EBP| ch 9, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18

When reviewing the methods section of a research article, you must consider a number of factors to determine if the data collection methods were valid and reliable. You would ask: 1. What are the ___________ being measured? 2. Does the data collection ____________ fit with the study variables? 3. What is the ____________ (treatment)? 4. Was sufficient information provided about the intervention and the ____________ group? 5. What steps were taken to minimize ____________ error? 6. What instruments were used and were ____________ and ____________ discussed for each instrument? 7. Was the setting described and the ____________ of measurement considered? 8. Were there any difficulties with enrollment, attrition, or missing ____________?

1. variables 2. method 3. intervention 4. control 5. measurement 6. validity, reliability 7. level 8. data

1. Included in the types of healthcare information that make up the first (base) level of the pyramid are ____________ and ____________ research studies, case studies, and concept analyses. 2. Included in the types of healthcare information that make up the second level of the pyramid are meta-analyses, and ___________, ____________, and traditional literature reviews. 3. The third level of the healthcare information pyramid includes brief descriptions of evidence known as ___________. Research article abstracts fall into this category. 4. The fourth level of the healthcare information pyramid includes integrative research ___________. 5. The fifth (top) level of the healthcare information pyramid is ___________. This highest level is based on a model that uses electronic medical records and a computerized decision support system.

1.quantitative, qualitative 2. systematic, integrative 3. synopses 4. summaries 5. system

You have been selected to be part of a team going into the field to collect data from patients with disabilities who are receiving in-home nursing care. Your preparations for this fieldwork would include the following steps: 9. Bring all the necessary background materials you will need and extra ____________ forms, in case additional participants are identified. 10. Bring extra participant ____________ sheets that explain the purpose of the study. 11. If interviews are being conducted, bring additional tape ____________, batteries, and ____________. 12. For video interviews, bring additional cameras and ____________ and, if using a non-digital recording system, extra ____________. 13. If compensation will be provided to participants, make sure you have the monetary or nonmonetary ____________ with you.

9. consent 10. information 11. recorders, tapes 12. batteries, videotapes 13. rewards

25. A pediatric nurse measures and weighs a 9-year-old patient and determines that his height is in the 94th percentile, and his weight is in the 65th percentile. This patient weighs more than 65% of children in his age group but less than ____________ of children in the same group. a. 35% b. 94% c. 29% d. 15%

a. 35%

16. The ____________ instrument is a generic tool that provides a framework for evaluating, developing, and implementing clinical practice guidelines based on six quality domains. a. AGREE II b. Appraisal c. EPC d. NGC

a. AGREE II

1. Which EBP model offered insight into how and why nurses embrace research in clinical practice? a. CURN model b. Iowa model c. Nightingale model d. Stetler model

a. CURN model

6. Using the pyramid framework to organize various levels of healthcare information, which are on the bottom layer or base of the pyramid? a. Case studies b. Meta-analyses, c. Systemic reviews d. Summaries

a. Case studies

10. In planning a change related to a potential safety concern for a patient, which phase of Kotter's change model would occur first? a. Communicating a sense of urgency b. Developing a vision c. Empowering action d. Generating short-term wins

a. Communicating a sense of urgency

18. Fifty RN-to-BSN students attending the same nursing school is an example of which sampling method? a. Convenience b. Target c. Stratified d. Purposive

a. Convenience

11. Continuous quality improvement efforts often involve nurses in what type of role? a. Data collection b. Organizational prioritization c. Reimbursement d. Research design

a. Data collection

1. Which type of statistics explains characteristics of variables found in a sample and describes, summarizes, and synthesizes collected data? a. Descriptive b. Inferential c. Explanatory d. Intuitive

a. Descriptive

9. Which level of measurement is the weakest? a. Nominal b. Ordinal c. Interval d. Ratio

a. Nominal

8. What are the four categories (levels) used to describe measurements? a. Nominal, ordinal, interval, and ratio b. Ordinal, systematic, ratio, and continuous c. Interval, nominal, categorical, and simple d. Ratio, percentile, systematic, and continuous

a. Nominal, ordinal, interval, and ratio

21. Reliability of measurement refers to the ___________ of an instrument. a. accuracy and consistency b. validity and accuracy c. dependability and clarity d. validity and consistency

a. accuracy and consistency

2. In weighing the evidence related to an innovative treatment, medical professionals can choose to ____________ the innovation. a. adopt or reject b. analyze and adopt c. analyze and reject d. closely examine

a. adopt or reject

7. An advanced form of coding is ____________, which takes the analysis process further by generating categories, themes, and patterns. a. axial coding b. analytical coding c. open coding d. general coding

a. axial coding

13. Hospitals and other healthcare facilities are required to gather outcome data in regard to the treatment of specific diseases and report it to public agencies. When the data is used to compare outcomes across similar facilities, this is a. benchmarking. b. quality improvement. c. qualitative data. d. sensitive indicators.

a. benchmarking.

4. The rate of urinary tract infections in indwelling catheterized clients on a unit is an example of a(n) a. care-related outcome. b. organization-related outcome. c. patient-related-outcome. d. performance-related outcome.

a. care-related outcome.

5. Many healthcare facilities are increasing their support for EBP because of ____________ that link payment to positive patient outcomes. a. changing reimbursement policies b. shrinking sources for third-party reimbursement c. changing performance evaluation systems d. expensive clinical research studies

a. changing reimbursement policies

25. In reviewing research, nurses can carefully examine the sample size, attributes, and sampling methods in making decisions about the applicability of findings to a. clinical practice. b. prior research. c. graduate studies. d. new discoveries.

a. clinical practice.

4. The purpose of ____________ qualitative data is to categorize it into groups. a. coding b. analyzing c. transcribing d. interpreting

a. coding

30. Percentages that estimate the probability of inferences in a study being correct are reported as a. confidence intervals. b. standard deviations. c. percentiles. d. correlations.

a. confidence intervals.

21. Due to the potential for inappropriate disclosure of personal information in qualitative studies, protecting the ____________ of participants is especially important. a. confidentiality and anonymity b. privacy and location c. confidentiality and status d. contact information

a. confidentiality and anonymity

12. Miller's wheel of professionalism in nursing is a model that a. describes the behaviors of a nursing professional. b. determines ladder programs in healthcare institutions. c. dictates nursing actions related to professionalism. d. fosters self-awareness regarding life-long learning needs.

a. describes the behaviors of a nursing professional.

20. Measures of variability are also known as measures of a. dispersion. b. range. c. percentile. d. deviation.

a. dispersion.

6. Representativeness refers to a. elements of the sample possess similar characteristics to elements of the target population. b. selection of subjects for the sample who have agreed to express specific opinions or beliefs that are representative of their ethnic or cultural group. c. selection of a sample that includes the same percentage of men and women. d. random sampling from the general population without the use of specific criteria.

a. elements of the sample possess similar characteristics to elements of the target population.

23. Interrater reliability tests for equivalence when instruments record observations. This is determined by the a. extent to which two or more individual raters agree. b. extent to which two or more individual raters disagree. c. extent to which multiple raters disagree. d. extent to which two or more individual raters agree on the data collection method.

a. extent to which two or more individual raters agree.

12. The strategy for generating meaning from qualitative data that involves identifying general themes to determine which go together is a. factoring. b. clustering. c. partitioning. d. counting.

a. factoring.

. Frequencies can be illustrated using various types of ____________. a. graphs. b. tables. c. indexes. d. images.

a. graphs.

8. Establishing clear criteria for sample eligibility is done to a. improve studies by enhancing precision in sample selection. b. make sure no relevant populations are excluded. c. increase the sample size. d. decrease the sample size.

a. improve studies by enhancing precision in sample selection.

9. Specific quantitative criteria that specify how an outcome should be measured, such as daily weights, are an example of a. indicators. b. scales. c. outcomes. d. rankings.

a. indicators.

12. The ____________ review is more rigorous than a traditional literature review but less rigorous than the systematic review since it includes only published reports. a. integrative review b. traditional literature review c. systematic review d. summary review

a. integrative review

9. Sample sizes in randomized controlled trials are typically ____________, and participants may be recruited at multiple sites. a. large b. varied c. small d. limited

a. large

12. The average of a group of values is the a. mean. b. median. c. mode. d. standard deviation.

a. mean.

16. Nurses have a duty to give back to their profession. Once you gain experience, you could do this by acting as a ___________, or role model, for novice nurses. a. mentor b. supervisor c. partner d. preceptor

a. mentor

32. A null hypothesis states that there is ____________ relationship between two variables. a. no b. doubtful c. significant d. statistically proven

a. no

14. The sampling method that does not require random selection of elements is a. nonprobability. b. probability. c. quota. d. convenience.

a. nonprobability.

15. In a __________ distribution, the mean, median, and mode are equal and the distribution is shown as bell-shaped curve. a. normal b. negatively skewed c. positively skewed d. split-half

a. normal

3. A nurse working with a post-surgery cardiac patient collaborates with him regarding the distance he will walk by the end of the week. The distance the patient completes is an example of a (n) a. outcome. b. evidence based practice. c. nursing intervention. d. evaluation.

a. outcome.

4. In collecting data with questionnaires, response rate is defined as the a. percentage of questionnaires returned. b. total number of questionnaires returned. c. percentage of participants involved in the study. d. total amount of data being collected from participants.

a. percentage of questionnaires returned.

1. Researchers often conduct a ____________ study using a scaled-back data collection method to evaluate the instruments and process to head off any potential problems. a. pilot b. scaled c. measured d. observational

a. pilot

6. Because dissemination from individuals in clinical practice is essential to building nursing knowledge, unit-based ____________ offer nurses the opportunity to share their unique knowledge in a visually interesting and concise format. a. posters b. debates c. classes d. publications

a. posters

5. An organizing framework that explains the importance of five levels of information to EBP healthcare delivery is a ____________ known as the 5Ss. a. pyramid b. presentation c. synthesis d. synopsis

a. pyramid

15. The two types of measurement error are a. random and systematic. b. random and continuous. c. methodological and random d. methodological and systematic.

a. random and systematic.

13. The two most common mistakes made during oral presentations are a. reading from slides or paper and failing to adhere to time limits. b. using too many slides and speaking too softly. c. failing to adhere to time limits and not providing handouts. d. reading from slides or paper and speaking too loudly.

a. reading from slides or paper and failing to adhere to time limits.

2. Examples of how evidence may best be disseminated are a. scholarly articles, oral presentations, and poster presentations. b. reading of articles, publication of evidence in a nonrefereed journal, and journal clubs. c. publication in a refereed nursing journal, continuing education workshops, and development of EBP guidelines. d. conference presentations at international conferences and development of EBP guidelines.

a. scholarly articles, oral presentations, and poster presentations.

6. Knowing yourself, in terms of your personality, how you think and behave, why you were drawn to nursing and/or to a particular specialty, and how you make decisions are elements of a. self awareness. b. flexibility. c. inquiry. d. unit awareness.

a. self awareness.

26. In a data set, the ____________ deviation is the measure of the average deviations of a value from the mean. a. standard b. variable c. maximum d. average

a. standard

16. If the facility does not have an electronic decision support system in place, the next step nurses seeking answers to clinical questions should take is to locate integrative ____________ of evidence. a. summaries b. syntheses c. meta-analyses d. studies

a. summaries

4. Descriptive data is valuable to the nurse researcher in a. summarizing data to identify salient features about a group of data. b. calculating data. c. determining reliability of data. d. determining generalizable data only.

a. summarizing data to identify salient features about a group of data.

8. The ____________ review is a type of synthesis that involves a rigorously conducted process of obtaining and reviewing relevant literature to answer theoretical or practice questions. a. systematic b. clinical c. integrative d. traditional

a. systematic

8. One of the most effective techniques for engaging nurses in the transition to an EBP model of providing health care is a. the journal club. b. attending national conferences. c. observing presentations. d. viewing posters.

a. the journal club.

10. In writing a scholarly paper, a good habit for nurses to develop is to a. write daily for a minimum of 15-30 minutes. b. ask colleagues many relevant questions. c. read a lot of professional journals. d. partner with a university researcher with expertise on the chosen topic.

a. write daily for a minimum of 15-30 minutes.

21. Employees of XYZ Company were surveyed to determine how much they paid in out-of-pocket healthcare costs in a given year. The highest reported amount was $13,500, and the lowest reported amount was $425. For this data set, what is the range? a. $6,963 b. $13,075 c. $13,925 d. $6,750

b. $13,075

24. In a normal distribution, what percentile represents the median of the sample? a. 25th b. 50th c. 75th d. 100th

b. 50th

. What is the appropriate order for the five-step approach to analyzing research studies? a. Acquire, apply, appraise, ask, assess b. Ask, acquire, appraise, apply, assess c. Apply, appraise, acquire, ask, assess d. Ask, appraise, acquire, assess, apply

b. Ask, acquire, appraise, apply, assess

9. Nurses practicing on a unit have identified that they are uncomfortable with interpreting results of published research findings. What would be an approach to this problem? a. Avoidance of applying research findings on the unit b. Dissemination of findings in a more understandable manner c. Participation in research studies d. Reliance on researchers to interpret the findings

b. Dissemination of findings in a more understandable manner

15. What helps minimize ethical dilemmas that arise when considering changes to healthcare practices, process, or policies? a. Analyzing the generalizibility of research findings b. Examining the cost-benefit ratio c. Forming an ethical review committee d. Using an ethical theory to guide decision-making

b. Examining the cost-benefit ratio

13. An international effort to develop a universal evidence evaluation system is known as ____________; it ranks the strength and quality of evidence into four levels. a. AHRQ b. GRADE c. USPSTF d. WHO

b. GRADE

3. Which type of statistics allows the researcher to draw conclusions about a population based on a sample? a. Descriptive b. Inferential c. Nonparametric d. Mathematical

b. Inferential

3. Which EBP model explains how organizations change practice? a. CURN model b. Iowa model c. Nightingale model d. Stetler model

b. Iowa model

10. Which of the following would be categorized as nominal data? a. Weight b. Marital status c. Exam scores d. Educational level

b. Marital status

13. Which type of literature review combines the results of studies into a measurable format and statistically estimates the effects of proposed interventions? a. Integrative review b. Meta-analysis c. Peer review d. Systematic review

b. Meta-analysis

4. Placing the tubing of an indwelling urinary catheter in a coil on the bed is knowledge derived mainly from which type of knowledge? a. Intuitive b. Nonpropostitional c. Propositional d. Trial-and-error

b. Nonpropostitional

11. Which level of measurement uses a continuum of numeric values running from low to high at inequal intervals? a. Nominal b. Ordinal c. Interval d. Ratio

b. Ordinal

12. Random selection of the sample is a primary characteristic of which sampling method? a. Nonprobability b. Probability c. Quota d. Convenience

b. Probability

6. What are the categories of outcomes that deal with changes or results over a particular period of time? a. Abbreviated, normal, and involved b. Short-term, intermediate, and long-term c. Time restricted, time regulated, and time unlimited d. Short-term, average, and long-term

b. Short-term, intermediate, and long-term

33. A researcher is attempting to reduce error so nurses can have confidence in inferring findings to another practice setting by avoiding a type I error. What occurs in a type I error? a. The null hypothesis is accepted when it should have been rejected. b. The null hypothesis is rejected when it should have been accepted. c. The research hypothesis is accepted when it should have been rejected. d. The research hypothesis is rejected when it should have been accepted.

b. The null hypothesis is rejected when it should have been accepted.

11. When you write a paper for one of your nursing courses, which type of literature review forms the basis of your research? a. Integrative review b. Traditional literature review c. Systematic review d. Summary review

b. Traditional literature review

16. A qualitative research report written as a confessional tale is a. a real-life account that incorporates many details about the individuals studied. b. a personalized account written from the researcher's viewpoint. c. a type of auto-ethnography. d. a personal narrative in the voice of the participants studied.

b. a personalized account written from the researcher's viewpoint.

36. The ____________ is the probability of making a type I error; it is designated at the end of the tail in a distribution. a. variance b. alpha level c. risk factor d. beta level

b. alpha level

5. Flexibility is an innovator characteristic exhibited by a. patience in communicating with patients and staff. b. an openness to change and willingness to learn from failure. c. immediately offering ideas and solutions when questions are raised. d. taking a great deal of time to research and evaluate potential solutions to problems.

b. an openness to change and willingness to learn from failure.

9. Measures of central tendency describe the a. accuracy of predictions made by researchers. b. average or typical case found in the data. c. reliability and generalizability of the data. d. amount of dispersion in the sample.

b. average or typical case found in the data.

9. Nurses interested in writing a scholarly paper who have little experience can begin by _____________ colleagues with more writing experience. a. imitating b. collaborating with c. observing d. reading about

b. collaborating with

18. To avoid ethical dilemmas, nurses must be familiar with the various types of literature review and _______________ read those sources to determine the usefulness of the findings for their own practice. a. slowly b. critically c. quickly d. always

b. critically

5. When a qualitative researcher selects, focuses, simplifies, and transforms data from field notes and/or transcripts, this is known as a. data saturation. b. data reduction. c. data manipulation. d. coding.

b. data reduction.

16. Validity of measurement refers to the ___________ an instrument measures what it is supposed to measure. a. aspect b. degree c. method d. increment

b. degree

1. The communication of clinical, research, and theoretical findings for the purpose of bringing new knowledge to the point of care is a. explanation. b. dissemination. c. evaluation. d. demonstration.

b. dissemination.

2. Outcomes research examines the ____________ individuals and populations. a. value of innovative procedures for b. effects of care and treatment on c. likelihood of contracting disease among d. usefulness of drugs in development for

b. effects of care and treatment on

12. In the process of writing a scholarly paper, to help with issues of content, organization, and clarity, it can be valuable to seek _____________ from colleagues. a. data b. feedback c. publications d. notes

b. feedback

19. In deciding how to apply evidence to practice, _____________ is a concern for nurses because individual patients may not have the same characteristics as the study subjects. a. reliability b. generalizability c. validity d. duplicity

b. generalizability

7. The more representative the sample, the more confidence there is ______________ the results of studies to the target population. a. identifying b. generalizing c. randomizing d. selecting

b. generalizing

8. Qualitative data analysis software is used by researchers to a. code the data into an infinite number of categories. b. group and link concepts within the data. c. create a master list and family tree from the data. d. put the data through an interpretation process.

b. group and link concepts within the data.

8. A baccalaureate prepared nurse seeks current practice information from journals as well as through networking at professional meetings. These behaviors demonstrate a. awareness of self. b. informal life-long learning. c. formal life-long learning. d. structured learning.

b. informal life-long learning.

14. A challenging component of professionalism for the new nurse is a. communication skills b. information overload c. flexibility d. community service

b. information overload

14. In evaluating evidence, you should remember that the mean is the best measure of central tendency if there are no extreme values in the data set, and the ____________ is the best measure if there are extreme values. a. mean b. median c. mode d. standard deviation

b. median

11. The middle value, or center of the data set is the a. mean. b. median. c. mode. d. standard deviation.

b. median.

17. A distribution in which the peak of the data is not at the center but has a longer tail to the left indicates that the mean is less than the median and mode and the data are a. normal b. negatively skewed c. positively skewed d. abnormal

b. negatively skewed

2. The art of nursing based on informal sources and practical experience is ____________ knowledge. a. intuitive b. nonpropositional c. propositional d. trial-and-error

b. nonpropositional

2. The primary methods for data collection in quantitative studies are a. questionnaires, subjective surveys, rating scales, and structured observation. b. observations, scales, questionnaires, and physiological measures. c. physiological measures, scales, interviews, and direct observations. d. physiological measures, scales, observations, and subjective methods.

b. observations, scales, questionnaires, and physiological measures.

37. In attempting to minimize type I error, which of the following alpha levels can be interpreted as the most highly statistically significant result? a. p = 0.10 b. p = 0.0001 c. p = 0.001 d. p = 0.01

b. p = 0.0001

7. Descriptive statistics can be shown as a ____________, which is calculated by dividing the frequency of an event the by total number of events. a. .frequency analysis b. percentage distribution c. meta-analysis d. percentage statement

b. percentage distribution

22. Attrition rate is defined as the a. percentage of participants involved in the study. b. percentage of participants not completing the study. c. percentage of questionnaires returned. d. total number of questionnaires returned.

b. percentage of participants not completing the study.

15. Outcomes such as nosocomial infection rates reported to state boards of health provide ____________ for organizations to use as part of benchmarking. a. research data b. performance comparisons c. credentialing data d. background information

b. performance comparisons

10. A new nurse participates in her first performance review with her supervisor. This review process will likely include setting ____________ and feedback from her supervisor and peers. a. a timeline for promotion b. performance-related goals c. a schedule for further training d. structured rules for the next review period

b. performance-related goals

5. When an innovative treatment or process is implemented on a trial basis, this is known as a(n) a. initial trial. b. pilot. c. test case. d. case study.

b. pilot.

13. The type of sampling typically used in quantitative studies is a. nonprobability. b. probability. c. quota. d. convenience.

b. probability.

8. Nurses in clinical areas can choose to write and submit scholarly papers about case studies, EBP, and _____________ projects. a. personal interest b. quality management c. laboratory-based d. national research

b. quality management

2. In order to manage the data collected in qualitative research, it is important for the researcher to a. be aware that qualitative data is not as important as quantitative data. b. reduce the data into manageable units. c. organize the data by using a transcriptionist. d. use measures of central tendency.

b. reduce the data into manageable units.

24. When nurses consider research studies for EBP, they must review them critically to determine if the sample is truly ____________ the target population. a. inclusive of b. representative of c. equal to d. nonbiased for

b. representative of

25. The most important data collection instrument in qualitative studies is the a. participant. b. researcher. c. survey form. d. interval scale.

b. researcher.

2. A select group of subjects that is representative of all eligible subjects constitutes the a. target population. b. sample. c. assigned informants. d. control group.

b. sample.

20. Construct validity is the degree to which an instrument measures the ____________ it was intended to measure. a. statistical basis b. theoretical concept c. hypothesis d. observation

b. theoretical concept

20. Qualitative studies are deemed ____________ when strategies have been implemented to meet credibility, transferability, dependability, and confirmability criteria. a. reliable b. trustworthy c. objective d. valid

b. trustworthy

29. In a normal distribution with standard deviations, how is the area designated in which 47.5% of scores are higher than the mean and 47.5% are lower than the mean? a. one standard deviation above and below b. two standard deviations above and below c. three standard deviations above and below d. the score reflecting the mean, median, and mode

b. two standard deviations above and below

6. In nursing, ____________ scales are often used to collect data about patient pain, fatigue, quality of life, and health status. a. incremental b. visual analog c. multidimensional d. Likert

b. visual analog

15. A qualitative research report written as a realist tale a. incorporates many details about the group studied. b. is written in a third-person voice. c. A and B. d. Neither A nor B.

c. A and B.

17. Sample bias is greatest in which sampling strategy? a. Quota b. Snowballing c. Convenience d. Stratified

c. Convenience

16. In 2005 the American Nurses Credentialing Center developed the Magnet Recognition Program. As part of this program, healthcare organizations provide examples of nurse-sensitive quality indicators to apply for or maintain Magnet Recognition. The 14 components that exhibit nursing excellence are known as the a. universal benchmarks. b. nursing standards. c. Forces of Magnetism. d. magnet factors.

c. Forces of Magnetism.

12. Which level of measurement uses a continuum of numeric values that have meaning and are spaced equally apart? a. Nominal b. Ordinal c. Interval d. Ratio

c. Interval

3. Why is the dissemination of evidence important? a. Most health care institutions require it. b. Nurse educators need to disseminate evidence in order to obtain tenure. c. It allows for the transmission of new knowledge that can be used at the point of care. d. It is required to obtain grant funding for research.

c. It allows for the transmission of new knowledge that can be used at the point of care.

10. Nursing educators are reviewing scores from an examination to determine what score occurred most frequently. Which measure of central tendency are they seeking? a. Mean b. Median c. Mode d. Standard deviation

c. Mode

5. What is a major advantage of using a poster presentation to disseminate evidence? a. Versatility of format b. Minimal cost and time are involved in preparation c. Networking opportunities that allow for the exchange of ideas d. Allows for an extensive summary of evidence

c. Networking opportunities that allow for the exchange of ideas

14. In a study that examines the amount of empathy communicated by participants, which level of measurement would be used? a. Interval b. Ratio c. Ordinal d. Nominal

c. Ordinal

4. What occurs when no decision is made regarding adopting an innovation and old practices are continued? a. Active rejection b. Acquiring evidence c. Passive rejection d. Ranking of evidence

c. Passive rejection

7. A nurse researcher measures participants' blood pressure readings early in the morning and late evening and compares the two readings. Which data collection method is being used? a. Observation b. Scale c. Physiological measurement d. Questionnaire

c. Physiological measurement

14. Which type of synthesis is systematically created by a group of experienced experts and key affected groups who read, critique, and prioritize the relevant evidence? a. Integrative evidence b. Peer reviews c. Practice guidelines d. Systematic analysis

c. Practice guidelines

20. Sixteen health policy interest groups in the state of Alabama is an example of which sampling method? a. Target b. Stratified c. Purposive d. Convenience

c. Purposive

3. Which of the following influences the decision to adopt a specific innovation in practice? a. Conflict among healthcare providers b. High numbers of alternative innovations c. Reduction of uncertainty d. Reliance on trial and error

c. Reduction of uncertainty

17. To maintain integrity of reporting data for Magnet Recognition or other benchmarking, what would be the appropriate action if a nurse was unable to collect all needed data? a. Ask an expert to estimate data b. Guess the data results c. Report the data as missing d. Use data collected at a later time

c. Report the data as missing

2. A new graduate is working on a medical surgical unit considering implementation of electronic medical records. How are the behaviors of a nurse innovator demonstrated? a. Asks opinions of physicians who care for the most complex clients on the unit b. Requests to lead the records project due to the personal desire to become a leader c. Seeks information regarding pros and cons of the record system in light of the unit's characteristics and needs d. Takes a wait-and-see approach until another unit has implemented the new record system.

c. Seeks information regarding pros and cons of the record system in light of the unit's characteristics and needs

7. When nurses appraise evidence, what do they review and evaluate to ensure that a study was sound? a. Number of participants, the location of research, and the findings b. Sponsor of the research, the number of participants, and the analysis methods c. Study design, how the research was conducted, and the data analysis d. Study design, where the research was conducted, and the findings

c. Study design, how the research was conducted, and the data analysis

17. A nurse is using a practice guideline in caring for older adults and is concerned about possible bias. What can this nurse do? a. Ask the hospital administration what to do b. Ask the physician what to do c. Use an appraisal instrument to evaluate the guideline d. Use the Johanna Briggs Institute to evaluate the guideline

c. Use an appraisal instrument to evaluate the guideline

7. A client and care provider have identified that a 30-pound weight loss is needed to attain the desired Body Mass Index (BMI). The client's measured weight and BMI two years following weight reduction is an example of a. a performance-related outcome. b. an intermediate outcome. c. a long-term outcome. d. a short-term outcome.

c. a long-term outcome.

7. An obstetrics nurse seeking the opportunity to do a poster presentation at a regional child health conference would submit a(n) ____________ to the committee responsible for selecting presenters. a. poster b. outline c. abstract d. article

c. abstract

4. The ____________ is the group of elements to which the researcher has reasonable access. a. target population b. participant population c. accessible population d. control group

c. accessible population

Coding is a data analysis method used by qualitative researchers that involves a. analyzing descriptive data. b. analyzing inferential statistics. c. attaching labels to each line of a transcript. d. categorizing individual data.

c. attaching labels to each line of a transcript.

11. Sampling ____________ is present when the sample includes elements that over- or underrepresent characteristics of the target population. a. manipulation b. exclusion c. bias d. error

c. bias

14. The cost-benefit ratio must be considered in implementing proposed changes in patient care. This is done by a. comparing the benefits of the proposed change to the length of time it takes to implement the change across an organization. b. comparing the number of patients who may benefit from the change to the annual cost of the their care. c. comparing the benefits of the proposed change to any potential cost that may result from the change. d. comparing the potential cost of a change to the standard reimbursement policies of the primary third-party payers.

c. comparing the benefits of the proposed change to any potential cost that may result from the change.

17. Content validity is established when researchers know that the instrument measures the ____________ it was intended to measure. a. statistics b. rankings c. concept d. ratio

c. concept

7. One of the first steps nurses can take to begin engaging others in transitioning to EBP is to ____________ the practice environment. a. start informal conversations with staff in b. keep detailed notes of any changes in c. conduct an assessment of d. host a conference with key stakeholders in

c. conduct an assessment of

11. Kotter's change model outlines a(n) ____________ process for implementing change. a. ten-step b. visionary c. eight-step d. highly structured

c. eight-step

9. When sample criteria are ____________, nurses can determine if the study results are applicable to the clinical practice topic under consideration. a. inclusive b. exclusive c. explicit d. stratified

c. explicit

19. A nurse researcher asks several colleagues to evaluate a data collection tool to determine if the tool appears to measure the concept under study. This is an example of a. content validity. b. construct validity. c. face validity. d. criterion validity.

c. face validity.

9. A baccalaureate prepared nurse participates in inservice training at her facility and enrolls in a master's in nursing program. This demonstrates a. awareness of self. b. informal life-long learning. c. formal life-long learning. d. structured learning.

c. formal life-long learning.

10. Evidence ranking systems, known as evidence ____________ rank studies based on scientific rigor and levels of evidence; they are used by nurses in examining evidence on a given practice question. a. evaluation systems b. predetermined scales c. hierarchies d. trees

c. hierarchies

. Frequency is a. the total number of variables under consideration. b. the total number of studies completed. c. how often a variable is found to occur. d. how many steps it takes to analyze the data.

c. how often a variable is found to occur.

9. A nurse researcher participated in a qualitative study regarding perception of arthritic pain in relation to functional abilities required for the role of parent. Findings revealed the theme of planning activities at pain-limited times of the day as a coping strategy. Use of this information in practice is an example of the a. analysis of research findings. b. evaluation of research findings. c. interpretation of research findings. d. synthesis of research findings.

c. interpretation of research findings.

1. A nurse would be considered an innovator if he or she a. reads a lot of professional journals and asks the opinions of physicians and more senior nursing staff. b. is always the first to volunteer to chair a committee or lead a project. c. is willing to try new ideas in practice, based on evidence, to improve patient care. d. makes decisions slowly and desires a long testing period for new ideas or processes.

c. is willing to try new ideas in practice, based on evidence, to improve patient care.

16. The major disadvantage of nonprobability sampling compared with probability sampling is a. limited randomization. b. the sample size is too large. c. limited generalizibility. d. the sample size is too small.

c. limited generalizibility.

8. Reducing the development of pressure ulcer formation in hospitalized clients is an example of a(n) a. evidence-based practice. b. indicator. c. nursing-sensitive outcome. d. research outcome.

c. nursing-sensitive outcome.

6. The most basic coding is ____________, which is the first step taken to group data into logical categories. a. axial coding b. analytical coding c. open coding d. general coding

c. open coding

4. Nursing Quality Indicators developed by the American Nurses Association address a. best practice guidelines for providing care. b. issues related to obtaining reimbursement for nursing care. c. outcomes of nursing care focused on patient safety and quality. d. policies and procedures for implementation of nursing care.

c. outcomes of nursing care focused on patient safety and quality.

23. A ____________ is a rank in a set of data that represents the percentage of cases that a given value exceeds. a. deviation b. range c. percentile d. quartile

c. percentile

18. A distribution in which the mean is greater than the median and mode indicates that the data are a. normal b. negatively skewed c. positively skewed d. abnormal

c. positively skewed

31. The likelihood of the frequency of an event in repeated trials under similar conditions is a. statistical analysis. b. chance. c. probability. d. sampling error.

c. probability.

1. The science of nursing based on research and scholarship is ____________ knowledge. a. intuitive b. nonpropositional c. propositional d. trial-and-error

c. propositional

12. As part of continuous quality improvement initiatives, staff nurses often work as part of interdisciplinary teams dealing with a. obtaining funding. b. setting organizational priorities. c. protocol development. d. collaboration with other healthcare facilities.

c. protocol development.

39. To apply research findings to EBP, nurses must learn to understand the difference between statistical and clinical significance and be able to a. analyze the findings for type I and type II errors. b. name each type of variable that was considered in the study. c. read and interpret statistical tables and appraise data analysis. d. duplicate the researcher's calculations and data collection methods.

c. read and interpret statistical tables and appraise data analysis.

15. Clinical practice guidelines provide a. all the variables that healthcare providers encounter when managing patient conditions . b. identification of unique patient characteristics and preferences for treatment. c. recommendations from a panel of experts for best practice. d. specific approaches to clinical management based on scientific evidence.

c. recommendations from a panel of experts for best practice.

13. In reading conclusions drawn from qualitative research, nurses should check for potential researcher effects or bias. They should also confirm that study participants had the same characteristics as the target population, which is known as a. clustering. b. plausibility. c. representativeness. d. reliability.

c. representativeness.

16. Data that do not fit a normal distribution are considered to be asymmetrical or a. abnormal b. scattered c. skewed d. split

c. skewed

18. Qualitative studies must be conducted with extreme rigor because of the potential for ____________ inherent in this form of research. a. objectivity b. complexity c. subjectivity d. untrustworthiness

c. subjectivity

17. Nurses seeking answers to clinical questions who do not have access to research summaries can locate ____________ of evidence in print and online evidence-based journals and online databases. a. meta-analyses b. syntheses c. synopses d. studies

c. synopses

15. Nurses seeking answers to clinical questions should begin at the top of the pyramid, the ____________ level, and work down the various levels. a. integrative b. case c. systems d. summary

c. systems

1. The entire group of elements (can be people, events, experiences, or behaviors) that meet study criteria is the a. control group. b. accessible population. c. target population. d. representative sample.

c. target population.

. When evaluating a concept analysis, one of the most important criteria for a nurse to consider is a. identification of the author's assumptions. b. possible uses of the concept in practice. c. the rigor of the author's approach. d. the specific characteristics of the concept.

c. the rigor of the author's approach.

28. The rule of 68-95-99.7 states that in a normal distribution, 99.7% of the data will fall within ____________ standard deviation(s) of the mean. a. one b. two c. three d. four

c. three

35. In nursing practice, there is more serious risk associated with ____________ because of the potential for harm to patients. a. hypothesis errors b. sampling errors c. type I errors d. type II errors

c. type I errors

24. Qualitative data collection is based on collecting a. measurements. b. observations. c. words. d. concepts.

c. words.

1. Qualitative data analysis involves what process? a. Managing data b. Organizing data c. Prioritizing data d. All of the above

d. All of the above

13. When considering a practice change, why is identification of stakeholders important? a. Allows for clarification of the purpose of the proposed change b. Decreases misunderstandings related to the change c. Facilitates implementation of the proposed change d. All of the above

d. All of the above

10. Nurses seeking online information on health outcomes from reputable sources can access online materials from the a. Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services. b. Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality. c. National Committee for Quality Assurance. d. All of the above.

d. All of the above.

15. How can nurses get the most benefit from attending professional conferences? a. Make a schedule to ensure that sessions of interest aren't missed b. Take advantage of informal networking opportunities c. Talk with experts when they are available d. All of the above.

d. All of the above.

9. In the systematic review, what must the author do at the beginning of the process? a. Clarify the problem and the questions to be answered. b. Define the variables or concepts that are important to answering the questions. c. Decide on inclusion and exclusion criteria for studies. d. All of the above.

d. All of the above.

12. According to Kotter's change model, which of the following provides the best example of a short-term win? a. Anchoring the change b. Creating a coalition c. Developing a vision and strategy for change d. Exhibiting behaviors of the desired practice change

d. Exhibiting behaviors of the desired practice change

10. Which level of data is considered to be the "gold standard" in qualitative data? a. A priori framework b. Descriptive c. Developing a synthesis d. Explanation of a complex human phenomenon

d. Explanation of a complex human phenomenon

13. A nurse educator has conducted a study regarding test scores. This data represents which type of measurement? a. Nominal b. Ordinal c. Ratio d. Interval

d. Interval

38. Older adults were grouped by their dentate status: edentulous (having had an upper or lower denture made) or dentate (having at least one tooth) and then compared based on the variables of gender, socioeconomic status, and education to determine a difference among the groups. Which inferential test would be appropriate? a. Chi square b. Correlated t c. ANOVA d. Multiple regression

d. Multiple regression

5. As part of a study on sodium intake, a nurse researcher at a fast food restaurant counts the number of people who salt their food. Which data collection method is being used? a. Scale b. Physiological measurement c. Questionnaire d. Observation

d. Observation

3. A nurse newly assigned to work in a coronary step-down unit seeks evidence for best practice in assisting clients and families with coping strategies post-MI. Which type of knowledge would be obtained from findings reported in published research studies? a. Nonpropositional b. Practical c. Trial-and-error d. Propositional

d. Propositional

6. No or limited exposure to research in basic nursing programs is a barrier to connecting research to practice. What actions can help in overcoming this barrier? a. Actively participating in nursing grand rounds b. Enlisting nurses as research assistants c. Increasing nurses' authority in client care d. Providing educational opportunities for nurses to learn about EBP

d. Providing educational opportunities for nurses to learn about EBP

5. An example of an accessible population is a. all RNs in the United States. b. all pediatric RNs. c. RN-to-BSN students. d. RN-to-BSN students at one university.

d. RN-to-BSN students at one university.

8. A type of study nurses are likely to appraise is the ____________, which is often found in the nursing literature and is important to the advancement of EBP. a. Randomized experiment b. Descriptive study c. Case control study d. Randomized controlled trial

d. Randomized controlled trial

3. A nurse working in critical care questioned the rationale for limitations on family visitation times. After discussions with supervisors, administration, and other staff, the nurse gathers information for a possible policy change that could benefit patients, families, and staff. This nurse is demonstrating which characteristic of an innovator? a. Awareness of self and the unit b. Flexibility to change c. Good communication skills d. Sense of inquiry

d. Sense of inquiry

2. Which EBP model provides individual practitioners with step-by-step instructions for integrating research into practice? a. CURN model b. Iowa model c. Nightingale model d. Stetler model

d. Stetler model

10. In which type of review could an author include only literature that supports a particular point and exclude reports with conflicting findings? a. Integrative review b. Meta-analysis c. Systematic review d. Traditional literature review

d. Traditional literature review

11. A nurse determines that each month he will explore for a new EBP guideline or technique for practice. This is an example of which of the following? a. Acting as preceptor during orientation b. Seeking a mentor to assist professional growth c. Connecting with others in similar practices areas d. Using a goal-centered framework for practice

d. Using a goal-centered framework for practice

3. The difference between a population and a sample is a. a population is a representative sample of a group. b. a sample includes people, objects, and events. c. a population is a specialized segment of a group. d. a sample is a representative group of a defined population.

d. a sample is a representative group of a defined population.

13. To calculate the mean in a group of values you must a. add all the values and double the total. b. add all the values and subtract the highest and lowest numbers. c. add all the values and divide the total in half. d. add all the values and divide by the total number of values.

d. add all the values and divide by the total number of values.

11. Accepted strategies for generating meaning from qualitative data include a. noting patterns or themes and building a logical chain of evidence. b. clustering, counting, and making metaphors. c. making contrasts or comparisons and noting relationships between variables. d. all of the above.

d. all of the above.

12. Nurses can utilize resources designed to rank and evaluate evidence provided by a. the U.S. Preventive Services Task Force. b. the Cochrane Collaboration. c. the Joanna Briggs Institute. d. all of the above.

d. all of the above.

14. Professional behavior when attending a conference involves a. sharing business cards with other attendees. b. turning off cell phones. c. dressing professionally. d. all of the above.

d. all of the above.

18. In deciding how to apply evidence to practice, nurses must incorporate additional sources of information in making patient care decisions. These are a. the individual patient experience. b. any policy or cost considerations. c. the clinical experience. d. all of the above.

d. all of the above.

22. Reliability estimates are shown in the form of a a. ratio b. parallel correlation c. fraction d. correlation coefficient

d. correlation coefficient

19. Measures of variability show how ____________ the data are within a set. a. even b. skewed c. similar d. different

d. different

10. Sampling ____________ is present when subjects in a study do not adequately represent the target population. a. manipulation b. exclusion c. bias d. error

d. error

14. Continuous quality improvement and benchmarking are processes whose purpose is to a. seek increased funding. b. establish organizational priorities. c. conduct research. d. evaluate outcomes.

d. evaluate outcomes.

1. The process in which nurses make clinical decisions based on the best available research integrated with patient preferences, values, and circumstances is a. research evaluation b. research analysis c. clinical collaboration d. evidence-based practice

d. evidence-based practice

18. The process used to establish content validity is to give an instrument to a panel of ____________, who rate its effectiveness; researchers then make adjustments to the instrument based on that feedback. a. subjects b. statisticians c. participants d. experts

d. experts

. Frequencies can be represented as a. .grouped data ranked from low to high. b. grouped data that must have at least three categories. c. ungrouped data. d. grouped or ungrouped data.

d. grouped or ungrouped data.

15. It is appropriate for nurses to acknowledge their own accomplishments and promote their profession. Writing an editorial for a newsletter on a health topic in your area of certification helps promote the profession by a. creating new knowledge. b. developing self-knowledge c. giving back to the profession d. making nursing more visible.

d. making nursing more visible.

11. A(n) ____________ is the term used for a scholarly paper prior to its publication. a. thesis b. abstract c. data analysis d. manuscript

d. manuscript

17. A qualitative research report written as an impressionist tale a. is a real-life account that incorporates many details about the individuals studied. b. takes a confessional approach by including a great deal of information about how the study was conducted. c. has a flowing, less formal writing style and is less structured than other types of reports. d. may have a storytelling aspect and allows the researcher to present his/her experiences as a participant observer.

d. may have a storytelling aspect and allows the researcher to present his/her experiences as a participant observer.

14. A nurse involved in discussions to determine the clinical significance of a study's findings examines the odds ratio, which is the a. risk of the outcome in the treated group compared to the risk in the control group. b. percentage reduction in risk in the treated group compared to the control group. c. odds of a patient requiring treatment over an extended period of time to prevent one adverse outcome. d. odds of an experimental patient suffering an event compared to a patient in the control group.

d. odds of an experimental patient suffering an event compared to a patient in the control group.

1. Nursing ____________ measure states, behaviors, or perceptions of individuals, families, or communities. a. evaluations b. practices c. interventions d. outcomes

d. outcomes

5. The effects of daily perineal care on the rate of urinary tract infections in clients with indwelling urinary catheters is an example of a(n) a. care-related outcome. b. organization-related outcome. c. patient related-outcome. d. performance-related outcome.

d. performance-related outcome.

23. A ____________ is a statistical method used to determine the minimal acceptable sample size to detect the true effect in a quantitative study. a. saturation analysis b. significance analysis c. meta-analysis d. power analysis

d. power analysis

Inferential statistics involve the analysis of data as the basis for ____________ related to the phenomenon of interest. a. descriptions b. propositions c. explanations d. predictions

d. predictions

3. A researcher who wants to implement a less costly method of data collection and one that offers the greatest possibility of anonymity would likely use a. observation. b. interviews. c. physiological measures. d. questionnaires.

d. questionnaires.

15. Nonprobability sampling carries more risk of selection bias than probability sampling because ____________ is not used. a. exclusion b. stratification c. representation d. randomization

d. randomization

4. A nurse is concerned regarding an area of practice that has been linked to poor client outcomes. Several nurses have expressed concern regarding the problem. Critically thinking about the problem would involve a. waiting for the unit continuing education offering regarding a change in practices. b. continuing the status quo. c. deferring to the hospital staff responsible for the policy and procedure manual. d. reflecting on past knowledge and formulating potential solutions.

d. reflecting on past knowledge and formulating potential solutions.

14. A way for qualitative findings to be confirmed or enhanced is through a. chain of evidence. b. factoring. c. representativeness. d. replication.

d. replication.

22. The ____________ range is the range of the middle 50% of the data. a. minimum b. maximum c. deviation d. semiquartile

d. semiquartile

21. Adequate sample size is important because a. the sample has to be large enough for the study to be considered worthy of publication. b. the total number of participants must sign consent forms. c. researchers must be careful to avoid any accusations of bias. d. the sample has to be representative of the target population for results to be valid.

d. the sample has to be representative of the target population for results to be valid.

4. The four phases of scientific development are a. theory development, research, benchmarking, and publication. b. research, evaluation, dissemination, and presentation. c. protocol development, research, presentation, and application. d. theory development, research, dissemination, and application.

d. theory development, research, dissemination, and application.

19. The quality, authenticity, and truthfulness of findings determine the degree of confidence that readers have in qualitative research results. This is known as a. reliability. b. validity. c. objectivity. d. trustworthiness.

d. trustworthiness.

34. When researchers accept the null hypothesis when it should have been rejected, this is an occurrence of a. hypothesis error. b. sampling error. c. type I error. d. type II error.

d. type II error.

7. When nurses develop an awareness of the culture of their work environment, it enables them to recognize discrepancies, compare competence, experience dissonance, and attempt to balance differences. This is known as a. self awareness. b. flexibility. c. inquiry. d. unit awareness.

d. unit awareness.

13. A crucial aspect of professional nursing in regard to implementing innovations is a. joining one or more professional nursing organizations. b. disseminating research findings through publications. c. learning how to develop clear and effective practice guidelines. d. using a credible theory base to provide safe patient care.

d. using a credible theory base to provide safe patient care.

27. Which of the following is used when data collection involves unlike data, such as a measurement of bone density compared to obesity measured as a percentage of body fat? a. alpha b. standard deviation c. t test d. z scores

d. z scores

19 The preferred sampling method to obtain participants in qualitative research studies is e. purposive f. random g. snowballing h. recruitment

e. purposive