doug unit 4 lol
The tendency of most people to identify a three-sided figure as a triangle, even when one of its sides is incomplete, is the result of a perceptual process known as
closure
The coiled tube in the inner ear that contains the auditory receptors is called the
cochlea
People who are color blind most likely have deficiencies in their
cones
Which of the following is true regarding visual information processing?
Bipolar cells relay information to ganglion cells that form the optic nerve.
Which of the following refers to the just-noticeable difference between two stimuli?
Difference threshold
An individual's ability to focus on a particular conversation in a noisy and crowded room is called
selective attention
Using cell phones while driving increases the number of accidents because use of the phones requires
selective attention
Balance is influenced by the
semicircular canals
Photoreceptors relay visual information to the brain through which of the following cells?
Bipolar and ganglion
All summer Thomas hears the sound of the icecream truck approaching before his brother Oscar hears it. Thomas most likely has which of the following?
A lower absolute threshold for hearing than Oscar
Which study is a researcher who wants to draw correct cause-and-effect conclusions about the sense of smell likely to conduct?
A study in which the researcher randomly assigns 50 people to a group that is exposed to a strong smell of roses and 50 people to a group that experiences an odor-free environment to see whether the group exposed to the strong smell of roses reports experiencing more memories.
Which of the following supports the opponent-process theory of color vision?
Afterimages
Which of the following structures is part of the vestibular system?
B
Which of the following scenarios most clearly describes the effects of a strong kinesthetic sense?
Being able to tell exact bodily position without looking at the body
Which part of the brain receives messages from the hair-like receptors that are involved in the vestibular sense?
Cerebellum
Even though it was nearly dark outside, Kaci could still tell that the basketball she was playing with was orange. Which of the following concepts is best illustrated in this example?
Color constancy
Which of the following refers to the photoreceptors responsible for color vision?
Cones
When Rocco views the image above, he sees it as a 13 when it is part of a larger number but as a B when it is part of a word. Rocco's response shows the importance of what perceptual concept?
Context effects
A researcher studied 30 people ages twenty to forty, 30 people ages forty-one to sixty, and 30 people ages sixty-one to eighty. The researcher set up two rooms—one with a faint rose smell, and one with a faint lemon smell. Each participant was asked to enter each room and identify the smell in the room. What research method did the researcher use, and what outcome would be found?
Cross-sectional. As people age, their sense of smell diminishes, especially in older age.
In the figure above, what letter corresponds to the light-sensitive surface of the eye that contains photoreceptors?
D
Which of the following scenarios is most likely to result in impairment of the kinesthetic sense?
Damage to the cerebellum
Eleanor Gibson and Richard Walk used a visual cliff with a glass-covered drop-off to examine behavior in crawling infants. Even when coaxed by their mothers to crawl out onto the glass covering, most infants refused to do so, indicating that they had developed which of the following?
Depth perception
In the figure above, what letter corresponds to the nerve that carries neural impulses from the eye to the brain?
E
Which of the following is an example of shape constancy?
Even though the angle from which she viewed the table had changed, Elise still perceived the table as rectangular.
Martin fell off his skateboard and badly bruised his elbow. He immediately began rubbing the area around the bruise until the pain subsided. This method of reducing pain can be explained by which of the following?
Gate-control theory
The ability to see a cube in the diagram above is best explained by which of the following?
Gestalt principles of closure and continuity
Damage to which of the following best explains conduction deafness?
Hammer, anvil, and stirrup
Latisha noticed that in the early evening she begins to have difficulty seeing the vibrant colors in her artwork. Which of the following best explains her difficulty?
Her cones cannot detect color well in dim light.
The pitch of a sound is analogous to which of the following features of light?
Hue
Which of the following theories most accurately explains pitch perception?
II and III only
Hyrum is at a concert when a flute player hits a very high note at the end of a song. Which of the following best explains why the pitch of the note sounds so high?
It has a short wavelength and high frequency.
Which of the following is true about the blind spot in the eye?
It occurs where the optic nerve leaves the eye.
Which of the following scenarios best demonstrates a context effect?
Jeannette does better on her exam when she takes it in the same room where she studies.
Ana injured her eye in an accident and has to wear a patch over the eye while it heals. Which of the following cues would she best be able to use to make judgments about the distance objects are from her?
Linear perspective
Which monocular depth cue is illustrated in the figure above?
Linear perspective
Feature detectors are neurons that are turned on or off by specific features of visual stimuli like edges and movement. Where in the visual system are these feature detectors located?
Occipital cortex
Which of the following statements about the perception of taste is true?
Older adults frequently experience decreases in the sense of smell that make it more difficult to perceive the flavor of food.
After staring at a green, black, and orange "American flag" for about a minute, an individual will see a red, white, and blue flag afterimage. Which of the following explains this phenomenon?
Opponent-process theory
After his friend said a new movie was the funniest he had seen in years, Willard found himself laughing throughout the viewing, even though the movie was not very funny. What concept is Willard demonstrating?
Perceptual set
A person with sight in only one eye lacks which of the following visual cues for seeing in depth?
Retinal disparity
Which of the following is a binocular cue for depth perception?
Retinal disparity
Which of the following is the correct path a neural impulse will follow through the different layers of the retina?
Rods and cones, bipolar cells, ganglion cells, optic nerve
Which of the following describes the correct order of information processing in vision?
Rods and cones→bipolar cells→ganglion cells→optic nerve
Jason is attending a parade that features the local high school band. Jason's friend Brent plays the trombone in the band. It is difficult for Jason to hear Brent play at the parade. Which of the following would best allow Jason to hear Brent's trombone?
Selective attention
Laura arrives at a park that is located very close to a factory that produces cookies. She immediately notices the strong odor of chocolate chip cookies, but after a while she no longer detects the smell of the cookies. This can best be explained by which of the following?
Sensory adaptation
When Rosa has a cold, she cannot taste the flavor of her pizza. Which of the following psychological terms describes Rosa's inability to taste?
Sensory interaction
Carlos sees the figure above as six unified columns, not four unified rows. Which of the following Gestalt principles is operating most strongly?
Similarity
Luis constructed a flip-book with 30 different still images of a cartoon cat. When Luis quickly flipped through successive images of the cat, the cat appeared to move. Which of the following concepts does the example illustrate?
Stroboscopic movement, because the book is a series of images presented at separate time intervals.
Domingo has just hit Play to begin listening to a new song he bought. Based on the structure of the ear, what will the sound waves contact first after moving through Domingo's auditory canal?
The eardrum
Ernst Weber's and Gustav Fechner's psychophysical laws concern the relation between which of the following?
The intensity of a stimulus and its corresponding psychological sensation
Julia is practicing her trumpet and produces a loud sound. Which of the following is the best explanation for the loudness of the sound?
The sound has a high-amplitude sound wave.
Which of the following refers to the transformation of stimulus energy into neural impulses?
Transduction
The intensity at which a sound becomes audible for a given individual is known as the individual's
absolute threshold
The change in the curvature of the lens that enables the eye to focus on objects at various distances is called
accommodation
One-year-old Marcus turns away in disgust if a bitter substance is placed on his tongue. The reason for such a reaction is most likely
an inborn distaste for bitter that protects us from potential poisons in the environment
When struck by light energy, cones and rods in the retina generate neural signals that then activate the
bipolar cells
The place in the retina where the optic nerve exits to the brain is called the
blind spot
The Gestalt principle that refers to an individual's tendency to perceive an incomplete figure as whole is called
closure
Eleanor Gibson and her colleagues have used the visual cliff to measure an infant's ability to perceive
depth
A person is asked to listen to a series of tones presented in pairs, and asked to say whether the tones in each pair are the same or different in pitch. In this situation the experimenter is most likely measuring the individual's
difference threshold
A subliminal stimulus is a stimulus that
falls below the threshold for conscious detection
While attending a concert, Anthony finds that he can clearly recognize the melody coming from the lead violin above all the other instruments playing in the orchestra, even though the other instruments may be louder. Gestalt psychologists would explain Anthony's ability using the principle of
figure-ground
Visual acuity is best in the
fovea
The perceived pitch of a tone is largely determined by its
frequency
The psychological experience of pitch is related to a sound wave's
frequency
If Carmelita stares at a red spot for one minute and then shifts her gaze to a white piece of paper, she is likely to experience an afterimage that is
green
Receptors for olfaction are located
in the nasal cavity
Receptors that are especially important for helping a person maintain balance are located in the
inner ear
It can be assumed that an individual described as a supertaster
is very sensitive to hot peppers
A sound is often detected by one ear more intensely and a fraction of a second earlier than it is detected by the other ear. These cues help individuals determine the
location of the source
To study the effects of smoking on sense of smell, a researcher would most likely conduct a
longitudinal study on 100 smokers and a matched sample of 100 nonsmokers to determine whether the smokers' sense of smell declined more over time than the nonsmokers' did
The fovea has the greatest visual acuity in bright light primarily because the fovea is
made up of only cones
David Hubel and Torsten Wiesel's research on responses of the brain to visual stimuli showed that
many cortical cells respond most strongly to specific visual information
In the dark, an object is more clearly seen when viewed in peripheral vision than when viewed directly. This phenomenon occurs because the rods located in the retina are
more sensitive in the dark than cones and are not found in the fovea
When viewed from the window of a moving train, nearby objects seem to pass by more quickly than do more distant objects. This cue for depth perception is called
motion parallax
After Sharon stares at a patch of saturated green color for a brief period of time, she looks at a white surface and sees a red patch of color. This perceptual phenomenon is best explained by
opponent-process theory
The area labeled A contains the
ossicles
People who live in environments with buildings with square corners and right angles are more susceptible to the Müller-Lyer illusion than are people who live in environments without such angles and corners. The difference in perception between the two groups of people reveals that
people develop perceptual hypotheses based on experiences in their lives
In visual perception, size constancy occurs as an object comes closer to the viewer because the
perceived distance of the object becomes smaller
The most common form of color blindness is related to deficiencies in the
red-green system
In vision, transduction occurs within the
retina
After spending hours in her kitchen preparing dinner, Rebecca no longer notices the strong smell of garlic until her guests arrive and mention the smell. Her failure to notice the smell of garlic illustrates
sensory adaptation
On his first day of work at the bakery, Brad was nearly overwhelmed by the sweet odor of the baked goods. However, by lunchtime, he did not even notice the smell. This is an example of
sensory adaptation
As you watch a friend walk away from you, your retinal image of your friend gets smaller. Despite this, you do not perceive him to be shrinking. This is an example of
size constancy
The thalamus processes information for all of the following senses EXCEPT
smell
Climbing an irregular set of stairs is more difficult for an individual who wears a patch over one eye primarily because
some depth perception is lost
Gustatory receptors are sensitive to all of the following taste qualities EXCEPT
spicy
Research has shown that a major reason for poor performance while multitasking is that while multitasking, people
switch their attention rapidly from task to task, so they miss critical information associated with a task that is not receiving their attention
A reason that one typically does not notice a blind spot in the visual field is that
the brain fills in missing information so there is no awareness that the visual field is incomplete
While at a crowded gathering, Zach realized that his attention was being drawn away from his conversation every time a person nearby said the word "exactly." Zach's response is an example of
the cocktail party effect
Negative afterimages are explained by
the opponent-process theory
When a pair of lights flashing in quick succession seems to an observer to be one light moving from place to place, the effect is referred to as
the phi phenomenon
Luz, a math major, sees the drawing above as a Venn diagram. Her brother, an art major, sees it as two circles. The difference in perception is an example of
top-down processing
People listening to rock music played backward often perceive an evil message if specifically told what to listen for. That phenomenon best illustrates
top-down processing
Tina is reading an important letter when she accidentally splashes water on the paper. The water has smudged a few words, but she is still able to understand what the letter says. This can be explained by
top-down processing
The process of converting incoming physical energy into a neural code that can be processed is called
transduction
The general function of the bones in the middle ear is to
transfer sound information from the tympanic membrane to the oval window
Scott lost his vision at a young age. When he was much older, he received a corneal transplant that allowed him to see again. After so many years of not being able to see, he had a very difficult time interpreting visual information such as faces and expressions. His visual problems most likely came from processing difficulties in the
visual cortex