ESC1000 DADE TEST 2

The study of faunal succession allows ________

matching of similarily-aged rocks from different outcrops

magma is:

melted rock, the source of all igneous rocks, the reason volcanoes form

which of the following is not a source of sediment/ sediment production?

melting of a subducting plate

earthquake can occur with _____ faulting

normal, reverse, thrust

an undeformed sedimentary layer is ________ than the layer above and _______ than the layer below.

older - younger

the process whereby rocks are changed to sediment is called

weathering

a fossil shell contains 25% of the original amount of its carbon- 14. Approximately how many years ago was this shell part of a living organism? Half-life of parent isotope is 5,730 years

11,400

radiometric age is often referred to as _______ age

Absolute

data from seismograms are used to find which of the following?

An earthquakes epicenter

who developed the procedure used to measure the magnitude of an earthquake?

Charles Richter

there may be a relationship between the frequency of earthquakes waves and

Magnitude

which of the following measure an earthquakes intensity based on the observed effects on people and structures?

Modified Mercalli Scale

which of the following processes will cause metamorphism?

a change in the chemical environment, an increase in temperature, an increase in pressure

cleavage is the way a mineral:

breaks

a geological time scale was developed using relative time dating. true or false

false

the point where movement occurred which triggered the earthquake is the

fault

how many seismograph stations are needed to locate the epicenter of an earthquake?

3

which of the following sequences correctly lists the different arrivals from first to last?

P waves.. S waves.. Surface waves

fossils are most common in which rock types?

Sedimentary

A nonconformity is:

a gap in the geologic record bounded below by metamorphic or igneous rocks and bounded above by sedimentary rocks

what is a mineral?

a naturally formed solid substance with a crystal structure

a disconformity is

an erosional surface between horizontal sedimentary rocks which represents a period of erosion or non-deposition

what is the name for an erosion surface that separates two sets of sedimentary layers with non-parallel bedding planes?

angular unconformity

how do rock particles move during the passage of a P wave through the rock?

back and forth perpendicular to the direction of wave travel

how can minerals be identified?

by their physical properties, by their color, luster, and hardness, by their form, streak, and cleavage

on the modified Mercalli scale, how is intensity X11 described?

causes total destruction

which characteristic of the intrusive rock provides the most evidence that it solidified deep underground?

coarse texture

which of the following is used by geologists to determine the relative ages in a rock sequence?

depositional sequence, fossils, cross-cutting relationship

which type of pressure will result in the alignment of metamorphic minerals?

directed pressure

sedimentary rocks provide clues about

earth surface conditions at the time the sediments were deposited

metamorphic rocks are formed by

heat and pressure

with increasing travel time, the difference in arrival times between the P and S waves ____

increases

with a 50 mile traverse you walk from a shale into a slate into a phyllite. you are walking in the direction of

increasing metamorphic grade

if you find a mineral and you can scratch it with your fingernail, it must have a hardness of:

less than 3

in contact metamorphism there is a

local heat source

the way light is reflected from a mineral is called:

luster

which of the following processes does not occur during diagenesis?

metamorphism

in the past there were (more or less) atoms of radioactive parent isotope of Uranium?

more atoms

a sedimentary rock is

produced from weathered products of pre-existing rocks

radiometric dating is least useful for _________ rocks

sedimentary

which of the following lists is written in the order of increasing temperature?

sedimentation, diagenesis, metamorphism

the principle of original horizontality states that

sediments are deposited as essentially horizontal layers under the action of gravity

which of the following does not affect the viscosity of magma?

silica content, temperature, amount of gases

which of the following causes accumulation of energy in earths crust?

tectonic plate movement

the pressure and heat that drive metamorphism result from which three forces?

the internal heat of the earth, the weight of overlying rocks, and horizontal pressures developed as rocks become deformed

the principle of stratigraphic superposition tells us that

the oldest rock strata in any undisturbed sedimentary sequence are on the bottom, and the youngest are on the top

which of the following statements is false?

the time and location of most major earthquakes can be predicted several days in advance

magma with a large amount of dissolved gases tends to be very explosive. True or false?

true

the greater the viscosity of a liquid, the slower it flows. true or false

true

which of the can trigger a tsunami?

undersea earthquakes, undersea landslides, the eruption of an oceanic volcano