developmental psych: chp 15

about __% of teens identify their sexual orientation as gay

5%

rough and tumble play

children playfully chase, punch, kick, shove, fight, and wrestle with peers (more common among boys than girls)

rejected children

disliked by many classmates

marital satisfaction tends to _______ immediately after marriage

drop

t/f: for females, the path to same-sex attraction is predictable

false (less predictable)

antipathies

relationships with a shared dislike for each other

controversial children

both liked and disliked by classmates

dominance hierarchy

consisting of a leader to whom all other members of the group defer

neglected children

ignored by classmates

in early and mid-adolescence roughly ____% of teens experience a period of sexual questioning, during which they sometimes report emotional and sexual attractions to members of their own sex

15%

by what age do most children claim to have a best friend?

4-5

_____________ play allows children to explore topics that frighten them a. make-believe b. solitary c. parallel

a

children who are rejected _________. a. often feel lonely, dislike school, and commit juvenile offenses b. are almost always shy, withdrawn, and timid c. often have parents who were consistent in their discipline

a

participating in after-school activities is ____________. a. beneficial, except perhaps for participating in sports b. beneficial but only when children participate in a single activity, not multiple activities c. is much more beneficial than having children care for themselves because such latchkey children almost always get into trouble

a

crowd

a larger mixed-sex group of older children or adolescents who have similar values and attitudes and are known by a common label

friendship

a voluntary relationship between two people involving mutual liking

in later phases of make believe, children move towards more _________ make believe

abstract

Ted Houston Study Results

all positive behavior goes down as time goes on (higher at 3 months vs 1 yr after marriage)

average children

are liked and disliked by some classmates but without the intensity of popular, rejected, or controversial children

In ______________, which emerges at about two years of age, children organize their play around a distinct theme and take on special roles based on the theme a. parallel b. cooperative c. associative

b

Research on the impact of day care on children shows that __________. a. most children who attend day care do not become emotionally attached to their mothers b. the quality of care is the most important factor: Better care is associated with better outcomes c. children thrive in day care regardless of the quality of caregivers

b

peer pressure ____________. a. is a powerful influence on adolescents, one that easily leads them to behave antisocially b. is especially powerful when children are forging an identity c. is strongest when standards for behavior are clear-cut

b

poverty-stricken neighborhood _____________. a. are more likely to be close knit and provide more monitoring of neighborhood children b. often cause adults to experience more stress, leading to less effective parenting c. typically have access to more resources

b

when children watch much TV, ____________. a. they have difficulty concentrating in school b. they are sometimes found to be less creative c. this causes them to read less

b

A new feature of friendships in adolescence is _________. a. mutual liking b. trust c. intimacy

c

Part-time employment _____________. a. is harmful regardless of the amount of time that adolescents work b. is less harmful than summer employment c. can cause adolescents to be less successful in school and become depressed

c

Select the CORRECT statement concerning the impact of TV programs on children. a. children can learn aggressive behavior from TV programs but not prosocial behavior b. preschool children understand that the goal of commercials is to persuade viewers c. programs like Sesame Street can teach children important academic skills

c

When children play video games __________. a. they learn aggressive behaviors but do not improve their perceptual-spatial skills b. unlike TV, they are unaffected by the contents of the games they play c. a small percentage become addicted to game playing

c

When personal computers are used in schools to aid instruction, students _______________. a. receive feedback but instruction is not individualized b. cannot proceed at their own pace c. can use simulation programs for experiential learning

c

Which of the following teachers is likely to be most effective? a. one who spends much time disciplining students, thereby creating a quiet classroom b. one who understands that some students will not learn regardless of the type of instruction c. one who teaches students techniques for monitoring their own learning

c

which of the following is an INCORRECT statement concerning romantic relationships? a. romantic relationships build on friendships b. hispanic American and Adrian American adolescents often date at older ages c. adolescents in romantic relationships typically have lower self-esteem and lack self confidence

c

cooperative play

children organize their play around a distinct theme and take on special roles based on the theme; begins toward the second birthday

latchkey children

children who care for themselves

clique

consists of 4-6 individuals who are good friends and tend to be similar in age, sex, race, and interests

Sternberg's triangular theory of romantic love (3 components)

intimacy (emotional component), passion (motivational component), decision-commitment (cognitive component)

popular children

liked by many classmates

during preschool years, cooperative play often takes the form of ______ ________

make believe

when does resistance to peer pressure increase?

mid to late adolescence

rejected withdrawn

passive and socially awkward, feel lonely, have negative expectations for how peers will treat them, at risk for abuse by bullies

what ways can parents get involved in their children's play?

playmate, social director, coach, mediator

during what age do children prefer to play alone

preschool years

in early phases of make believe, children rely on _________ ______ to support their play

realistic props

rejected aggressive

show severe conduct problems (high rates of conflict, hostility, hyperactive), deficient in social understanding (misinterpret innocent behavior of peers as hostile and blame others for their own social difficulties)

t/f: having an imaginary friend is associated with many positive social characteristics

true

what are types of unhealthy solitary play?

wandering aimlessly, overing

Murstein's Filter Theory

we apply filters to sift out the unacceptable mates: external characteristics, attitudes/beliefs, role fit

co-rumination

when friends spend much of their time together discussing each other's person problems (more common with girls than boys)

associative play

youngsters engage in similar activities, talk or smile at one another, and offer each other toys; begins at roughly 15-18 months

parallel play

youngsters play alone but maintain a keen interest in what other children are doing; the first type of social play to appear (soon after first birthday)

peer influence is stronger when:

youth are younger and more socially anxious, peers are high-status friends, standards for appropriate behavior are not clear-cut