ENVS 1126 Exam 2

Which one of the following was not part of China's one-child policy? a. Housing preferences for one-child families b. Job priority for only children c. Monthly subsidy for one-child families d. Additional food rations for same-sex couples

Additional food rations for same-sex couples

The figure below shows concentrations of CO2 in the atmosphere from the late 1950s to the present time. In addition to the long term trend of increasing CO2 concentrations, the concentrations also oscillate up and down by several parts per million on an annual basis. At what time of the year would you expect the concentrations to be highest? a. In the middle of winter b. In the middle of the summer c. At the end of winter d. At the end of summer

At the end of winter

Which one of the following soil horizons does not contain humus? a. O b. C c. E d. A

C

Which one of the following is the major cause of mortality in the least developed countries of the world? a. Cancer b. Injuries c. Communicable diseases d. Cardiovascular diseases

Communicable diseases

Which one of the following energy policies would not encourage use of natural gas and oil? a. Corporate tax rebates for installation of integrated gasification combined cycle power plants b. Cap and trade on CO2 emissions c. Carbon tax d. Corporate tax rebates for installation of combined cycle power plants

Corporate tax rebates for installation of integrated gasification combined cycle power plants

Which one of the following is not a technique used in integrated pest management? a. Destruction of crop residues b. Crop rotation c. Cosmetic spraying d. Planting of refuge crops

Cosmetic spraying

In which one of the following states is groundwater not being withdrawn faster than it is being naturally replenished? a. Nebraska b. California c. Florida d. Ohio

Florida

Which of the following countries generates the greatest percentage of its electricity from nuclear power plants? a. China b. USA c. France d. Russia

France

Consider the following statements: (I) In any energy conversion, some of the usable energy is always lost (II) Energy is neither created nor destroyed, but it may be converted from one form to another, (III) Systems will go spontaneously in one direction only, toward increasing entropy. Which of these are statements of the second law of thermodynamics? a. I, II, and III b. I and II c. II and III d. I and III

I and II

Which one of the following is not an example of cultural control of a pest? a. Rotating crops so that pests of the first crop cannot feed on the second crop b. Introduction of parasitic wasps to control gypsy moths c. Planting hedgerows and shelterbelts to provide refuges for natural pest enemies d. Elimination of barberry, an alternate host for wheat rust

Introduction of parasitic wasps to control gypsy moths

Who said, "Responsible biotechnology is not the enemy: starvation is" a. Wangari Maathai b. Jimmy Carter c. Malala Yousafzai d. Muhammad Yunus

Jimmy Carter

Which of the following are two of the negative aspects of no-till agriculture? a. May increase the effects of pests that remain in crop residues and requires use of herbicides b. Requires use of herbicides and is restricted to perennial crops c. Is restricted to perennial crops and results in lower crop yields d. Results in lower crop yields and may increase the effects of pests that remain in crop residues

May increase the effects of pests that remain in crop residues and requires use of herbicides

Which one of the following sources of energy is not used by electric power plants that generate electricity by boiling water? Select one: a. Nuclear energy b. Coal c. Oil d. Natural gas

Natural gas

The fertility rate in Burkino Faso has exceeded the replacement rate for many years and is currently about 5.1. if the fertility rate were to suddenly drop to the replacement rate, why would the population of Burkino Faso continue to increase? a. Improved nutrition from genetically modified crops b. Recent dramatic improvements in health care c. Population momentum d. Immigration from neighboring countries

Population momentum

Which one of the following is not an example of blue water? a. Lake Huron b. Rainwater taken up by plants c. The Mississippi River d. Groundwater

Rainwater taken up by plants

Which one of the following statements is not true? a. Roughly 800 million people do not have access to safe drinking water b. Globally about 15-20% of all electricity is generated by hydroelectric dams c. Roughly 140,000 deaths each year are traced to waterborne diseases d. Globally about 2 billion people do not have access to adequate sanitation services

Roughly 140,000 deaths each year are traced to waterborne diseases

Which one of the following is not one of the vital concepts that move societies toward a sustainable future? a. Stewardship b. Sustainability c. Security d. Sound science

Security

Global warming during the 21st century is expected to a. Slow the hydrologic cycle and the thermohaline circulation of the ocean b. Slow the hydrologic cycle and speed up the thermohaline circulation of the ocean c. Speed up the hydrologic cycle and the thermohaline circulation of the ocean d. Speed up the hydrologic cycle and slow the thermohaline circulation of the ocean

Speed up the hydrologic cycle and slow the thermohaline circulation of the ocean

The two countries that account for the greatest amount of ethanol production as a fuel are a. China and Brazil b. USA and Cuba c. USA and Brazil d. Cuba and China

USA and Brazil

Carbon dioxide emissions by which one of the following countries have decreased the most since 2005? a. United States b. India c. Russia d. China

United States

During which period of time was the first sewage treatment plant built in the United States? a. 1750-1800 b.1900-1950 c.1850-1900 d.1800-1850

1850-1900

The ecological efficiency in a food chain is 15%. A pollutant (X) is transferred from one trophic level to the next with an efficiency of 45%. The concentration of X on trophic level 3 is 18 ppm. What is the concentration of X on trophic level 1? a. 6 b. 4 c. 2 d. 3

2

Which one of the following countries accounts for the most oil imported by the United States? a. Saudi Arabia b. Mexico c. Canada d. Venezuela

Canada

Which one of the following countries has the lowest per capita energy consumption? a. Canada b. China c. Germany d. United States

China

In which two of the following countries are the greatest numbers of people living on less than $10 per day? a. Afghanistan and China b. Pakistan and Afghanistan c. China and India d. India and Pakistan

China and India

Which one of the following has been shown to most adversely affect the reproduction of birds? a. DDD b. DDT c. DDP d. DDE

DDE

Which one of the following is not involved in maintaining population equilibrium? a. Predation b. Disease c. Drought d. Food supply

Drought

Which one of the following is not among the conditions conducive to small families? Select one: a. Social security system b. Educational opportunities for women c. High cost of raising children d. Early age at marriage

Early age at marriage

Which one of the following statements is not one of the four basic assumptions of the scientific method? a. Every result has a cause, and every event in turn will cause other events b. Through our powers of observation, manipulation, and reason, we can discover and understand the basic principles and natural laws by which the universe functions c. Energy can neither be created nor destroyed d. What we perceive with our five senses represents an objective reality, not some kind of dream or mirage

Energy can neither be created nor destroyed

On which of the following continents is more water used for industrial purposes than for agriculture? a. South America b. Africa c. Asia d. Europe

Europe

Which one of the following regions of the world has the greatest installed PV panel electricity generating capacity? a. Middle East and Africa b. North and South America c. Europe d. China

Europe

The population profile of a hypothetical country is shown below. The vertical axis is age, and the lower and upper dashed lines correspond to ages of 15 and 65, respectively. The horizontal axis indicates the number of males (blue) and females (pink) in the population. This population profile indicates which one of the following: a. The population is stable. b. The population is decreasing c. The population is increasing. d. Women live longer than men in this country.

The population is decreasing

The fastest-growing forms of renewable energy for electricity production in the world are a. Wind and hydroelectric b. Solar photovoltaic and biomass c. Hydroelectric and biomass d. Wind and solar photovoltaic

Wind and solar photovoltaic

Which of the following countries have the largest areas of arable land? a. Brazil and India b. United States and India c. Brazil and China d. China and United States

United States and India

The principal concern with the use of neonicotinoid insecticides is their adverse effects on _________. Select one: a. amphibians b. birds c. fish d. bees

bees

Golden rice is a cultivar of rice that was genetically modified to address problems associated with diets that are deficient in vitamin A. Golden rice is enriched with which one of the following? a. astaxanthin b. lutein c. zeaxanthin d. beta carotene

beta carotene

Golden eagle populations in England recovered after use of _______was terminated in sheep dips. a. parathion b. aldicarb c. dieldrin d. DDT

dieldrin

How many fissile isotopes are there? a. more than 20 b. fewer than 5 c. 10-20 d. 5-10

fewer than 5

Electricity produced by which one of the following is not an example of green power? a. solar b. wind c. natural gas d. geothermal

natural gas

Most electric power plants built in the United States since 2000 use which one of the following sources of energy? a. nuclear energy b. coal c. natural gas d. oil

natural gas

The United States has extensive deposits of ________________ in Colorado, Texas, Utah, and Wyoming that, if exploited, could yield the equivalent of an estimated 800 billion barrels of oil. a. tar sands b. oil shale c. shale gas d. bitumen

oil shale

A uranium-235 fueled nuclear power plant emits about ___________ as much radioactivity as a coal-burning power plant that produces the same amount of electricity. a. 100 times b. one percent c. 10 times d. 10 percent

one percent

What is the principal reason that western rangelands in the United States produce less than half the livestock forage that they did in the early 19th century? a. overdrafting of aquifers b. overgrazing c. overcultivation d. failure to rotate crops

overgrazing

Which one of the following soils would you expect to find in a tropical rain forest? a. mollisol b. aridisol c. oxisol d. alfisol

oxisol

Which one of the following fissionable isotopes is produced in a breeder reactor? a. uranium-238 b. plutonium-239 c. uranium-233 d. uranium-235

plutonium-239

In a nuclear power plant fueled with uranium-235, what is the purpose of the moderator? a. slow neutrons b. shut down the reactor if there is a loss of cooling water c. prevent a runaway chain reaction d. maintain power output within a specified range

slow neutrons

If Earth rotated in the opposite direction, the Trade Winds in the Southern Hemisphere would blow from the a. northwest b. northeast c. southeast d. southwest

southwest

Biodiesel is a fuel made from a mixture of normal diesel fuel and oil from a. soybeans b. canola c. oil palms d. corn

soybeans

Which one of the following terms is used to characterize the arrangement of soil particles in clumps and aggregates? a. composition b. texture c. structure d. anisotropy

structure

In hypothetical country A, everyone dies when they reach the age of 60. In hypothetical country B, which has a better health care system, everyone dies when they reach the age of 80. If the total population of both countries is stable, what percentage of the total population would you expect to be in the age group 21-40 years inclusive? a. 15% in country A and 20% in country B b. 20% in country A and 15% in country B c. 25% in country A and 33% in country B d. 33% in country A and 25% in country B

33% in country A and 25% in country B

A population is growing exponentially with a doubling time of 10 years. If the size of the population now is 50, what will be the size of the population 30 years from now? a. 200 b. 300 c. 400 d. 500

400

Geothermal power plants provide electricity for __________ people in the United States. a. 5,000 b. 5 million c. 50,000 d. 500,000

5 million

In approximately how many countries is the rate of maternal mortality lower than it is in the United States? a. 5 b. 10 c. 50 d. 25

50

In country X, the supply of calories averages 100% of the minimum daily requirement. Of the people living in country X, what percentage is likely to have calorie-deficient diets? a. 0% b. 50% c. 25% d. 75%

50%

The amount of biomass on successive trophic levels in a food chain forms a pyramid in which the biomass on trophic level N+1 is only 20% of the biomass on trophic level N. If pesticide P is transferred from one trophic level to the next with 100% efficiency, what will be the concentration of P on trophic level 5 if the concentration of P on trophic level 2 is 4 parts per million (ppm)? a. 500 ppm b. 20 ppm c. 100 ppm d. 2500 ppm

500 ppm

Which one of the following soil horizons is also called topsoil? a. E b. B c. C d. A

A

The forms of renewable energy that currently account for the greatest amount of renewable energy production in the United States are a. wind and biomass b. Solar photovoltaic and wind c. Biomass and hydropower d. Hydropower and solar photovoltaic

Biomass and hydropower

Which one of the following is an example of primary succession? a. Lichens appear on basalt rock 50 years after a volcanic eruption on the Big Island of Hawaii b. Grasses emerge from the soil after saltwater from a tsunami kills all above-ground vegetation in a meadow c. Trees reappear on the slopes of Mount St. Helens after the fallout of volcanic ash kills all the above-ground vegetation d. After a forest fire, pine trees grow from seeds that were protected beneath pine needles

Lichens appear on basalt rock 50 years after a volcanic eruption on the Big Island of Hawaii

Which one of the following statements is true? a. R-strategists have high biotic potential and poor recruitment most of the time b. R-strategists have low biotic potential and poor recruitment most of the time c. R-strategists have high biotic potential and good recruitment most of the time d. R-strategists have low biotic potential and good recruitment most of the time

R-strategists have high biotic potential and poor recruitment most of the time

Which one of the following statements describes what happens when countries pass through the fertility transition? a. The dependency ratio decreases and remains low b. The dependency ratio increases and remains high c. The dependency ratio increases and then decreases d. The dependency ratio decreases and then increases

The dependency ratio decreases and then increases

Which one of the following statements is true? a. The epidemiologic transition has preceded the fertility transition b. The demographic transition has preceded the epidemiologic transition c. The fertility transition has preceded the epidemiologic transition d. The demographic transition has preceded the fertility transition

The epidemiologic transition has preceded the fertility transition

Which one of the following statements is not true about the Grameen Bank? a. Recipients of the loans form credit associations b. The loans have been found to have the greatest social benefits when focused on men c. It loans small amounts of money to poor people d. The payback rate on the loans has exceeded 97%

The loans have been found to have the greatest social benefits when focused on men

Cabbages and Condoms is a. The name of a restaurant chain in Thailand b. Two ways to minimize the likelihood of contracting HIV through casual sex c. Two ways to avoid unwanted pregnancies d. A nonprofit with a goal of improving nutrition and reproductive health

The name of a restaurant chain in Thailand

Which of the following statements correctly characterizes the results of using pesticides in agriculture globally? a. The quantity of crops lost to pests has decreased but the percentage of crops lost to pests has increased b. The quantity of crops lost to pests has increased but the percentage of crops lost to pests has decreased c. The quantity of crops lost to pests has increased and the percentage of crops lost to pests has increased d. The quantity of crops lost to pests has decreased and the percentage of crops lost to pests has decreased

The quantity of crops lost to pests has increased and the percentage of crops lost to pests has increased

Which one of the following countries has the shortest life expectancy? a. United States b. Japan c. Sweden d. Switzerland

United States

The site recommended by the Nuclear Regulatory Commission for long-term disposal of radioactive waste from the nuclear power industry in the United States is a. The San Andreas Fault near Palm Springs, California b. Yucca Mountain, Nevada c. The sediments at the bottom of the ocean within the territorial waters of the United States off the coast of California d. The Waste Isolation Pilot Plant near Carlsbad, New Mexico

Yucca Mountain, Nevada

Which one of the following sources of calories in the human diet requires the greatest amount of land per calorie to produce? a. beef b. pork c. poultry d. dairy

beef

Most of the human deaths attributable to the accident at the Chernobyl nuclear power plant in the former Soviet Union were a. the engineers who deliberately disabled the power plant's safety systems b. firemen who were called in to put out the fires that resulted from the accident c. children who drank cows' milk contaminated with radioactive iodine d. Ukrainian workers who were bused in daily to work at the remaining reactor in the Chernobyl complex after the accident

firemen who were called in to put out the fires that resulted from the accident

Roughly 99% of crop irrigation globally is done by a. Surge flow and flood irrigation b. flood irrigation and center pivot methods c. center pivot methods and drip irrigation d. drip irrigation and surge flow

flood irrigation and center pivot methods

Temperatures are projected to rise more at high latitudes in the northern hemisphere than in the Southern Hemisphere by the end of this century because ________________ . a. melting the ice on the Arctic Ocean will decrease the albedo of the Arctic Ocean b. the ice on Greenland is melting c. the Arctic Ocean is almost completely surrounded by land d. most of the anthropogenic emissions of carbon dioxide are in the northern hemisphere

melting the ice on the Arctic Ocean will decrease the albedo of the Arctic Ocean

The three principal greenhouse gases emitted as a result of agricultural activities are a. nitrous oxide, ozone, and methane b. ozone, methane, and carbon dioxide c. carbon dioxide, nitrous oxide, and ozone d. methane, carbon dioxide, and nitrous oxide

methane, carbon dioxide, and nitrous oxide

Which one of the following is the best soil for agriculture? a. alfisol b. mollisol c. aridisol d. oxisol

mollisol

Ecologist Eckhard wants to stop the algal blooms in City Park Lake by reducing the inputs of essential nutrients to the lake from stormwater runoff. Which one of the following strategies would have the least effect on the algal blooms? a. remove all the inorganic phosphorus from the stormwater runoff b. remove all the carbon dioxide from the stormwater runoff c. remove all the inorganic nitrogen from the stormwater runoff d. remove half the inorganic nitrogen and half the inorganic phosphorus from the stormwater runoff

remove all the carbon dioxide from the stormwater runoff

The three crops that account for the greatest areas of farmland devoted to the production of genetically modified (GM) crops do not include which one of the following? a. soybeans b. corn c. rice d. canola

rice

The three crops that account for about 50% of global food demands are a. wheat, corn, and soybeans b. soybeans, rice, and wheat c. rice, wheat, and corn d. corn, soybeans, and rice

rice, wheat, and corn