceeds in an unpredictable order. c. It proceeds evenly, with all systems developing at basically the same rate. d. The effects of environmental influences depend on their timing.
D
20. (Lecture) The following were involved with both the Which One? And the How Much? nature-nurture questions. a. .Nativists b. Empiricists c. Mechanists d. All of the above.
D
20. The Brazelton Neonatal Assessment Scale is used to: a. assess the developmental progress of infants. b. compare the functioning of infants of different cultures. c. predict aspects of newborns' future developments, such as temperament. d. All of the answers are correct.
D
21. (Lecture) According to your instructor "Heritability" is a. A reliable measure of the impact of genes on a trait b. A valid measure of the impact of genes on a trait c. Both a reliable and valid measure of the impact of genes on a trait. d. None of the above.
D
22. (Lecture) Information is transmitted from one neuron to another at the a Axon b Myelin Sheath c Nucleus d Synapse
D
24. The development of neural connections initiated in response to experience is called a(n) _____________ process. a. cultural b. evolutionary c. experience-expectant d. experience-dependent
D
28. (Lecture) The idea that at birth actions are coordinated comes from a Learning Theory b Operant Theory c the Incompetent Infant story d the Competent Infant story
D
29. (Lecture) The Pre-Adapted Action System that is designed to keep infant and caregiver in close proximity is called the a Sensory system b Motor system c Sensory-motor system d Relational system
D
32. Which factor(s) appears to be responsible for blurry vision in early infancy? a. immaturity of the lens of the eye b. immaturity of the retina of the eye c. immaturity of the neural pathway from the retina to the brain d. All of the answers are correct.
D
33. When looking at images of faces, newborns prefer: a. images that have jumbled features over those with normal configurations. b. images that are stationary to those that move in front of them. c. images that depict a stranger over those that depict someone more familiar. d. images that have more elements in the upper half than bottom half.
D
35. (Lecture) Genes make a. RNA b. proteins c. psychological traits d. nothing
D
36. (Lecture) The contemporary preformist position claims that a. Genotype codes for phenotype b. Development is genocentric c. Genetic activation & regulation produce phenotype d. All of the above
D
40. (Lecture) Conditioning Theories a focus primarily on discontinuous development b explain the development of novel forms of behavior c are best for explaining infant rather than childhood development d play little role in explaining development
D
41. (Lecture) According to Piaget development is explained by a action b assimilation c accommodation d all of the above
D
6. Epigenesis is the process by which: a. new forms of the zygote appear as a result of meiosis. b. the zygote divides into four cells. c. the multicellular mass becomes implanted in the uterus. d. new forms of the zygote emerge from the interactions of the preceding form and its current environment.
D
