Electrolytes Part 1
What will an increase in Osmolatity have of the Colligative factors 1) Boiling Point 2) Freezing Point 3) Vapor Point
An increase in Osmolality will have an effect of the colligative factors by 1) Boiling point will increase 2) Freezing point will decrease 3) Vapor Point will decrease
Describe an Anions
Anions are negative charge and attracted to the Anode, which is the positive electrode. Anions is electrical current that travels INTO some device
Describe a Cation.
Cation are positive charge that are attracted to the Cathode, which is the negative electrode Cations/Cathode is when the electrical current is Discharge FROM a device.
Describe Chloride in vivo.
Chloride in vivo is the 1) most abundant anion in the plasma 2) Inversely proportional to bicarbonate
What is use to collected a sample fro iCa?
Collected a sample for iCa you must use 1) SST 2) Dry lithium 3) Keep capped till analysis because decrease in CO2 will increase pH will decrease the ionized Ca
What is Colligative Properties?
Colligative Properties are factor that effect the soluble concentration (freezing, Boiling, and Vapor pressure)
What is Diabetes insipidus?
Diabetes insipidus is the lack of ADH which influence water reabsorption only
Define Electrolytes.
Electrolytes are substance that dissociate into ions in a solution, that could possible current electrical current.
What happen when there is a surge of Ag in excess (Coulometric)?
If there is a surge of Ag in excess in the Coulometric, then there will be a surge in Conductivity, which cause a signal to stop.
What happen when there is an excess of Hg2+ in the Mercuric Titration Method?
If there is an excess of Hg2+ in the Mercuric Titration Method, the Hg react with the indicator aka diphenylcarbanzone to make a blue color.
Describe Sodium Na in body?
Sodium in the body is 1) Accounts for 90% of ectracellular cations (most abundant cation) 2) Low level intercellulary 3) Transported as a free ion in plasma 4) Source is diet
_____________is responsible for 90% of blood osmotic pressure.
Sodium is responsible for 90% of blood osmotic pressure.
What are some Hyperchoremia>
Some cause for Heyperchloremia is 1) Dehydration 2) Diabete insipidus 3) Renal Faluire 4) Decrease perfusion 5) Excessive intake
What are some cause for Hypokalemia?
Some cause for Hypokalemia are 1) Prolonged diarrhea or vomittig 2) Malabsorption 3) Diuretics
What are some cause of Hyperkalmemia?
Some cause of Hyper kalmemia are 1) Increse intake 2) Renal failure 3) Unrinary obstruction 4) Tissue damage 5) Internal hemorrhage 6) Renal tubular damge
What are some cause to Hyponatremia?
Some cause of Hyponatremia is 1) Renal tublar disease 2) Water intoxication 3) GI 4) Excessive sweatin 5) Diuretics or sever poluyuria 6) Addision disease hypo adrenal so a decrease in aldosterone 7) Metabolic acidosis because of Na lost with organic acids
What is some cause for hypercalcemia (12.9 mg/dL)
Some of the Cause for Hypercalcemia is 1) Primary hyperparathyroidism 2) Vitamin D overdose 3) Excessive calcium-base anti-acid 4) Nonendocrine trumor 5) Multiple myeloma 6) Metastatic cancer with bone involvement
What are some cause of Hypocalcemia?
Some of the cause of Hypocalcemia are 1) Hypoparathroidism 2) Hypoalbumin 3) Hypomagsemia 4) Steartorrhea (fecal fats) 5) Vitamin D deficiency causing rickettes
What are some sign of Hypernatremia?
Some sign of Hypernatremia (high salt) is 1) Excessive sweating 2) Inability to respond to thrist aka infants 3) Diabete insipisdus 4) Cushing disease whcihc is hyper adrenal which increase Aldosterone 5) Excessive intake 6) renal failure 7) Cardiac failure CHF
What are system use to regulation of Blood Volume?
System use to regulation of Blood Volume is 1) Renin-Angiotensin-Aldosterone System which respone to decrease is blodd pressure 2) Artiral Natriurtic Pressue which is a respone to INCREASE is blood pressure 3) Anti-Diuretic Hormone which is a decrease in blood volume. 4) Change in GFR respond base on the Blood Volumne
How does the Coulometric work?
THe Coulomertic work by 1) Using a sliver wire as an anode, generate Ag+ at a constant rate 2) Ag + Cl- make AgCl which is ppt
What are the Dye for Mg Colorimertic?
THe Dyes for Mg Colorimetric are 1) Methylthmol blue 2) Titan Yellow 3) Formazen 4) Calmagite
What are Regulatory Factor for the Kidney?
THe Regulatory Facotry for the Kidney are 1) Filtered by yhe glomerulus 2) ALmost all is reabsorbed by the PCT 3) Re-excreted by the DCT is aldosterone is preseny 4) No protection if sodium level are low 5) IF too high level excrete excess 6) Diet
Describe how the Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometry works?
The Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometry (AAS) works 1) Using a Hallow Cathode Lamp that is specific for each element 2) Use specific wavelength for each electrolyte 3) Decrease in Transmittanct corresponds to analyyre concentration.
What is the Colorimetric Method for Ca?
The Colorimetric Method for Ca is 1) Calcium must first be removed from protein by acidification step. 2) Ca + Dye = Colormetric
What is the Colorimertic method for Mg2+?
The Colorimetric Method for Mg2+ is 1) Mg + Dye = Color Complex
What is the Coulometric used for?
The Coulometric used for measuring the Chorlide ion in sweat from Cystic fibrosis patient.
Describe How the Ion selective ELectrode works?
The Ion Selective Electrode (ISE) works by 1) Measuring the change in Voltmeter Potential Voltage 2) Selective membrane for NA, K , CL and Ca. 3) Similar to measuring the pH meter.
What are some key thing to do we the sample being tested for potassium?
The Key thing to do for sample being tested for potassium is 1) No hemolysis 2) Separate cell ASAP 3) Plasma litium Heparin only
What are the major electrolytes in the human body.
The Major electrolytes in the human body are 1) Sodium aka Na+ 2) Chloride aka Cl- 3) Bicarbonate HCO3- 4) Mg2+ 5) Calcium Ca2+ 6) Potassium K+ 7) HPO4- 8) SO4 2-
How does the Mercuric Tirtration Method works?
The Mercuric Titration Method works by the principle 2Cl- + Hg2+ = HgCl2.
What are the Regulatory factor for Chloride?
The Regulatory factors for chloride are 1) Kidney by filtered and passive reabsorbed by PCT and LOOP of Henle and if Aldosterone is present passive reaboard DCT 2) Diet 3) Sweat glan may activate alsosterone aldosterone that acts on sweat gland
What are the Regulatory Factor for Sodium?
The Regulatroy Factors for Sodium are 1) Kidneys 2) Renin-Angiotensin-Aldosterone System (RAAS) 3) Anti-diuretic Hormone 4) Thirst
Describe how the Renin-Angiotensin-Aldosterone System (RAAS) works?
The Renin-Angiotensin-Aldosterone System (RAAS) works by 1) Low Blood pressure, and volume sign the Juxaglomerular apparatus in kidney to secrete Renin 2) Renin + Angiotensinogen make Angiotensin I 3) Anfiotension II is turn into Antiotension II, which is a Vaso-constriction and activater Aldosterone 4) Aldosterone tells the kidney to absorded sodium which water follow increase the blood volume and pressure
What is the average percent of water weight for 1) Male 2) women 3) infants?
The average percent of water weight for 1) Male is 60% 2) Female is 50% 3) Infants is 77%
What are the dye for Ca Colorimetric Method?
The dyes we use for Ca Colorimetric Method is 1) Arsenzoo III 2) CPC aka Ortho-cresthophthaline complexone
What are effect of hypocalcemia?
The effect of hypocalcemia are 1) Neuromuscular hyperecitanility Tetany and seizure
What are the electrolyte we test for in an Electrolyte panel.
The electrolyte we test for in an Electrolyte Panel are 1) Na 2) K 3) Cl 4) HCO3
What are the electrolytes that are used for Activation of coagulation factors and complement?
The electrolytes that are used for Activation of coagulation factors and complement are Mg and Cl
What are the electrolytes that are used for Blood pH?
The electrolytes that are used for Blood pH are HCO3-, Cl- and K+.
What are the electrolytes that are used for Enzyme cofactors?
The electrolytes that are used for Enzyme cofactors are Mg and Ca
What are the electrolytes that are used for Osmotic pressure?
The electrolytes that are used for Osmotic pressure are Na, K and Cl-
What are the electrolytes that are used for PRoduction of ATP from glucose?
The electrolytes that are used for Production of ATP from glucose are Mg and HPO4.
What is the electrolytes that are used for bone formation?
The electrolytes that are used for bone formation are Ca Mg and HPO4
What are the electrolytes that are used for regulate activity of muscle and heart?
The electrolytes that are used for regulate activity of muscle and heart are Ca, K Mg and Cl
What are the electrolytes that will increase if the sample is hemolysis?
The electrolytes that will increase if the sample is hemolysis are Mg and K.
What is the function of Calcitonin?
The function of Calcitonin ise 1) responded to increase in Ca ionized level 2) Inhibiting osteoclast activity
What is the function of Parathyriod hormone?
The function of the Parathyriod hormone is 1) respond to a decrease in ionized Ca 2) activate the break down of bones and stimulate kidney to activated Vitamin D 3) Conserve Ca in the Kidney
What percent of the human body is water?
The human body is about 40 to 75% of the total body weight, which the most of it is intracellular Fluid ICF.
How does the kidney Regulatory Sodium>
The kidney Regulatory sodium by 1) Readily filtered by glomerulus 2) 60 to 75% is reabsorbed in the PCT 3) 20 to 30% reabsorbed in the Loop of Henele 4) Final reabsorption in the DCT if Aldosterone is presented
What is the main electrolyte that is lost during Diarrhea>
The main electrolyte that is lost during Diarrhea is Bicarbonate HCO3-
What are the main electrolyte that is lost during excessive sweating?
The main electrolyte that is lost during excessive sweating is sodium and chloride.
What is the main electrolyte that is lost during Vomiting?
The main electrolyte that is lost during vomiting is Chloride Cl-.
What is the major function of Potassium
The main function of Potassium is 1) The muscle Contraction using the Na and K pump by during excitation K is push out of the cell 2) Maintain intracellular osmolality 3) Play a role in pH balance by during alkanosis (low H+) potassium goes into the salt
What are the major electrolytes that are protein bound?
The major electrolytes that are protein bound are MG and Ca
What are the major function of Choride?
The major funcrion of Chloride is CL is 1) Responsible for plasma Osmolality and thus Water balance 2) Maintain blood pressue 3) Maintain acid/base neutrality
What are the major function of Calcium in vivo?
The major function of Calcium in vivo are 1) Bone constituent 2) Muscle contraction, normal heart rhyme and conduction of nerve impulse 3) Involved in coagulation pathway and activate enzyme and complement proteins 4) Cell membrane permeability
What is are major function of Phosphate?
The major function of Phosphate are 1) Major component of bone and teeth 2) Help diguse food 3) need to make 2,3-DPG 4) Formation of ATP and ADP 5) Involve in muscle and nerve function 6) Componet for Nucleic acis 7) Sructure of acell membrane 8) Acid-base balance
What is the major function of the Sodium?
The major function of sodium is 1) Determine Osmolatility 2) Regulate water movement between body compartment by maintain hydrate 3) Protect kidney by making strong acid anion into harmless salts 4) pH by the bicarbonate buffer 5) nerve and muscle function
What is the method used for Coulometric?
The method use for Coulometric is Amperometric Method aka Cotlove.
What is the most prevalent Cation in the body?
The most prevalent Cation in the body is calcium
What is the normal Serum level for Chloride?
The normal Serum level for Chloride is 98 to 108 mmol/L
What is the normal level for sodium in the serum?
The normal level for sodium in the serum is 135 to 145 nmol/L or mEqu/L
What is the normal range for total and ionized calcium in the serum?
The normal range for total and ionized calcium in the serum is 1) Total is 8.6 to 10.0 mg/dL 2) Ionized is 4.6 to 5.3 mg/dL
What is the normal serum valve for potassium?
The normal serum valve for potassium is 3.5 to 5.5 nmol/L
What is the other name for Flame Photometry?
The other name for Flame Photometry are 1) Flame Emission Photometry 2) Atomic Emission Spectrophotometry
Describe the principle of the Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometry (ASS).
The principle of the Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometry (AAS) is 1) Measure the absorption of light of a unique wavelength. 2) Think of it as the opposite of the Flame Photometry.
Describe the procedure for Flame Photometry?
The procedure for Flame Photometry is 1) Solvent evaporate 2) The energy form the flame, cause the increase in the electron valence 3) When electron "cool down", they emit light, which travel into a monochromator 4) Read out device.
What is the purpose of Vitamin D
The purpose of Vitamin D is essentai for calcium absorption in testine
What are the range for Phosphate total and ionized in the serum?
The range for Phosphate in serum for 1) Total is 2.7 to 4.5 mg/dL 2) Ion is .87 to 1.45 mmol
What is the reference range of Urine Osmolality>
The reference range of Urine Osmolality is about 3 time the more then serum so ratio of serum to Urine is 1:3.
What is the relationship with phosphate and calcium?
The relationship between calcium and phosphate is that phosphate level in serum is incersely related to serum in calcium.
What are the sample for testing sodium>
The sample for testing Sodium is 1) Serum using a SST 2) Plasma by using a Lithium Heparin Only 3) Urine
What are the sample we can use for Electrolyte Panel?
The sample we can use for Electrolyte Panel is 1) Serum be it plain or SST 2) Plasma but be careful for what you are testing 3) Urine
What is the sign for hypoparathyroidism?
The sign for hypoparathyroidism is 1) decrease in PTH, iCA and tCA 2) increase is PO4
What is the standard we use for calibrating Flame Photometry?
The standard we use for calibrating Flame Photometry is lithium.
What are need for absordation of Calcium, Phosphate and Mag?
The stuff that is need for Calcium Phosphate and Mag are 1) Vitamin D 2) Parathyriod Hormone 3) Calcitonin
What are three electrolytes that the body will retain as long as it can?
The three electrolytes that the body will retain as long as it can are 1) K potassium 2) Ca calcium 3) HPO4 2-
What are the three main ways that Ca, Mg and Po are regulate?
The three main ways Ca, Mag and Phosphate are regulate 1) Bone mineral deposition and resorption 2) Intestional absorption 3) Renal Excertion
What are three main ways the body will have abnormal loss of electrolytes>
The three main ways that the body will have abnormal loss of the electrolytes are 1) Vomiting 2) Diarrhea 3) Excessive sweating
What are trace element that are found in the human body?
The trace elements that are found in the human body are 1) Iron Fe2+ and Fe3+ 2) Copper Cu+ and Cu2+ 3) Mn2+ 4) Zn+ 5) Br- 6) I- 7) Cd2+ 8) Cr3+ and Cr6+ 9) Co2+ 10) Cd
What are the two functional of the hypothalamus does when increase in Plamsa Osmolality?
The two functional of the hypothalamus does when increase Plamsa Osmlatitly 1) Stimuate thrist 2) Tell the post pitary gland to make Anti-Diuretic Hormone to make the Distal tubles and Collection tube more premabilithy to water.
What are the two ways the body decrease the phosphate levels ?
The two ways the body decrease the phosphate levels 1) Parathyroid hormone increase renal exretion 2) Calcitonin which inhibitis bone break down
What is are the ways to move ion into and out of a cell?
The ways to move ions into and out of the cell are 1) Passive diffusion like conc gradient 2) active transport meaning it means energy like Na and K pump
What is use to collected a sample for TCa?
A sample used to for a total Ca is SST or lithium Heparin
What happen to sample for iCa if 1) Acidosis 2) Alkalosis
For a sample that is iCa that is 1) Acidosis will be increase in iCa 2) Alkalosi is decrease in iCa
For every one 1g/dL of albumin, how much calcium drop?
For every 1g/Dl of albumin in serum about 0.8 mg/dL is drop in the blood
What is Hyperkalemia?
Hyper kalemia is high leve of potassium in the serum cause paralysis and heartbeat
What is Hypernatremia?
Hypernatremia is a high level of sodium in the plasma being a critical valuve at greater than 160 nmol/L
What is hypokalemia?
Hypokatemia is where the potassium is too low cause muclse to lock
What is Hyponatremia?
Hyponatremia is low level of salt in plasma being 120 mmol/L
What does ISE stand for?
ISE stande for Ion selective Electrodes.
What electrolytes will increase if there is a delay in cell separation?
If there is a delay in cell separation the electrolytes that will increase are Mg and K.
What does the body, if there is a short supply of electrolytes?
If there is a short supply of electrolytes in the body will start to retained electrolytes.
Define Oncotic Pressure?
Oncotic Pressure is when water follows protein.
What is the Osmolality?
Osmolality is Concentration of solutes per Kg of water 1) mOSmoles/KG
What is Osmolarity?
Osmolarity is mosmoles / L
Define Osmotic pressure.
Osmotic pressure is when water follow salt and other electrolytes
Describe the Potassium in the body?
Potassium in the body is 1) Major intracellular cation, only 2% is found in the plasma 2) Small contamination form cellular K may have drastic affect on th plasma valve 3) Transport free ion in plasma 4) Mainatin the Na and K pump
What are some cause for Hypo chorearenmia?
SOme cause for hypochloremia are GI loss (diarrhea/vomiting/malabsorption) Excessive sweating Chronic pyelonephritis (loss of reabsorption) Aldosterone deficiency Diabetic acidosis (Na+ lost with organic acids)
What is the reference range of serum Osmolality?
Serum Osmolality reference range is between 275 to 300 mOSmole/Kg
What are two way to increase phosphate in vivo?
Two ways to increase phosphate in vivo is 1) Vitamin D enchance absorption of phosphate 2) Grwoth Hormone increase reanal tuble absorded
How do we Calculated osmolality?
We calculated Osmolality by 1.86 Na + Glucose/18 + BUN/2.8
Where do we get most of are electrolytes from?
We get most of are electrolytes from are diet
How do we measure phosphate?
We measure phosphate by using colormetric aka molybdate
How do we measure total Ca?
We measure total Ca by 1) acidification to realase bound calcium 2) Colormetric by using CPC, Arsenazo III and AAS refrence
What are we measuring in the Mercuric Titration Method (Schales- Schales)?
We measuring in the Mercuric Titration Method is the amount of Cl- ions in the sample.