endocrine system 2a

posterior pituitary (associated hormone)

ADH

kidney (associated hormone)

EPO

Which of the following hormones requires a releasing hormone from the hypothalamus in order to be released? oxytocin renin ADH FSH calcitonin

FSH

Which statement regarding growth hormone (GH) is true? A) GH stimulates the breakdown of stored fats and the release of fatty acids into the blood. B) Liver cells respond to GH by releasing prostaglandins. C) Skeletal muscle cells and chondrocytes are extremely insensitive to GH. D) GH production is regulated by releasing and inhibiting hormones from the thyroid. E) In epithelial tissues, GH inhibits stem cell division.

GH stimulates the breakdown of stored fats and the release of fatty acids into the blood

which of the following hormones is NOT classified as a steroid hormone? a. oxytocin b. estrogen c. adrenocortiocoids d. testosterone e. mineralocorticoids

a. oxytocin

the hormone leptin is secreted by (the) pancreas kidneys adipose tissue hypothalamus anterior pituitary

adipose tissue

steroid hormones a. are proteins b. are structurally similar to cholesterol c. are the largest class of hormones d. include pancreatic hormones e. are secreted by the hypothalamus and pituitary gland

b. are structurally similar to cholesterol

The major targets of growth hormone are ________. the blood vessels the adrenal glands the liver bones and skeletal muscles

bones and skeletal muscles

when a protein or peptide hormone binds to eh receptors on the surface of the cell a. the hormone receptor complex moves into the cytoplasm b. the plasma membrane becomes depolarized c. a second messenger appears in the cytoplasm d. the cell becomes inactive e. the hormone is transported to the nucleus, where it alters the activity of the DNA

c. a second messenger appears in the cytoplasm

prostaglandins are a. amino acid-based hormones b. steroid hormones c. lipid hormones manufactured in the plasma membranes of cells d. glycerol hormones e. target organs

c. lipid hormones manufactured in the plasma membranes of cells

Cyclic AMP often causes activation of a. calcium ion channels b. myosin kinase c. phosphodiesterase d. kinase enzymes e. steroids

d. kinase enzymes

which statement is true reguarding steroid hormones a. they are charbohydrates b. they cannot diffuse through the plasma membrane c. they do not bind to receptors in the cytoplasm or nucleus d. they cannot change the nature or number of enzymes in the cytoplasm e. they can alter the rate of mRNA transcription

e. they can alter the rate of mRNA transcription

which of the following is NOT a category of endocrine gland stimulus? enzyme humoral neural hormonal

enzyme

which of the following is NOT a steroid based hormone estrogen aldosterone epinephrine cortisone

epinephrine (maybe i think i dont really know the correct answer was not marked on the slide you might want to fact check me homie)

adrenal medulla

gland that controls the fight or flight reaction

Most common stimulus for prodding endocrine glands into action is hormonal humoral neural direct gene activation

hormonal

The hypothalamic-hypophyseal tract-- a. connects the hypophysis to the pituitary gland b. is partly contained within the infundibulum c. conducts aldosterone to the hypophysis d. is the site of prolactin synthesis

is partly contained within the infundibulum

The hypothalamus tansports hormones to the posterior pituitary by way of a. neural axons, directly b. direct mechanical control c. releasing and inhibiting hormones d. altering ion concentrations in the anterior pituitary e. gap junctions

neural axons, directly

The hypothalamus makes two hormones,-- and --, that are stored by the posterior pituitary a. oxytocin; antidiuretic hormone ADH b. cortisol; aldosterone c. growth hormone; prolactin

oxytocin; antidiuretic hormone ADH

Which of the following hormones bind to membrane receptors and activate G-proteins peptide hormones steroid hormones prostaglandins thyroid hormones eicosanoids

peptide hormones (probably. had to look up this one too bc not marked on slides)

thyroid

produces the body's major metabolic hormones

ovary (associated hormone)

progesterone

Hypothalamic hormones that stimulate the synthesis and secretion of one or more hormones in the anterior lobe are called a. permissive hormones b. synergistic hormones c. regulating hormones d. stimulating hormones e. releasing hormones

releasing hormones

which organ does NOT produce hormones? heart kidney spleen skin

spleen

testis (associated hormone)

testosterone

hypophysis (pituitary gland)

the size and shape of a pea; produces hormones that stimulate other endocrine glands

most hormones are a. regulated by positive feedback mechanism b. classified as steroids c.released upon stimulation by other hormones d.controlled by blood levels of ions or nutrients e. able to diffuse through the plasma membrane of their target cells

C. released upon stimulation by other hormones

The ability of a specific tissue or organ to respond to the presence of a hormone is dependent on a. the location of the tissue or organ with respect to the circulatory path b. the membrane potential of the cells of the target organ c. the presence of the appropriate receptors on the cells of the target tissue or organ d. nothing-- all hormones of the human body are able to stimulate any and all cell types because hormones are powerful and nonspecific

C. the presence of the appropriate receptors on the cells of the target tissue or organ

Pituitary hormone that stimulates the breakdown of stroed fats and the release of fatty acids into the blood is TSH ACTH MSH LH GH

GH

pancreas

Produces hormones that regulate glucose levels in the body.

peptide hormones are a. composes of chains of amino acids b. released by the reproductive organs c. derived from arachidonic acid d. lipids e. chemically related to cholesterol

a. composed of chains of amino acids

Steroid hormones exert their action by a. entering the nucleus of a cell and initiating or altering the expression of a gene b. binding cell receptors and initiating cAMP activity c. entering the cell and activating mitochondrial DNA d. activation the hypothalamic release of regulating hormones

a. entering the nucleus of a cell and initatation or altering the expression of gene

Cellular responses to hormones that initiate second- messenger systems include--- a. possible activation of several different second-messenger systems b. cyclic AMP phosphodiesterase formation of an active second messenger c. formation of a specific protein kinase that acts on a series of extra cellular intermediates d. hormone binding to intracellular receptors

a. possible activation of several different second- messenger systems

which of the following hormones enter a cell by diffusion a. steroid hormones b. epinephrine and norepinephrine c. aminio acid derivatives d. peptide hormones e.oxytocin

a. steroid hormones

Which of the following is released by the posterior pituitary? A) adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) B) thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) C) growth hormone (GH) D) antidiuretic hormone (ADH) E) melanocyte-stimulating hormone (MSH)

antidiuretic hormone ADH

What ion is sometimes used as a second messenger of amino acid based hormones? a. iron b. calcium c. sodium d.chlorine

b. calcium

being lipid soluble, steroids can do all the following EXCEPT a. diffuse through the plasma membranes of target cells b. catalyze cyclic AMP c. enter the nucleus d. bind to the receptor proteins within the nucleus e. activate genes to transcribe mRNA for protein synthesis

b. catalyze cyclic AMP

whcih of the following hormones is an amino acid? a. ADH b. melatonin c. oxytocin d. growth hormone e. prolactin

b. melatonin

water-soluble hormones, such as proteins and peptide hormones, activate target cells using a. direct gene activation b. the second-messenger system c. steroid hormone action d. diffusion

b. the second-messenger system

Cells that respond to peptide hormones usually do through a sequence of biochemical reactions involving receptor and kinase activation. In order for cells to respond, it is necessary for first and second messengers to communicate. This possible because ________. a. peptide hormones are converted by cell membranes enzymes into second messengers b. hormones alter cellular operations through direct stimulations of a gene c. G protein acts as the link between first and second messengers d. the hormone receptor complex moves into the cytoplasm as a unit

c. G protein acts as the link between first and second messengers

hormone concentration levels are most commonly controlled by a. positive feedback b. the quantity of circulating hormone c. negative feedback d.cellular demands e. body temperature

c. negative feedback

tropic hormones a. stimulate the pineal gland to secrete hormones b. stimulate the thymus gland to secret hormones c. stimulate other endocrine glands to secrete hormones d. stimulate nervous tissue e. stimulate prostaglandins

c. stimulate other endocrine glands to secrete hormones

an important second messenger in hormonal action is cAMP calcitriol insulin calcium glucagon

cAMP

Generally the actions of hormones tend to be less widespread than actions of the nervous system can produce complex changes in physical structure and physiological changes are faster to react than the nervous system are shorter-lasting that the actions of the nervous system do not affect homeostasis

can produce complex changes in physical structure and physiological changes

which of the following is NOT typical of the changes that follow the binding of a hormone to its target cells? a. plasma membrane permeability changes b. cellular mutations occur c. enzymes are activated or inactivated d. mitosis is stimulated e. proteins are synthesized in the cell

cellular mutations occur

steroid hormones a. bind to receptors on the surface of the cell b. function by way of a second messenger system c. cannot diffuse thorugh the plasma membrane d. bind to intracellular receptors e. function by activating cAMP

d. bind to intracellular receptors

The second-messenger mechanism of hormone action operates by a. synthesizing more than one hormone at a time b. increasing the basal metabolic rate int he target organ c. altering the gene expression in the nuclear DNA d. binding to specific receptors and employing he services of G proteins and cAMP

d. binding to specific receptors and employing the service of g proteins and cAMP

the neuohypophysis or posterior lobe of the pituitary gland is not a true endocrine gland because a. it is strictly a part of the neuroal system and has little or nothing to do with hormonal release b. embryonically it was an endocrine tissue, but int he adult human it is not longer functional c. it is unable to function as an endocrine tissue because it is actually part of the neural system due to its location d. it is only a hormone storage area that receives hormones form the hypothalamus for release

d. it is only a hormone storage area that recieves hormone from the hypothalamus for release

regulating hormones from the hypothalamus--. a. enter venous circulation nad travel to the hears, which pumps the hormone - containing blood to the pituitary b. enter the hepatic portal system, which feeds the pituitary c. travel by arteries to the pituitary d. first enter into the hypophyseal portal syste

first enter into the hypophyseal portal system

pancreas (associated hormone)

glucagon

most endocrine organs are prodded into action by other hormones; this type of stimulus is called hormonal stimulus humoral stimulus neural stimulus receptor-mediated stumulus steroid stimulus

hormonal stimulus

parathyroid

hormone the controls blood levels of calcium and potassium by their removal form bone tissue

In the simplest case, endocrine activity may be controlled vy changes in the extracellular fluid composition called --- stimuli hormonal cellular neural membrane humoral

humoral

one of the least complicated of the endocrine control systems directly responds to changing blood levels of ions and nutrients. Which of the following describes this mechanism? carbohydrate oxidation catabolic inhinition protein synthesis humoral stimulation

humoral stimulation

Eicosanoids do not include paracrines leukotrienes hydrocortisones prostaglandins

hydrocortisones

Several hormones are synthesized in the hypothalamus and transported to the anterior pituitary gland. The mechanism of transportation from hypothalamus to anterior pituitary gland is through the ________. a. hepatic portal system b. general circulatory system c. hypophyseal portal system d. feedback loop

hypophyseal portal system

hypothalamic signals reach the anterior pituitary through the a. infundibulum b. hypophyseal portal system c. hypopthalamic axon d. hypophysis e. thymus

hypophyseal portal system

Hormones from the -- , which travel in the hypophyseal portal vessels, alter the activity of the anterior pituitary brain stem hypothalamus cerebellum thyriod thalamus

hypothalamus

The highest level of endocrine control is provided by the thyroid gland pancreas suprarenal glands hypothalamus thymus

hypothalamus

The endocrine system releases neurotransmitters into the bloodstream for distribution throughout the body. is regulated mainly by positive feedback. produces effects that last for seconds or minutes. is not involved in homeostasis. relies on the release of chemicals that bind to target cells.

relies on the release of chemicals the bind to target cells

Peripheral structures sensitive to the presence of hormones are called exocrine cells first messengers target cells second messengers G-proteins

target cells