Dr. Cribb CHR 105 Final Exam

formal translation

(word for word) Translates the words and structures of the original languages. E.g., NASB, ESV, HCSB

Paraphrase

(writing in own words): Rewording of an existing translation in the same language. E.g., NLT, the Message Free or loose translation that focuses on communicating the ideas and not necessarily the words of Scripture.

the exodus

1446 BC

Call of Abraham

2100 BC

The exile of the Southern Kingdom of Judea

539 BC

the birth of Jesus

6/4 BC

the division of the kingdom

931 BC

revision

A correction or update of a version after careful review (NKJV, NASB)

Version

A translation from the original languages (KJV, NIV, NASV).

 Jesus' "life purpose"

All of Jesus' life points forward to His death and resurrection

6. What is the significance of the Dead Sea Scrolls?

Allowed for the information provided in the Old Testament to be confirmed as accurate

the building of the Tabernacle

Exodus

the call of Abraham

Genesis

the giving of laws concerning the five types of sacrifices

Genesis

the selling of Joshua into slavery

Genesis

Based on the history told in Joshua-Esther, provide the approximate dates and a one sentence description of the following periods:

Conquest- 1400 BC The conquest of Jericho; the failure at Ai; the conquest of the rest of the land period of the Judges- 1446 BC United Monarchy- 930 BC divided monarchy- 931 BC- 586 BC Jewish exile in Babylon- 538 BC the forced detention of Jews in Babylonia following the latter's conquest of the kingdom of Judea return from exile- 538-323 BC

The major events in the book of Exodus

• Background of the Deliverance (1:1-4:31) • - Key events: oppression, the call of • Battle for Deliverance (5:1-11:10) • - Key events: the 10 plagues, the Passover • Experience of Deliverance (12:1-15:21) • - Key events: the defeat of pharaoh's army, crossing of the Red Sea, the celebration of the victory in a song • God's Care after the Deliverance (15:22-18:27) • - Key events: God provides food and water while His people murmur and complain • The Covenant with Israel (19:1-24:11) • - Key events: Covenant ceremony; giving of the • God's Presence in the Midst of Israel (25:1-40:28) • - Key events: Tabernacle; Golden Calf

Be able to list two theological affirmations of Genesis 1, as given by your professor.

• Creation faith celebrates God as the creator • Creation faith affirms that what God created is good and orderly

The person who is the focus of the books of Samuel and the historical period focused on in the book

• David and the 100 year span known as the United Monarchy

list and describe two key beliefs of the early church.

• Definition: Supernatural interventions; about 37 total ◦• Purpose: NTcallsthem"signs"(revealingsomething secret; attesting to His identity) and "wonders" (attesting to His power); also to show fulfillment of the OT (Isaiah 35:3-6; 42:6-7; Matthew 11:3-5) ◦• Types: Natural (turning water into wine; calming the storm; feeding the 4,000 and 5,000; walking on water); Physical (healings; resuscitations of Lazarus and Jairus' daughter); Spiritual (exorcism; forgiving sin; Zacchaeus)

The organization of the book of Deuteronomy

• Deuteronomy can be organized in two ways. • - As three by Moses (1:6-4:40, chs. 5-28, chs. 29-30), with a final "death story" (chs. 31-34) detailing how Moses "put his house in order." • - As a Suzerain-vassal treaty, with common elements with this ancient document. Moses perhaps used this form to give the people insight on what the covenant relationship should be like. • These show that the book is sermonic and covenantal

The significance of the Exodus

• Exodus provides the basis of Israel's self-identity. As the Revolutionary War and the U.S. Constitution. • Exodus supplies the setting of God's supreme self-revelation—showing how He interacts with His people (deliverance, calling, and disclosing). • Exodus affords a paradigm for God's future restoration. It is also the basis for NT imagery. See Matthew 2-7.

What historical period of the Jewish people the book of Ezra describes

• Ezra and Nehemiah tell of the fate of the post-exilic community, from the end of Chronicles (with the decree of Cyrus) and to Nehemiah's final reforms

Be able to give two important implications of humans being created in the image of God.

• Genesis 1:27 God created man in his own image • Genesis 1:26-28 says that humans are to be the rulers over the earth and all of its inhabitants

The hiddenness of God in Esther

• God is amazingly not mentioned in the book (the only such book in the OT) and seems hidden. • However, the book presents a powerful picture of silent providence in the preservation of God's covenant people in a life and death situation

The theological significance of the Fall (in Genesis 3)—i.e., what does it tell us about God and His ways

• Humanity's fall shows sin entered the world through one man and death through sin (Rom 5:12; 6:23). • Humanity's fall answers the problem of evil and points to the reason for injustice and tragedy—human sin.

What Joseph's trials and struggles say about the "Providence" of God in Genesis 50

• Joseph is sold into slavery (37) • - Joseph's interpretation of dreams (40-41) • - Joseph's brother's come to Egypt (42-43) • - Jacob comes to Egypt (46-50:14) • - Joseph reassures his brothers (50:15-21) • God has now placed the seed of His nation in the hands of Egypt, ready to be born in the exodus.

King James Bible

• King James I commissions 54 scholars to undertake a new Bible translation in 1605, a project completed in 1611. • Six teams of scholars, using the Textus Receptus, the Bishop's Bible, and Tyndale's Bible, worked on it.

Identity of the fertile cresent

• Mesopotamia literally means "the land between the rivers" (Tigris and Euphrates). • It includes Iran and Iraq today. In ancient times, it housed Sumer, Akkad, Babylon, Assyria, and Persia. • It had mountains in the north and irrigated flood plains in the south near the Persian Gulf, but it had no natural barriers to protect it from invasions. • The Hebrew patriarchs (Abraham; Lot) came from this area (Haran and Ur).

10. What is the criteria for canonicity?

• No contradictions and internal consistency, as well as doctrinal purity; • Written by a prophet or someone recognized as having divine authority; • Having recognized divine quality/intervention and authority and internal indicators of such; • Universal use and acceptance in community of faith.

8. What are the original languages behind the OT and NT?

• OT- Hebrew • NT- Greek

4. What are the characteristics of the Old and New Testament?

• Old testament- composed of the history of the Bible, over 2,000 years. Contains 39 books, originally written in Hebrew • New testament-contains 27 books containing letters to the early church, the gospels, originally written in Greek

How Hebrew poetry differs from modern poetry

• One will notice that in Hebrew poetry, there is an absence of rhyme and irregularity of meter. • Stress is put on figurative language (metaphors, metonymy, etc.), literary symmetry (acrostics and chiasm), and a correspondence not in sound but ideas. • Other characteristics include: terse language, unusual vocabulary/word order, and repetitions. • By far, the most prevalent feature in Hebrew poetry is parallelism. • You can hardly turn to a poetic passage and not find this

Common Biblical genres

• Prophetic literature • poetry, narratives • parables • proverbs • psalms • apocalyptic literature • legal codes • genealogies, etc.

purpose of the book of Ruth

• Ruth is a wonderfully-told and short (only chapters!) love story and a great picture of covenant faithfulness. But it is much more than that. • As the genealogy at the end demonstrates, its most important purpose is to show God working out His purposes even when it seems as if He is hidden. • His purpose is to bring Davidic kingship into salvation history, and to pave the way to Christ. God's choice of David had earlier roots than David's time.

The author of Proverbs

• Solomon

12. What is the importance of the Athanasius in 367 BC?

• The 27 books in the current NT were listed by Athanasius of Alexandria in his Easter letter of AD 367. • The 27 books of the New Testament are formally confirmed as canonical by the Synod of Carthage in AD 397, thus recognizing three centuries of use by followers of Christ. • These are passed down faithfully to us by church leaders. Text of

The significance of the Passover

• The Passover (the tenth plague) is both a supreme judgment and act of deliverance. • The original Passover has nothing to do with sin, but with substitution. One life is taken to spare another. Jesus transforms the significance from a memorial of the exodus to one of His substitutionary death.

The focus of the book of Joshua

• The book is about its namesake, Joshua • It presents the chronological history of the new Israel • It fulfills the Pentateuch, it's a transition book • It also paves the way for in Joshua-Esther, introducing the setting of those books until 2 Kings.

"The" evil in the book of Judges

• The cannanization of the Israelites

The theological significance of the Flood story (in Genesis 6-9)

• The flood narrative brings the Primeval History to its climax. Will sin be allowed to reign in the creation of a holy God? • God will not allow humanity to continue its descent. • If the creation and Edenic rest is ever to be restored, God must act to save those devoted to Him. God does this through Noah and his family • The account is parallel to Genesis 1-6, making the account one of a "new creation" and a renewed covenant.

The roles Nehemiah played in the history of Israel

• The of Artaxerxes I, he was later appointed governor of the Persian province of Yehud (Judah). • He returned a decade after Ezra, but his role was primarily civil not religious. Nehemiah led the people despite conspiracies against himself (6:1-14) and even possible physical attacks (4:7-23). • Nehemiah was also a man who understood the covenant of God and who grasped what God was doing in salvation history. See his prayer in chap. 1.

The main differences between the Primeval History (Gen 1-11) and Patriarchal History (Gen 12-50)

• The primeval history deals with the history of Israel and all the problems that it had to face • Patriarchal history deals with overcoming the differences set in the primeval history

The Hebrew prophets as "forthtellers" not "foretellers"

• The prophet's words did not primarily involve prediction. Instead, they were driven by immediate concerns. predictions are few. • They appear at key moments in the nation's history, serving as spiritual consciences. • The prophets were not delivering a new message in the sense of it being different than the Torah covenant. Instead, they called the people and kings back to the covenant

14. What is the definition of textual criticism

• The study of manuscripts or printings to determine the original or most authoritative form of a text, especially of a piece of literature. • Literary criticism stressing close reading and detailed analysis of a particular text.

13. Who was the inventor of the printing press?

• The world's first printing press, with moveable metal type, is invented in 1455 AD in Germany by Johann Gutenberg. The Gutenberg Bible is the first book ever printed with the printing press.

11. What is the closing of the Old Testament canon?

• This was when the ancient Hebrews decided to finish the OT and claim it not be added to • Finished by the time of Christ

1. What are the canonical divisions for the Hebrew/Jewish scriptures?

• Torah, prophets, and writings acronym TANAK is used • E.g., Genesis-Deuteronomy is characterized better as Torah ("instruction") than "Law." • The Hebrews characterized Joshua, Judges, Samuel and Kings as "Former Prophets," which accurately notes the prophetic character of these historical books.

The event that led to the division of the kingdom of Israel

• When David killed Bathsheba's husband Uriah

Identity of Abraham's test of faith in Genesis 22

• When God told Abraham to sacrifice Isaac

3. What are the characteristics of the Bible?

• Written by over 40 authors • Infallibility • Authoritative • Cohesion even with so many authors • "God- breathed" • Relatability to today's people

The positive tone of the book of Ruth in the period of the Judges

• in the period of the Judges is exhibited by a common woman, who happens to be a non-Israelite (Ruth the Moabitess).

2. What are the English Protestant Old Testament strengths and weaknesses of the division labels?

• it is unified in covering more than 2000 years of Israel's history—which is really God's history. • The separating of the books is one that allows different authors to write and adds variety • The Hebrew Bible calls the (Gen-Deut), the "Torah" or instruction and the protestant bible calls it "law"

9. Why or why not the Apocryphal writings?

• the apocryphal writings have no authority from God or claim to be His words • used in the catholic Bible after the reformation • significant historical and theological problems (praying for the dead)

The basics of the Pentateuch (books, themes, author, what Pentateuch means)

• the first five books of the bible • the Jewish people call it the torah • Pentateuch means "law" • Main themes are sovereignty, kingdom, fall of man, and redemption • Mosaic authority is the author of the Pentateuch, but there is still debate as to whether or not Moses wrote it. Overall the books are written anonymously

What is most emphasized in the plotline of the Pentateuch in terms of space allocated to it

• the history of God's covenant people from the calling of the Patriarchs to the climactic moment before they enter into the Promised Land.

The events of Jesus' childhood and youth

•The Circumcision: On the 8th day, in accord with Torah ◦•The Recognition: Simeon and Anna, two godly Jews who recognized Jesus as a baby as the Messiah, and as one who would cause "standing" and "falling" in Israel ◦•The OT Fulfillment: Protection in Egypt (Matt. 2:15) ◦•The Location of His Childhood: Nazareth ◦•Sole Detail: The Temple visit as a youth shows His early messianic consciousness. He also grew intellectually, physically, spiritually, and socially (Luke 2:52).

The identity of the Synoptic Gospels and the meaning of "synoptic"

Matthew, Mark, and Luke. Synoptic means "seeing together"

describe two ways in which God laid the groundwork for the coming of Jesus "in the fullness of time," as described in the notes.

Paul states that Jesus appeared "when the fullness of time came" (Galatians 4:4), meaning "just at the right time." ◦ • His coming represented the ◦culmination of all of God's redemptive activity from the Old Testament until this point. ◦• Also, God had laid the groundwork for the coming of Christ with: Roman peace; Roman roads; the universal language of Greek; and the Jewish Messianic expectations.

The timing of Jesus' birth

The Timing: At the fullness of time; somewhere around 6-4 BC (Herod died in 4 BC); not on Dec. 25

basic description of Jesus's miracles

purpose is to show fulfillment of OT and God's power

The intention/purposes of the authors of the NT (why did they write their books/letters)

The disciples wrote for specific purposes, not for books to be included in the "new testament". These purposes can include encouraging fellow believers, giving instruction, and clarifying religious doctrine

significance of the fall in Biblical chronology

The fall is when sin enters the world and nothing is never the same

The meaning and significance of the term "Incarnation"

The incarnation is the principle miracle in the Bible; God becoming flesh. If you believe this, the resurrection is easy

7. What are the Masoretes?

The original Hebrew scribes that added vowels to the original Hebrew text, but did not doing anything with the original consonants.

What is a modern definition of the word canon?

Today, we use canon to refer to a fixed list of documents recognized as God-inspired Scripture and authoritative for the church and believer. The text has an inherent authority and is thus the basis for the church's faith and practice. This idea is in Scripture too (Revelation 22:18-19).

basic description of Luke

Tone: Written to Theophilus (Lover of God); purpose is historical, theological, evangelistic, and apologetic •Themes: Holy Spirit; importance of women and social outcasts; prayer; wealth vs. poverty; Gentiles

Abraham is from ____.

Ur

General concepts behind each of the hermeneutical principles

• Authoritarian- The first goal of exegesis is to discover the author's intended meaning. • Be a historian- We must understand that each text was written for a particular situation • Historical context- For both levels, answer the question: What is going on historically or culturally that makes an impact on the events themselves or the reporting of the events? • Be contextual- Interpreting the text based on the context • Be a rule keeper- Determining the genre helps you to know by what rules to interpret the passage. • Be a grammarian • Be an Ophthalmologist • Be practical • Be biblical • Be Christ-centered

The language of the NT

greek

significance of creation in biblical chronology

how everything stems from the creation and we would not be here without it

The purpose behind crucifixion as a mode of execution

it was a symbol that one was cursed by God, and it was meant to publically humiliate.

basic description of Acts

could not find this one

basic description of Jesus's resurrection

basically the whole point of the Christian faith

The identity of the Patriarchs

• Abraham, Isaac

the death of Moses

Deuteronomy

What is the significance of the "verbal plenary" theory of inspiration?

Evangelical Christians believe in all the words rather than the ideas (verbal). Also all parts of the Bible are equally inspired (plenary).

describe Jesus' teaching about the Kingdom of God in a few sentences.

Jesus comes proclaiming God's Kingdom is at hand. He uses it to refer to the in-breaking of God into history to realize his redemptive purpose—God's ruling power. • Jesus inaugurates it, and it is already here. But He also points to a "not-yet" aspect. ◦ • It is present in the victory of demons (Matt. 12:28), in the miraculous signs (Matt. 11:2ff), and in the person of Jesus (Luke 17:20-21). ◦ • This points to its fulfillment. In the future kingdom, Jesus will be the judge (Matt. 7:21-23) and it will be our inheritance (Matt. 25:34). We should prepare and pray for it (Matt. 6:10). ◦ • Many of Jesus' parables dealt with the Kingdom of God. ◦• Sower: Kingdom is here but not all will accept it ◦• Mustard Seed/Leaven: Kingdom will not demolish enemies immediately, starts small ◦• Hidden Treasure/Pearl of Great Price: Kingdom is worth everything

How the Prologue to John's Gospel (John 1:1-18) refers to Jesus

John's Gospel begins with one of the great NT Christological (the theology of Jesus) passages (see Phil 2:5-11; Col 1:15-20; Heb 1:1-3). ◦ •It shockingly speaks of Jesus' divine nature as Creator and part of the Trinity. He is the Logos, or the Word of God. ◦ •But He was also rejected and would return to God.

the battle of Jericho

Joshua

the story of Samson

Judges

instructions on Yom Kippur (day of atonement)

Leviticus

the geographical significance of the location of Israel

Most of the events of the Bible occurred in an area known as the Fertile Crescent. It was "fertile" because it had adequate rain/water sources to accommodate agriculture and settlement. The Fertile Crescent extended from the Nile River valley, to the narrow plains of. Syria-Palestine, to the Tigris and Euphrates river valleys.

What is one verse form the Old Testament, New Testament, and internal witnesses that can be witness to the authority of scripture?

NT- 2 Timothy 3:16, the text being God breathed OT- Jeremiah 37: 2, God speaking through the prophets

the two censuses of the people

Numbers

the wandering in the Sinai wilderness

Numbers

The order of the events during passion week

Saturday: The anointing by Mary (John 12:1-8; Matt 26:6-13; Mark 14:3-9) ◦•Palm Sunday: The triumphal entry (Mk 11:1-11) in fulfillment of Zechariah 9:9 (Psalm 118) ◦•Monday: The cursing of the fig tree and cleansing of the temple ◦•Tuesday: A day of teaching and controversy (tribute to Caesar; the Resurrection; the Greatest Commandment; the widow's mite; the Olivet Discourse) ◦•Wednesday: Silence ◦•Thursday: Preparation for the Passover (Jesus as the Passover lamb of the new covenant, delivering from bondage); the Last Supper; Jesus' washes the disciples feet; the Garden of Gethsemane; betrayal of Judas ◦•Thursday night/Friday morning: Arrest; trials before Annas, Caiaphas, the Sanhedrin, Pilate, Herod Antipas, and finally before Pilate again. ◦•Friday: Crucifixion

5. What are some tendencies in textual transmission?

Some tendencies are for certain texts to be read differently and or for some to be more true to text than others

significance of the flood in Biblical chronology

This is when God purifies the people and tells Noah to re populate the world

the significance of the birth of Jesus in biblical chronology

This is when redemption and being saved came into the world

The disciple who in John 20:24-29 confesses the resurrected Jesus as "My God"

Thomas

describe Jesus' teaching about the nature of discipleship in a few sentences.

To proclaim the gospel. To formulate their own identity of faith separate from Judaism. ◦ To believe. ◦ To pray. ◦ To wait. ◦ To worship and study the teachings of the apostles. ◦ To minister to one another's physical needs. ◦ To rise, even during heavy persecution.

basic description of Jesus's transfiguration

taste of the coming Kingdom and what it will be like at the second coming

basic description of Jesus's temptation

tempted with turning stones to bread, worshiping satan, etc. Significant because it shows he is faithful as a high priest

The different ways Acts is connected to Luke's Gospel

the first event in Acts is the last event in Luke (the ascension of Jesus)

basic description of Jesus's baptism

to fulfill all righteousness to validate ministry, to identify with the people to set an example

Dynamic translation

• (thought-for-thought): Translates the meaning and concepts of the original languages. E.g., NIV

general concept of hermeneutics

• A branch of theology concerning principles of exegesis. • Exegesis involves extracting meaning the text, rather than putting meaning into it.

basic description of Mark

•Tone: Cites very few of Jesus' teachings; describes action instead ("immediately"); focuses on miracles •Themes: Had a realistic view of the 12 disciples (6:52; 14:32-42). Focused on proving Jesus' identity

basic description of John

•Tone: More theological than the Synoptics; no parables; other events included, like Nicodemus, the Samaritan woman, Jesus' speeches in the upper room •Themes: Frequent use "truth" (40+), "witness" (60+), and "love" (80+); the seven "I am" statements

basic description of Matthew

•Tone: Very Jewish (customs go unexplained), teaching oriented, structured around 5 discourses of Jesus •Themes: Fulfillment (many quotations of the OT); speaks of the church; shows universal nature of Messiah (genealogy, Magi, Great Commission)

Jesus' teaching on the Kingdom of God

◦Jesus comes proclaiming God's Kingdom is at hand. He uses it to refer to the in-breaking of God into history to realize his redemptive purpose—God's ruling power.But He also points to a "not-yet" aspect. ◦ •It is present in the victory of demons etc ◦ This points to its fulfillment. In the future kingdom, Jesus will be the judge

Jesus' purpose in the Sermon on the Mount

◦Jesus teaches as a new Moses. In fact, He delivers (or perhaps rediscovers) insights into the eternal principles behind the Torah (which is fulfilled in Him). ◦ In essence, He explains how the new covenant community within the Kingdom should live out their lives before God. ◦ •In so doing, He describes the character, duties, and attitude of the Christian disciple.

list and describe two reasons why the resurrection is considered an actual historical event.

◦Post resurrection appearances ◦ • The early testimony of the event ◦ • The witnesses of the women ◦ • The martyrdom of the disciples ◦ • The conversion of Paul

Several ways of describing the flow/outline of the book of Acts

◦tells how the church was established and began to spread across the roman Empire; ◦ sequel to gospel of luke; ◦ commissioning of the Disciples; disciples are to spread the Gospel in Jerusalem, Judea, Samaria and the ends of the earth; this expansion is geographical and soteriological (from Jews to Gentiles)

list and describe two reasons why the Gospels are considered reliable testimonies of Jesus.

◦• The Gospel authors were precise in their recordings, not leaving out material that may seem embarrassing or strange (Jesus' baptism and death, Peter's denial, the women finding the empty tomb). ◦ • The NT authors were persecuted and even died for the truth they communicated (different from Islam today). ◦ • The fact that the Gospels gave rise to the Christian movement in Jerusalem gives them credibility. Had the Gospels been fictitious, it would not have experienced such rapid growth in Jerusalem, since the populace of that city could verify claims in the Gospels themselves. ◦ • The oral traditions of Jesus would have been preserved fastidiously by Jesus' followers.

The four kingdoms which ruled the Jews in the Intertestamental Period (in order)

  Persian  Greek  Self rule (jews)  Roman

Common misunderstandings of the New Testament and the correct identification of the character of the New Testament as God's definitive revelation

  It is not just a literary masterpiece-however, we can find much to admire in it.  It is not just a moral document- though it is a supreme moral text book, this is to misunderstand its purpose and focus (3/4 of the New Testament deals with other issues). Some desire to focus only on these aspects of the NT  It is not just some book outlining the religious beliefs about a particular people called Christians- An it's fine for you, but it's not my thing" view fits with our postmodern culture, but if it is not "true truth", it is really "fine for me"?  It is not just an historical document about Jesus. - Though it does relate true history again that is not its purpose. And if its history is true, then that changes everything. See 1 Corinthians 15

Significance of Antiochus IV (Antiochus Epiphanes) and Judas Maccabeus

  Antiochus was the most prominent enemy of the Jews. He prohibited Jewish practices like circumcision, dedicated the temple to Zeus and sacrificed a pig on the altar. Mothers who circumcised their babies we're crucified with their babies hung around their necks  Judas Maccabeus "Hammer" led the guerilla war where Jews entered and purified the temple. The events are commemorated each year in Hannukah

The primary Jewish religious sects at the time of Christ

  Pharises, Sadducces, essenes, and Zealots

The meaning of the terms "Testament" and "Gospel"

  Testament means "covenant"  Gospel means "good news"