ESL 303 Grammar Final

change: "Many accidents are caused by dangerous driving." into the active voice.

Danger driving causes many accidents.

give an example of- adjective + prep noun + prep verb + prep two-word prep three-word prep

I am worried about her. This is the answer to the question. I apologize for the trouble. According to the researchers, the information is biased. In addition to the experiment, we completed other research.

Write a sentence in the present tense simple referring to a recurrent event. (now with a future time reference)

I eat dinner every night. The train leaves at 5:00 pm. It is now 4:00 pm.

Write a sentence in the present perfect progressive tense describing an action that began in the past and continues up to the present time.

I have been studying since early this morning.

Simple present Simple past Simple future

I speak, she speaks, is I spoke He will speak

give example of a verb + noun phrase + infinitive

I wanted the children to play inside.

Write a sentence in the future perfect tense describing a future action that will occur before another particular future action.

I will have already eaten dinner when you arrive at my house tonight.

example of future possible: present unreal past unreal

If I see her tomorrow, I will ask her. If I saw Mary today, I would buy her a gift If I had gone to the party, I would have seen Bob.

Write a sentence containing the present tense simple within an if-clause referring to future time.

If I win the lottery today, I will buy a car tomorrow.

Write a sentence in the past tense simple within an if-clause expressing a hypothetical condition.

If I worked this morning, I would not have to work tonight.

Present Perfect: Past Perfect: Future Perfect:

have/has + past participle: They have spoken had + past participle: She had already sold her car will have + past participle: She will have spoken

Present perfect progressive: Past perfect progressive: Future perfect progressive:

have/has been + present participle: I have been speaking had been + present participle: You had been speaking will have been + present participle: How long will we have been living here when you retire?

Adjective vs. pronoun

if noun follows, it's an adjective (This car, His dramatic roles). if no noun follows, it's a pronoun (This is what I think, Which do you want?).

when the first sound of the noun is a vowel sound, the ___ article is used.

indefinite article "an"

the part of the sentence with the preposition is the _____ object

indirect object

How is "used to" and "would" used in a past narrative.

the writer usually uses "Used to" to set the scene and uses "would" to describe the inner details.

seperable phrasal verbs can be separated when there is a ______. ex: pick up, look up, figure out, fill out, call off

noun object (not a pronoun). ex: She's going to pick up the book at his house. She's going to pick the book up at his house.

a relative pronoun can be omitted when it is in...

object position ex. He was interested in topics (WHICH) researchers and teachers claim as their domain.

wish expresses the fact that you want the ___ of the real situation to be ____. the 2 types refer to:

opposite, true. 1. the present time: He wishes he were taller. uses past tense 2. the past time: I wish I had studied harder. uses the past perfect tense

semi-modals express meaning that can usually be ____ with a central ____ verb.

paraphrased, modal. ex: had better(should), have to(must), ought to(should), be supposed to(should), be going to(will)

phrasal verbs are verbs + ____. they tend to be replaced with _____

particle. a 1-word verb for more formal reasons. ex: He took up his offer in 2008.

"a few" has a ____ connotation. "few" has a ____ connotation.

positive (John has a few friends) negative (John has few friends)

Explain when "after" is classified as a preposition and when it's a subordinating conjunction

prep: After class, I'll go home. subordinating conjunction: After I finish class, I'll go home. The word is classified as a preposition when it is not used in a dependent clause. The word becomes a subordinating conjunction when it is used in the dependent clause; meaning there is a subject and a verb.

no article is used when:

referring to a general group of something referring to an abstract noun, such as a feeling or an idea

"The" is used when:

referring to a specific noun referring to the same noun a 2nd time

The intonation pattern for a yes/no question is _____ The intonation pattern for a Wh question is ______

rising falling

reduced adjective clauses happen when the relative pronoun is in ___ position + verb ___ + 1) 2) or 3)

subject, "BE" 1) prepositional phrase 2) present participle 3) past participle

in superlatives, always start with _____

the definite article "the": "the cheapest of them all, the most serious of them all"

a relative pronoun is in subject position when...

the verb directly follows the relative pronoun. ex. The Malaysian authorities have asked the FBI for help in recovering data THAT was deleted from a home flight simulator

Copular verb

"become" verbs, "smell" verbs + subject predicative (adjective) ex. The crowd went wild. (copular) (subject predicative: adjective)

Complex transitive

"consider" verbs, 1 noun phrase and 1 adjective phrase follow the verb. The adjective phrase is called the object predicative. ex. Malaysian officials considered the information confidential. (complex trans) (NP) (AP)

when the adjective has 1 syllable (cheap, old) we add ____

"er". The shirt is cheaper than the coat.

When it's an adverb, we add ____ in front of the adverb. (slowly)

"more" My grandpa walks more slowly than my grandma.

when the adjective has 2 or more syllables (serious), we add ____.

"more" This class is more serious than my reading class.

when the last sound in the verb is voiceless, the past tense "ed" is added but pronounced as ___. when the last sound in the verb is voiced, the past tense "ed" is added but pronounced as ____. when the last sound in the verb is either "t" or "d", the past tense "ed" is added but is pronounced as ____.

"t" "d' shwa sound

You've proved [that] tonight. What is [that] in the sentence?

"that" is the direct object, because proved is a montoransitive verb.

Monotransitive verb

1 direct object (noun phrase) follows the verb. ex. A small team of F.B.I agents in Malaysia has received briefings on the investigation. (monotransitive) (direct object)

complex sentence has:

1 independent clause and at least 1 dependent clause. ex. Unless the pilot used extremely sophisticated technology to erase files, the FBI is likely to be able to retrieve them.

in VERB + VERB situations, there are groups of verbs after which 1) we have to use _____ 2) we have to use ______ There are groups of verbs that can 3) take _______ 4) use _______

1) infinitive: I DECIDED to walk home. 2) "ing": I FINISHED doing my homework. I RECCOMEND going to the movie. 3) either the infinitive for the "ing" form, and the meaning does not change: I LIKE to walk my dog. I LOVE watching you dance. 4) either the infinitive or the "ing" form, but the meaning does change. With the infinitive form, it indicates meaning of purpose: I TRIED to talk to the chair, but he wasn't there. (you attempted to talk) I TRIED talking with the chair, but he just wouldn't listen. (you did talk, but he didn't listen.

what are the 2 meanings of "used to"?

1. To describe an action that happened repeatedly in the past, but doesn't happen anymore. ex: I used to go fishing every Sunday as a child. 2. To describe a fact that was true in the past, but is not true anymore. ex: I used to live in Brazil.

1. for comparative of equality: 2. for comparative of inferiority:

1. as [adjective] as: as good as 2. less [adjective] than: less important than OR not as [adjective] as: not as important as

conditional sentences: 1. condition related to future time- (action very likely to be fulfilled) 2. condition related to present time- (action very unlikely to be fulfilled) 3. condition related to the past- (action is possible to be fulfilled)

1. future possible: if-clause(dependent) + present tense + will(independent) 2. present unreal: if-clause(dependent) + past tense + would(independent) 3. past unreal: if-clause(dependent) + past perfect tense + would have(independent)

compound complex sentence has:

2 independent clauses and at least 1 dependent clause

compound sentence has:

2 independent clauses connected by a coordinating conjunction. ex. They liked the neighborhood, so they bought a house there.

Ditransitive verb

2 noun phrases (indirect object and direct object) follow the verb. ex: Malaysia Airlines [offered] [financial assistance] [ditrans] [direct object] to [Chinese relatives of missing passengers of flight 370]. [indirect object]

Time clauses can start with a subordinating conjunction. Provide an example and explain what happens with "will".

After I graduate college, I will find a job. "will" is used in the independent clause of the sentence.

"John gave Mary the book." can have 2 distinct passive voice versions. Why?

Because the verb "give" is ditransitive, so it has 2 objects. Either object of the active voice can be used as the subject of the passive voice.

How do you identify these types of phrases? (noun phrase, verb phrase, adjective phase, adverb phrase, prepositional phrase)

Look at the first or the main word in each phrase and do not relate the phrase to other parts of the sentence when trying to identify it. example: "Getting used to new food is [especially hard]. This would be an adjective phrase because "hard" is the main word and is an adjective.

three-word phrasal verbs are ____ seperable. verb + particle + _____. you can never move the noun phrase around, and the ____ is always at the end. ex: get rid of, look forward to, put up with

NEVER. preposition. pronoun ex: I refuse to put up with his attitude.

change the active voice sentence to the passive voice without omitting the agent: "Researchers at Binghamton University have found no significant difference between the 2 groups."

No significant difference between the two groups has been found by researchers at Binghamton University.

provide an example of a sentence that has a non-restrictive clause.

Our house, which was built in 1860, is starting to fall apart.

Fix the ESL error: Last night she danced, drinked punch, and talked with everybody.

The learner did not realize that "drink" is an irregular verb, so he/she put the verb in the past form as if it were regular instead of the past form "drank" in irregular.

Write a sentence combining the past perfect tense and the past tense simple describing 2 actions that happened in the past, with the intention of showing that one of them happened in a more distant past.

She had already finished dinner when he arrived at her house last night.

Put this in the negative and explain how it is formed: "She has been living here for a long time."

She has not been living here for a long time. Subject + auxiliary verb "has" + negator "not" + auxiliary verb "been" + main verb in the present participle form + remainder of sentence.

Add an adjective clause to the dependent clause. "Since he had gotten a job, he decided to buy a new car."

Since he had gotten a job [that paid a higher salary], he decided to buy a new car.

Provide an example of a sentence in the passive voice with the agent omitted. Now put it in the active voice with the agent. What is the reason for omitting the agent?

The data was considered false. The researchers considered the data false. Since the sentence is academic, the reader already knows the agent. The by phrase is information the reader already knows

Change "A wide range of trees suitable for fuel-wood characterizes the forest." into the passive voice. Why is this passive voice version the preferred choice for academic writers?

The forest is characterized by a wide range of trees suitable for fuel-wood. Because the agent is new information to the reader and in order for the text to flow properly, the old information needs to be introduce before the new information.

What are the potential pronunciation problems with the contractions of the 2nd person singular/plural personal pronoun (you) and the 3rd personal plural (they) forms.

The learner may confuse the 2nd persona singular/plural possessive adjective "your" with the contraction of you+are "you're". He/she may also confuse the 3rd person possessive adjective "their" with the contraction of they+are "they're". This is because the possessive adjectives "your" and "their" sound the same and are pronounced the same as the contractions "you're" and "they're".

Fix the ESL error: I can to do that.

The learner put the verb "do" in the infinitive form instead of in the base form. The base form of the verb is used when it follows a modal verb (can).

Fix the ESL error: He bought a lot of equipments.

The learner treated the word "equipment" as a count noun when it is actually a non-count noun.

Fix the ESL error: Mine book is here.

The learner used the possessive pronoun "mine" instead of the possessive adjective "my".

Provide a sentence in the passive voice with a preposition other than "by"

The results can be found in the conclusion.

Explain the meaning of "would"

To describe an action that happened repeatedly in the past but doesn't happen anymore. ex: When I was a child, I would go fishing every Sunday.

Why may the active voice be used in articles when talking about researchers?

To emphasize the role of a particular researcher.

The sentence, "He said the authorities had received background-check information from the home countries of all the passengers on the plane except Ukraine and Russia" has what kind of clause

a noun clause

Explain the steps to form the sentence: a.) regarding sentence components b.) regarding the verb phrase c.) regarding the verb tense

a.) The object of the active voice becomes the subject of the passive voice and the subject of the active voice becomes the "by" phrase (agent) of the passive voice. b.) Add the auxiliary verb "BE" + the main verb in the pas participle form c.) The verb tense remains the same from active voice to passive voice

functions of modal verbs- can I go to my room?: that could/might be a problem: may: he could draw well when he was 4.: should: the train will arrive soon: will you explain it again?:

ability permission for request possibility suggestion past ability advice prediction request for someone to do something

non seperable phrasal verbs: the verb and the particle are ______. ex: get over, count on, ran into, calls on, look after

always together. ex: She has to look after her younger brother. (not "She has to look her younger brother after".)

factual condition is used for facts or situations that ______

are always true. ex: If it rains, I stay at home.

why do learners often pluralize non count nouns such as furniture, information and equipment?What countable expression is used to indicate "more than one"?

because of negative transfer between their native language and English. "I have two pieces of information."

The kinds of errors in sentences made by ESL learners are:

comma splice, fragment, run-on, subject verb agreement

"I wish he/it would__________." is often used as a ___.

complaint

A sentence cannot end in a ______, unless the ______ is ______.

contraction, contraction is negative.

many is followed by a ___ noun. much is followed by a ___ noun. it is also usually used in the ___ or ____ sentences.

count non-count. (He doesn't have much power.) negative interrogative.

explain the difference between count nouns and non count nouns.

count nouns can be used in the plural form and can be counted. (The apples are red.) non count noun are in only singular form and cannot be counted. (The homework is difficult.)

When the adjective has 2 syllables or more and ends in "y' (easy), we ____

drop the "y" and add "ier". Unit two is easier than unit one.

Tag questions are at the ___ of a sentence and need to end in a _____. When the statement is in the affirmative, the tag question is in the ______. When the statement is in the negative, the tag question is in the ______.

end, pronoun. negative affirmative

explain when for and during are used and give example.

for is used when referring to a general period of time. ex: I studied for 3 days. during is used when referring to a specific period of time that can be named. ex: I studied during spring break.

Verb "BE"

form of the verb "BE" + subject predicative ex. Was she upset? (BE) (Subject predicative)

the compliments to each verb type can be ____ clauses. these clauses can have 6 syntactic functions:

infinitive. 1. a subject: [To maintain a friendship] is difficult. 2. a subject predicative: My goal is [to look to the future] 3. object predicative: He considered them [to be successful] 4. direct object: I want [to study abroad]. 5. reduced adjective clause: That's a great thing [to do]. 6. adverbial clause: The officials quickly hired a new manager [to achieve their goals].

subordinating conjunction

is the dependent clause. if you can switch the sentence around, it's a subordinating conjunction. ex: when, while, because, as

Present progressive: Past progressive: Future progressive:

is/am + present participle: He is speaking were/was + present participle: We were speaking will be + present participle: He will be speaking

coordinating conjunction

links together words/phrases of equal status. ex: and, but, or

modals are not the ____. the ____ form follows modal verbs. could is ___ of can

main verb. base form. not the past form

Intransitive verb

no direct object (noun phrase) follows the verb. can be prepositional phrase or adverb, because this only adds info. ex. The sun rises in the east. (intransitive)