Ecological Succession, Cycles of Matter and Plants review

Secondary Succession

Succession following a disturbance that destroys a community without destroying the soil. A type of succession that occurs where an existing community has been cleared by some disturbance that leaves the soil intact.

ovary

contains ovules that will develop into seeds

denitrification

conversion of nitrates back into nitrogen gas done by bacteria

nitrogen fixation

conversion of nitrogen gas to ammonia by bacteria and legumes

sun

energy source for all living things

petals

leafy structures that surround the reproductive organs

water cycle

moves oxygen and hydrogen through the biosphere

what part of the plant becomes the fruit?

ovary

what part of the plant becomes the seed?

ovule

aerobic

processes that occur in the presence of oxygen

anaerobic

processes that occur without the presence of oxygen

stamen

protects the ovule

Stigma

responsible for receiving the pollen from the stamen

style

stalk-like structure that supports the stigma

what plant structure is NOT involved in sexual reproduction?

stem

filament

stem that supports the anther

precipitation

water returning to earth as rain snow sleet or hail

ovule

will develop into pollen grains are produced

give three examples of how plants reproduce asexually.

-tuber -runner -plantlet -cutting -bulb

Community

A group of interdependent organisms inhabiting the same region and interacting with each other.

B. lichens

A pioneer species such as _______ are a combination of algae and fungus that grow on bare rock. A. mistletoe B. lichens C. legumes D. mushrooms

Pioneer Species

A species that colonizes an uninhabited area and that starts an ecological cycle in which many other species become established. Example: lichens and mosses come in first to stabilize and enrich the soil. They are followed by plants with greater nutritional needs.

Climax Community

An ecological community in which populations of plants or animals remain stable and exist in balance with each other and their environment; the final stage of succession, remaining relatively unchanged until destroyed by an event such as fire or human interference. A stable, mature community that undergoes little or no change in species over time, ( like this meadow).

Primary Succession

An ecological succession that begins in an area where no biotic community previously existed Succession that occurs on surfaces where no soil exists.

D. all of the above

How are animals affected by ecological succession? A. lack of food B. predator/prey interactions. C. lack of shelter D. all of the above

B. lichens begin to break down rocks to form soil.

How do lichens contribute to primary succession? A. lichens decompose organic matter from animals and plants B. lichens begin to break down rocks to form soil. C. lichens are nitrogen fixing bacteria D. lichens convert carbohydrates into fossil fuels

D. one species gradually being replace by another

In ecology, succession refers to: A. balance of power B. survival of the fittest C. natural selection D. one species gradually being replace by another

Sepal

Protect the flower bud before it blossoms

D. After a volcanic eruption

LIchens that colonize bare rock are an example of a pioneer species. In which environment would a pioneer species such as lichens be most successful? A. An old growth deciduous forest B. A hillside that has been cleared by a forest fire C. A mountain meadow after the spring snowmelt D. After a volcanic eruption

D. a volcano after an eruption

Lichens are most likely to grow in the following type of area: A. an old growth deciduous forest B. a grassy area cleared by a wild fire C. an open farm field D. a volcano after an eruption

B. secondary

Natural disasters such as flooding and tornadoes are linked to what kind of succession? A. primary B. secondary C. old-field D. ecosystem

B. Mosses

Plants that grow with lichens that help further break down rocks are called ___. A. shrubs B. mosses C. legumes D. trees

C. climax community

The final stable community that is made up of mature, hardwood trees is called ______. A. pioneer community B. farmland C. climax community D. old-field

C. pioneer species

The first plants to grow after a fire are called the _______? A. climax community B. succession community C. pioneer species D. seeds

Ecological Succession

The gradual and orderly process of change in an ecosystem brought about by the progressive replacement of one community by another until a stable climax is established.

D. grasses

The pioneer species most likely to be found in secondary succession includes: A. pine trees B. oak trees C. lichens D. grasses

Biodiversity

The variety of life in the world in a particular habitat or ecosystem. The amount of biological or living diversity per unit area. It includes the concepts of species diversity, habitat diversity and genetic diversity.

C. Primary

What kind of succession is more likely to take thousands of years before trees are seen? A. Old-field B. Ecological C. Primary D. Secondary

B. volcano

What natural disaster affected Surtsey Island (Iceland) and the ecological succession of the surrounding area? A. hurricane B. volcano C. tsunami D. earthquake

C. pine trees and oak trees

What type of vegetation would you expect to find on and abandoned farm after 150 years. A. short grasses B. shrubs C. pine trees and oak trees D. lichens

D. Both B and C

When does a climax community change? A. Never, it always remains stable B. After human disturbance C. After natural disaster D. Both B and C

A. Hawaii

Where does most primary succession take place in the United States? A. Hawaii B. Calvert County C. Europe D. Old farmes

anther

Where the pollen grains are produced

what does Dormant mean for plants?

a seed that does not grow because the conditions are not right