Earth Science - Rocks

Contact metamorphism, Regional metamorphism

2 Formations of metamorphic rocks

Foliated Metamorphic Rock, Nonfoliated Metamorphic Rock

2 classification of Metamorphic Rock

Clastic sedimentary rocks, Chemical (Non-clastic) sedimentary rocks

2 classification of Sedimentary rocks

Shale with plant fossils, Conglomerate

2 examples of Clastic rocks

Felsic or Granitic, Andesitic (intermediate), Basaltic, Ultramafic

4 compositions of Igneous Rocks

Weathering, Erosion, Deposition, Compaction, Cementation

5 Formation of Sedimentary Rocks

Marble

A Nonfoliated Metamorphic Rock

Granite

An example of plutonic rock.

Igneous Rocks

Andesite, Rhyolite, Basalt, Gabro, Diorite, Granite.

evaporites, precipitates, and bioclastics.

Chemical (Non-clastic) sedimentary rocks are classified as?

aphanitic, porphyritic and vesicular

Common textures of Extrusive Igneous Rocks.

Felsic or Granitic

Composition of rocks are usually light-colored (>65% silica)

few kilometers below the Earth's surface and extend into the upper mantle.

Conditions for formation of metamorphism is found?

Nonfoliated Metamorphic Rock

Does not have a banded texture

slow cooling or crystallization = large interlocking crystals of Intrusive Igneous Rocks

Gradual lowering of temperature is indicated by the movement of magma from depth to surface causing?

Foliated Metamorphic Rock

Has a banded or layered appearance

elevated temperatures and pressures.

Most metamorphic changes occur at?

Energy That Drives the Rock Cycle

Processes driven by heat from the Earth's interior are responsible for forming both igneous rock and metamorphic rock. Weathering and the movement of weathered materials are external processes powered by energy from the sun. External processes produce sedimentary rocks. ​

Igneous Rocks

Rocks that are derived from the cooling and solidification of magma or lava.

The Rock Cycle

Shows the interrelationships among the three rock types (igneous, sedimentary, and metamorphic)

phaneritic of Intrusive Igneous Rocks

Texture of large interlocking crystals called?

Intrusive and Extrusive Igneous Rocks

Two Formations of Igneous Rocks

Gneiss

Typically Displays a Banded Appearance

Igneous Rocks

Usually hard and crystalline.

Compaction

a process that squeezes, or compacts, sediments

intrusive igneous rocks

also known as plutonic rocks

Extrusive Igneous Rocks

also known as volcanic rocks.

Rocks

an aggregate of two or more minerals

Clastic Sedimentary Rocks

are composed of weathered bits of rocks and minerals.

Extrusive Igneous Rocks

are formed when lava hardens.

Intrusive Igneous Rocks

are formed when magma hardens beneath Earth's surface.

Solification

can occur along the surface or beneath the surface of the Earth.

Andesitic (intermediate)

composition of rocks are generally medium colored (medium gray) (55-65% silica).

Ultramafic

composition of rocks are made mostly from iron and magnesium-rich minerals; very dark-colored (<45% silica).

Basaltic

composition of rocks are usually dark-colored (45-55% silica)

ignimbrite, tuff

example of Pyroclastic rocks.

Basalt

example of rock which is the cause of fast rate of cooling/crystallization

evaporites such as rock salt or gypsum, limestone—most abundant chemical rock, coal

examples of common rocks of non clastic classification of rocks

Chemical (Non-clastic) sedimentary rocks

form when dissolved substances precipitate, or separate, from water.

Erosion

involves the weathering and the removal of rock.

Rate of cooling

is one of the most important factors that control crystal size.

Clastic rocks with volcanic origin (ex.: pyroclastics)

may have undergone some stages in the sedimentary processes could be classified as sedimentary rocks.

Metamorphism

means "to change form."

Deposition

occurs when an agent of erosion—water, wind, ice, or gravity—loses energy and drops sediments.

Contact metamorphism

occurs when magma moves into rock. Changes are driven by a rise in temperature. Occurs near a body of magma. Creates non-foliated metamorphic rocks.

Fast Rate of Extrusive Igneous Rocks

rate of cooling/crystallization due to the huge variance in the temperature.

Regional metamorphism

results in large-scale deformation and high-grade metamorphism. Directed pressures and high temperatures occur during mountain building. Produces the greatest volume of metamorphic rock. Creates foliated metamorphic rocks.

Pyroclastic rocks

rocks associated with explosive eruption.

Cementation

takes place when dissolved minerals are deposited in the tiny spaces among the sediments.