Developmental unit test

Piaget underestimated children's abilities

Modern research on Jean Piaget's stages of cognitive development indicates that

express happiness when the mother returned to the room

In Mary Ainsworth's Strange Situation experiment, infants who were classified as securely attached were more likely to

Habituation

Infants are repeatedly shown an object dropping onto a platform. Eventually, the infants spend less time looking at the object, and their heart rates and respirations decrease. This is an example of

mediate among the id, the superego, and reality

in sigmund freud's view, the role of ego is to

work harder and enjoy their work more

research studies indicate that people who are intrinsically motivated as compared to extrinsically motivated tend to

fine motor skills

Preschoolers often have trouble buttoning shirts due to less-developed

presence of ovaries

Primary sex characteristics include which of the following?

Egocentrism

A child reading a book points to a picture on the page and calls to his mother in another room and says, "Mommy, who's in this picture?" He expects that she will know what he is pointing at, even though she cannot see it. Which of the following concepts is illustrated in this example?

Postconventional

A conscientious objector refuses to engage in combat because he cannot support the taking of human life. His reasoning best illustrates which stage in Lawrence Kohlberg's theory of moral development?

Quickly learning the process of editing and publishing an Internet-based magazine

A healthy, seventy-year-old editor of a print magazine is likely to experience the greatest decline in which of the following cognitive tasks?

drive reduction

After school, George and his friends complain of intense hunger. They go to George's home and immediately open his refrigerator to look for a snack. Which of the following is a theory of motivation that best explains their behavior?

intrinsic and extrinsic motivation

Carla tutors other students because she likes to be helpful, whereas Jane tutors classmates strictly for pay. Their behaviors demonstrate the difference between.

independent

Children of authoritative parents tend to be

Authoritarian

Darien's father dictated who Darien's friends should be and what classes he should take, and he set an extremely early curfew. If Darien went against his father's wishes, the repercussions were harsh and swift. What type of parenting did Darien experience?

social competence

Developmental research on the formation of attachment indicates that a child's secure attachment to its mother during infancy is predictive of which of the following during its toddler years?

Nandini has not fulfilled basic needs, and thus cannot fulfillhigher level of needs

Dr Emerson is seeing a patient named Nandini who is currently going through a divorce. She has moved out of her house and is staying on a friends couch. While she is going through this, Nandini is struggling to find the meaning in her life. Humanist theorist Abraham Maslow's explanation for Nandini's dissatisfaction with life would most likely be that

Jean Piaget's Theory of Conservation

Fekru knows that when his teacher pours water from a small, wide glass into a tall, thin glass, the amount of water remains the same even though the tall, thin glass looks like it has more water. Which of the following theories best explains Fekru's ability?

conservation

Five-year-old Mary watches while her teacher pours equal amounts of water into two similar glasses. The liquid from one of the glasses is then poured into a tall, thin container, and Mary is asked which contains more—the original glass or the tall, thin container. She says the tall, thin container contains more liquid. According to Jean Piaget, this example illustrates a lack of

reaction to stress

Hans Elysee's general adaptation syndrome is an attempt to explain

projection

It is widely known in Jerry's social circle that he is most stubborn and inflexible member of the group. Yet, Jerry complains that all his friends are opinionated and rigid. Jerry's complaints are most clearly a sign of

temperment

Jaime, a six month old, is fussy and does not transition well between situations. According to Alexander Thomas and Stella Chess, this behavior is part of Jaime's

an internal locus of control

Judy believes that her fate is determined by her own actions. Judy's belief best illustrates

Children progress from a morality based on punishment and reward to one defined by convention, and ultimately to one defined by abstract ethical principles.

Lawrence Kohlberg's theory of moral reasoning is best described by which of the following?

Shacter's two factor

Lee is about to skydive for the first time. He interprets his racing heart to be the result of his eager anticipation and excitement. This best represents which theory of emotion?

because it is his job to be courteous to customers, Mark smiled at passengers frequently

Mark, a flight attendant, began his workday in a bad mood. However, by the end of the day, he felt much happier. According to the facial feedback hypothesis, what may have influenced Mark's mood?

hypothetical thinking

Of the following cognitive milestones, which ability tends to be acquired last?

object permanence

One-year-old Sydney cries when his father hands him to an unfamiliar babysitter and leaves the room. Sydney's reaction is a result of his acquisition of

extrinsic motivation

Pam works hard in school because her parents give her ten dollars for every A she receives. Pam's parents are attempting to influence her academic efforts by capitalizing on

their marital relationship with improve

Paul and Sally, who met and married in their mid-20s, have been married for 25 years. Their youngest child recently graduated from high school and has left for college. Which of the following is most likely true of this couple?

Carl Jung's collective unconscious

Priscilla has recently found diaries from her family dating back multiple generations. She has noticed that there are similarities in their life events and in the way they thought about things that happened to them. She believes that it has to do with the fact that they all have the same inherited instincts that drive their behavior and that these instincts exist in all humans. Priscilla's way of thinking is most in line with

Jean Piaget's theory of cognitive development

Researcher Renee Baillargeon found that four-month-old infants will look longer at a ball if it appears to roll through a solid barrier, demonstrating that babies seem to grasp basic physical laws intuitively. which of the following theories does this finding challenge?

an experiment using pregnant rats

Researchers want to study the effects of teratogens. They should conduct

gender-role development

Seven-year-old Maria helps her mother wash the dishes, while her nine-year-old-brother helps their father with the yard work. This involvement of the children in helping activities directly illustrates the process of

Erik Erikson

Shaquille is 25 years old and is actively dating in order to find someone to settle down with. Which of the following theorists would best be able to explain Shaquille's behavior?

cognitive labels of psychological changes

Stanley Schacter and Jerome singer view emotion as resulting from

Nature versus nurture

The argument over the relative contributions of heredity and environment in the development of various behaviors and personality traits is known as which of the following controversies?

A college student is no longer kept awake by her roommate's late-night typing.

The concept of habituation is best exemplified by which of the following situations?

humanistic

The concept of self-actualization is most closely associated with which of the following approaches to explaining personality?

a woman who is unaware of her anger toward her friend expressed affection for that friend

The defense mechanism of reaction formation is best exemplified in which of the following situations?

reveal the subjects' personalities by eliciting responses to vague, ambiguous stimuli

The rationale underlying the use of projective personality tests, such as the Rorschach Test and the thematic apperception test, is that they

Habituation

Tina's mother often entertains Tina by bouncing a bunny puppet back and forth along the side of Tina's crib. Initially, Tina pays close attention to the puppet but after a while, she begins to ignore it and continues doing what she was doing before the puppet appeared. Which of the following psychological concepts best explains Tina's change in behavior?

object permanence

Understanding that things continue to exist even when they are not within view is called

Rooting

When a newborn infant is touched on the cheek, the infant will turn its head toward the source of stimulation. This behavior is known as

Newborns focus longer on pictures of typical faces than on ones that show faces with jumbled features.

Which of the following is the best evidence that social interaction is preprogrammed in humans and does not need to be learned?

Having learned that his family pet is a dog, William sees a neighbor's cat and says, "Dog!"

Which of the following is the best example of the cognitive process Jean Piaget called assimilation?

Identical twins who are reared apart have similar levels of intelligence.

Which of the following research findings supports a strong biological basis for behavior?

Harry Harlow

Which psychologist reported that infant attachment to another goes beyond the satisfaction of the need for nourishment?

an instinct

a complex pattern organized unlearned behavior that is species specific is called

heart disease

a hostile person with a type A personality is most risk for developing which of the following

id

according to Freud, our sexual and aggressive instincts are located primarily in the

the same physiological response can produce different emotions, depending on the context within which the response occurs and a person's interpretation of that context

according to stanley schacter and jerome singer's theory of emotion which of the following is true

most personality traits can be derived from he five major traits of the theory

according to the five factor model, which of the following is true

its ventromedial hypothalamus is damaged

an animal will gain weight when

(figure) projective personality

figures such as above are used in which of the following

they have not been found to be reliable and valid

projective tests, such as the Rorschach inkblot test have been justifiably criticized as tools for assessing personality because

a soccer player who does not have much athletic skill constantly criticizes other athletes' performances

the defense mechanism of projection is best illustrated which of the following examples

exhaustion

the final stage of general adaptation theory is known as

authoritative

the most well adjusted and socially competent children tend to come from homes where parents employ which of the following parenting styles

extrinsic motivation

the over-justification effect has led some psychologists to question the value of

repression

which of the following Freudian constructs is believed to protect the organism from anxiety by making memories inaccessible

alarm, resistance, exhaustion

which of the following are the stages in Hans Selye's general adaptation syndrome

Rorschach test

which of the following assessment tools explores individuals personalities by asking them to examine a series of inkblots and describe what they see in the inkblot?

object permanence

A baby looks under the sofa for a ball that has just rolled underneath it. According to Jean Piaget, the baby's actions show development of

area of the hypothalamus

A brain tumor that results in obesity would most likely be located in the

conservation

A young child shown a nine-inch round bowl and a six-inch round bowl containing equal amounts of popcorn says he is certain the smaller bowl has more popcorn than the larger bowl. This child has yet to acquire what Jean Piaget called

integrity versus despair

According to Erik Erikson, in late adulthood, the individual reaches the eighth and final stage of the life span in which one reviews and evaluates one's life and the choices one has made. Erikson labeled this stage

Intamicy vs. Isolation

According to Erik Erikson, individuals in early adulthood often seek a life partner with whom they will share their most closely held secrets and hopes. Erikson called this psychosocial stage of development

Preoperational

According to Jean Piaget, children cease to exhibit egocentrism during which of the following stages?

concrete operational

According to Jean Piaget, what is the earliest stage at which a child is capable of using simple logic to think about objects and events?

esteem needs

According to Maslow, the needs that consist of both the need for awareness of importance to others (self-esteem) and actual esteem from others is classified within the category of

stroke the sole of her baby's foot

Alexandra wants to test her new baby's Babinski reflex. To elicit the appropriate response, Alexandra will have to

eat a snack

An individual experiencing a low blood-glucose level would be best advised to do which of the following?

displacement

Angry with his professor because of a difficult exam, Martin returns home and takes his anger out on his best friend. Martin's behavior indicates

Bobby is still developing new neural connections in his brain.

Bobby is seventeen and has been engaging in risky behaviors, such as reckless driving, skipping class, and breaking curfew. Which of the following is an explanation for Bobby's actions that most psychologists support?

collective unconscious

Carl Jung believed in a storehouse of latent memory traces inherited from a person's ancestral past. Which of the following psychological terms refers to the storehouse

depth perception

Eleanor Gibson and Richard walk using visual cliff with the glass - covered drop - off to examine behavior in crawling infant. Even when coaxed by their mothers to call out onto the glass covering, most infants refused to do so, indicating that they had developed __________ (via the process of maturation)?

object permanence

Eleven-month-old Jason drops a toy from his crib. He immediately looks over the side of the crib to search for the toy. Jason's behavior demonstrates that he has acquired

accommodation

Four-year-old Craig understands that birds build nests in trees. In his front yard, Craig notices an unusually large nest. He is scared to go near it, fearing that some large bird may attack him. Craig's father explains to him that squirrels also build nests and that the nest in the front yard is that of a squirrel. Craig changes his thinking to now include the fact that squirrels build nests. Jean Piaget would say that Craig's new way of thinking about nests is an example of

conservation

Four-year-old Rebecca states that the two lines in set A have the same number of dots but that the second line in set B has more dots than the first line has. Rebecca's inability to report that the two rows in set B contain the same number of dots reflects a lack of

self efficay

Georgi believes she is capable of playing extremely well in the volleyball game scheduled for tonight . Albert Bandura would most likely say that Georgi's expectations for this task reveal that she is exhibiting high

alarm reaction

Gustav was out for his daily walk when he was approached by a thief who demanded his wallet. He immediately felt an increase in his breathing and heart rate. Which of the following accurately describes Gustav;s physiological response

contact comfort was more important to them than food

Harlow found that when the infant monkeys were startled or frightened, they: preferred the cloth surrogate that did not provide food. the baby monkeys' response indicated that

contact comfort to attachment

Harry Harlow's experiments with rhesus monkeys and surrogate mothers demonstrate the importance of

The tactile characteristics of the mother

Harry Harlow's experiments with rhesus monkeys suggest which of the following as most important for infants when establishing an attachment to their mothers?

Formal operations

Hypothetical and deductive thinking are characteristic of which of Jean Piaget's stages of cognitive development?

An infant trying unsuccessfully to suck her fist opens her mouth wider and is successful.

In Jean Piaget's theory of cognitive development, which of the following best exemplifies the concept of accommodation?

experience of physiological changes

In the James-Lange theory of emotion, which of the following immediately precedes an emotion?

Preconventional

In trying to replicate Lawrence Kohlberg's research, several college students observed four-year-olds in five prekindergarten classes. Their most likely indicated that these children were

secure

Jeremy happily played with his colorful blocks while his mother was nearby. When his mother left the room, he became upset, but he quickly stopped crying and began to play with the blocks again. When his mother returned, he greeted her happily. Which of the following patterns of attachment reflects Jeremy's actions?

Lev Vygotsky's social learning theory, because it includes the concept of zone of proximal development

Jerry is not able to tie his shoes on his own, but he is able to tie his shoes with the help of his father. Which of the following theories best explains the interaction between Jerry and his father?

a personality inventory

John is completing a lengthy test in which he must indicate whether various written statements are true or false about. He is most likely taking which of the following

high neuroticism

John is generally pleasant, but during final exams he experiences more intense stress than other students experience. He is irritable and easily frustrated. According to the Big Five model of personality, John would be

suppressing white blood cells called T-lymphocytes

Karen had been working overtime to complete a project so that she could go skiing at the end of the month. On the day of her trip, Karen got sick with the flu and had to cancel. Stress hormones had most likely affected her immune system by

Imprinting

Konrad Lorenz found that shortly after a gosling is born, it tends to follow the first large moving object it sees. That is an example of

She is less interested in accomplishing things and more interested in defining herself.

Laura is in transition from Erik Erikson's industry versus inferiority stage into the identity versus role confusion stage. Which of the following is most likely what Laura is experiencing?

Having people solve moral dilemmas

Lawrence Kohlberg used which of the following techniques to illustrate the stages of his theory?

attachment

Mary AInsworth's strange situation paradigm is typically used to test young children's

Show distress when left, calm down and play, and run to the mother when she returns

Mary Ainsworth's research indicates that a toddler with a secure attachment style is most likely to do which of the following when left with a caregiver, such as a babysitter, for the first time?

developmental norms

Melissa reads in a parenting magazine that the average age at which children first walk on their own is twelve months old, and most children walk within the range of nine to seventeen months old. The article is discussing the concept of

Diana Baumrind

Mr. and Mrs. Stanley are very strict with their children. They do not spend a lot of time talking with them, except to tell them what to do. Which of the following theorists would be most likely to study this type of parenting behavior?

projective

The Rorschach Inkblot Test and the Thematic Apperception Test are two popular forms of which of the following types of tests

object permanence

Thea is in a clothing store with her mother. A man walks by and passes behind a clothing rack. Thea looks for him on the other side of the rack. Her behavior shows she has developed

sublimation

Transforming frustrated urges, especially sexual urges, into more socially acceptable forms of behavior is the defense mechanism known as

denial

When parents refuse to accept several psychologists' diagnosis of a child's mental illness, they are using which of the following defense mechanisms?

permissive

When parents set few controls on their children's television viewing, allowing the children freedom to set individual limits, make few demands, and do not punish for improper television viewing, the parents exemplify a parenting style referred to as

Nikos can consider both the height and width of a container.

Which of the following behaviors is most clearly associated with Jean Piaget's concrete operational stage?

^ a oval like this / \

Which of the following best describes relation between performance and arousal?

Down Syndrome

Which of the following conditions most often results from having an extra copy of chromosome 21 ?

Temperament

Which of the following describes the different emotional dispositions of infants?

Identity versus role confusion

Which of the following did Erik Erikson say was the primary conflict through which a teenager needs to work?

Fetal alcohol syndrome

Which of the following is more associated with environmental effects than with genetic influences?

Mohammed has dated a few people but has not been very successful, so he has decided to give up on dating.

Which of the following scenarios best describes what Erik Erikson thought someone might experience in early adulthood?

temperament

Which of the following terms is used to describe an infant's individual style of interacting with the world?

Charlie is overly precise and methodical in everything he does...

Which scenario below is most descriptive of the psychoanalytic theory of personality?

Trait theory of personality

While Luke is interviewing for a job, he takes a personality test measuring the five-factor personality model. This test is designed to be consistent with a

sensorimotor

Zeke is attempting to learn more about his world. When he encounters a new object, he picks it up and puts it in his mouth. Zeke is most likely in which of Jean Piaget's stages of cognitive development?

industry v inferiority

a nine year old girl first learning about her capabilities in dance class and school would be in which of Erickson's stages of development?

denial

a parent who keeps intact even though he's been happily married and in his own for five years is exhibiting which of the following defense mechanisms

psychological needs must be met before an individual achieves self-actualization

according to Abraham Maslow's hierarchy of needs, which is true

choose between 2 outcomes that are both desirable

according to Kevin Lewin, an approach- approach conflict occurs when a person has to

superego

according to Sigmund Freud, The personality structure that reflects moral values is the

id

according to freudian theory the omponent of the personality that is blind impulsive and irrational is the

superego

according to psychoanalytic theory, Tom's constant shoplifting suggests that he has an underdeveloped

external locus of control

montgomery prepares his resume carelessly and arrives late for his job interview. He is rejected by the prospective employer. Montgomery concludes that "It's all a matter of dumb luck, anyway." Montgomery's judgement of his situation most clearly reflects external locus of control

defending the body from viruses

exposure to stressors decreases the effectiveness of the lymphocytes in the blood stream, which perform the function of

defending the boy from viruses

exposure to stressors decreases the effectiveness of the lymphocytes in the blood stream, which perform the function of

superego

in Freudian theory, which of the following components personality most resembles a conscience or censor

unconditional positive regard

nick admitted to his parents that he was not working to his potential in his academics and sports. Even though his parents were disappointed, instead of yelling at Nick, they accepted him and wanted to help him work through his feelings. His parents' behavior exemplified

universality of facial expressions across cultures

one of the consistent research findings in the are of facial expressions and emotion is the

work harder and enjoy their work more

research studies indicate that people who are intrinsically motivated as compared to people who are extrinsically motivated tend to

Homostasis

which of the following concepts provides the best explanation for why people seek to put on warmer clothing when they start to feel cold

obtaining food and water

which of the following is considered most basic of needs

Anna must decide whether to buy a used car that is in her price range but has several mechanical problems

which of the following situations describes an approach avoidance conflict

authorization

which parenting style is characterized by high demands for obedience and low warmth

look at some picture and tell a story about each of them

which projective technique is used a person could be asked to