Ethic Practice Quizzes

An analyst hosts group trainings involving Parent-Child Interaction Therapy at a local community center. The analyst notices that one parent—a single-mother--has missed two sessions in a row. A friend of the parent explains that the mother is currently working two jobs and, due to issues with her vehicle, now must use the bus. The bus schedule doesn't allow for attendance at the normally scheduled time. The analyst replies "That unfortunate. However, people who want to be here find ways to attend. I cannot provide individual sessions for every parent." In terms of the analyst, this situation is most directly related to which of the following? 1. Achievement and maintenance of competence 2. Competence in human diversity 3. Restricting one's practice within the bounds of competence 4. Protecting others' welfare

Competence in human diversity

Refusing to release patient data is most closely associated with which of the following? 1. Confidentiality 2. Ethics 3. Anonymity 4. Justice

Confidentiality

An analyst witnesses an incident at work with which he is not entirely comfortable. What should he do first? 1. Confirm that the incident is actually covered in the ethics guidelines 2. Contact everyone who was involved in the situation 3. Describe the situation on social media 4. Develop three approaches to the problem

Confirm that the incident is actually covered in the ethics guidelines

Which of the following is the MINIMUM needed to claim competence in an area of practice? 1. Coursework, reading articles, conducting research involving the practice, and implementing the practice for at least three years 2. Coursework involving the procedure 3. Coursework, familiarity with recent work regarding the practice, and some supervised and independent experience in implementation 4. Coursework involving the procedure and reading an article

Coursework, familiarity with recent work regarding the practice, and some supervised and independent experience in implementation

In discussing test results with a family whose child was recently evaluated for a disability, a new speech pathologist plans on explicitly covering multiple aspects of a recent assessment. This would including terms such as "diacohokinetic syllable rate" and "ataxia". Noting that neither of the parent have completed high school, a mentor advises the speech pathologist to discard such terms in favor of simpler explanations. This mentor's suggestions is most closely related to which of the following? 1. Cultural competence 2. Microaggression 3. Cultural pluralism 4. Ethnocentrism

Cultural competence

A student who recently transferred into an Iowa City School District was recently referred for a special education by a teacher concerned about the lack of eye-contact the student made with teachers and staff in class. In Japan, lack of eye-contact can be considered a sign of deference. This situation is most closely related to which of the following? 1. Equity 2. Eugenics 3. Cultural dissonance 4. Disproportionality

Cultural dissonance

Acknowledging diversity as a strength, rather than expecting all individuals to assume characteristics of the dominant group, is most closely related to which of the following? 1. Cultural pluralism 2. Ethnocentrism 3. Equality 4. Assimilation

Cultural pluralism

The Milgram Obedience study is most closely related to which of the following issues? 1. Respect for autonomy 2. Physical harm to participants 3. Confidentiality 4. Deception

Deception

Which of the following is NOT representative of the care individuals with disabilities received prior to the 1960s? 1. Separation of children with disabilities from their families 2. Willowbrook 3. Deinstitutionalization 4. Experimentation, abuse, and neglect

Deinstitutionalization

Incompetence in presentation is best exemplified by which of the following? 1. Accepting expensive gifts from the families of clients 2. Deliberately misleading participants about the effectiveness of an approach to instruction. 3. Categorizing a child who does not speak English as having a learning disability based on the results of tests written in English. 4. Implementing a procedure without receiving appropriate training

Deliberately misleading participants about the effectiveness of an approach to instruction.

Suggesting that a child should never, under any circumstances be placed in time out as an ethical guideline provides an example of which of the following? 1. Deontological ethics 2. A law 3. Teleogical ethics 4. Naivete

Deontological ethics

Walmsey and Baker (2019) recommend "analyzing molecular contingencies" before agreeing to use a non-behavioral treatment. This is best defined as which of the following? 1. Identifying the external factors (e.g., peer pressure, monetary gain) that might compel you, a BCBA, to use nonbehavioral treatment 2. Determining how the treatment works from a behavioral perspectives 3. Reviewing quality indicators of group designs in order to determine whether studies supporting the non-behavioral treatment are sound. 4. Figuring out whether the treatment is described in sufficient detail to replicate.

Determining how the treatment works from a behavioral perspectives

An incapacity to perform as other children do because of some impairment in sensory, physical, cognitive, or other area of functioning is best defined as which of the following? 1. Exceptionality 2. Disability 3. Handicap 4. Developmental delay

Disability

The range of human differences, including but not limited to race, ethnicity, gender, gender identity, sexual orientation, age, social class, physical ability or attributes, religious or ethical values system, national origin, and political beliefs, is best referred to as which of the following? 1. Assimilation 2. Diversity 3. Ethnocentrism 4. Culture

Diversity

A system of rules recognized by a country or community as regulating individuals action and enforced by the imposition of penalties is best defined as which of the following? 1. Ethics 2. Morals 3. Laws 4. Guidelines

Laws

The effective, routine enforcement of ethical standards of conduct for BCBAs is most closely associated with which of the following? 1. State licensing boards 2. The BACB 3. The police 4. Employers

State licensing boards

A BCBA plans on conducting research with her clients. She plan on using a new strategy to address issues each of them has presented in treatment. In conducting research with clients, which of the following steps might the BCBA protect her clients? 1. The researcher should not conduct baseline assessment 2. The researcher should let her clients know that she won't continue to serve them if they refuse to participate. 3. Clients should be told that the experimental treatment is effective 4. Steps should be taken to assure the clients that they are not required to participate

Steps should be taken to assure the clients that they are not required to participate

Inappropriate generalizations from a group to an individual are best defined as which of the following? 1. Assimilation 2. Ethnocentrism 3. Microassault 4. Stereotype

Stereotype

A graduate student plans to implement a home-based procedure to teach children with Down syndrome to read. She has not yet contacted an IRB. She plans on having the parents sign consent forms. She is not sure if she needs to have the child sign something as well. Which of the following statements regarding this situation is MOST accurate? 1. Student permission could be waived because the procedure is apparently not dangerous, but the IRB will need to be informed and make the final decision. 2. She must get permission from the student 3. She does not have to get any form of permission from the student 4. She is only required to get oral permission from the student since the study concerns an instructional practice

Student permission could be waived because the procedure is apparently not dangerous, but the IRB will need to be informed and make the final decision.

Which of the following statements regarding a professional who is governed by two ethical codes is TRUE? 1. Professionals must dictate which code they will choose to follow for beginning practice. 2. The professional should adhere to the standards of the profession with which they identify more closely 3. The professional should adhere to the more rigorous standards 4. The professional should do what is most convenient in a given situation.

The professional should adhere to the more rigorous standards

Dr. King is attempting to examine the relative accuracy of two different preference assessments: Surveys and choice-stimulus assessments (i.e., picking a piece of candy when presented with several different types). He proposes to conduct daily, 30-minute sessions with students for two months. Sessions will occur during the students' regularly scheduled reading instruction. On which of the following grounds will the IRB be most likely to reject his application? 1. The benefits of the procedures are not worth the risk 2.The students are likely to miss reading instruction by participating in the study. 3. The procedures may be severely harmed by the procedures 4. The IRB will not object--there are no issues with this experiment.

The students are likely to miss reading instruction by participating in the study.

Which of the following is related to the client's right to effective treatment? 1. HIPAA 2. Guideline 1: Responsible Conduct of Behavior Analysis 3. Brown v. Board 4. Wyatt v. Stickney

Wyatt v. Stickney

One night after dinner, you log in to Facebook®. One of your co-workers and Facebook® friends, Lisa, had posted a picture of herself with a patient whose parents are local celebrities. Along with the picture, Lisa posts "He's doing so well!" You fondly remember providing services to this individual and "like" the picture. The next day, both you and Lisa are called into your supervisor's office, and confronted about a HIPAA complaint. Who is going to be in trouble for this? 1. Lisa 2. You and Lisa 3. You 4. No one - this is not a violation

You and Lisa

A BCBA attempting to create behavior objectives and intervention plan for a new client refers to a plan he previously created for another client. He alters the objectives based on the specific behaviors exhibited by the client and copies and pastes the intervention plan, which consists of DRO and DRA, into the new plan. Which of the following statements concerning the BCBA's conduct is correct? 1. There is nothing wrong with the BCBA's conduct, as long the behavior objectives are consistent with the client's behavior. 2. The BCBA should consider revising the treatment plan, but the objectives are appropriate because they align with the needs of the individual. 3. There is nothing wrong with the BCBA's conduct—behavior plans may be used, and do not have to be unique to individual clients. 4. The BCBA should not refer to early treatment plans or objectives when addressing the needs of a new client

he BCBA should consider revising the treatment plan, but the objectives are appropriate because they align with the needs of the individual.

How long must the BCBA generally wait before terminating records? 1. There is no mandatory waiting period. 2. 20 years 3. 7 years 4. 2 years

7 years

Which of the following episodes is related to ethical issues related to restricting services to within one's boundary of knowledge and experience? 1. A special educator advises paraprofessionals working in his class to use person-first language and avoid terms that can be potentially offensive. 2. Nora received her MA in psychology with a specialization in addressing the inappropriate behaviors of adolescents. She attended a few conferences after graduation several years ago, but stopped attending because she found they didn't interest her. 3. A school psychologist who has primarily worked as a counselor for adolescents with anxiety disorders is asked to assist in creating an IEP of a young boy with ASD who exhibits severe head-banging behavior. The school psychologist is the only mental health professional in the school. 4. A mother of a child with developmental disabilities encourage the school to stop language training, as the mother fears the ability to request objects will make the child "pushy and demanding."

A school psychologist who has primarily worked as a counselor for adolescents with anxiety disorders is asked to assist in creating an IEP of a young boy with ASD who exhibits severe head-banging behavior. The school psychologist is the only mental health professional in the school.

Which of the following describes the Belmont Report? 1. A book written about the Tuskegee experiments 2. A set of ethical principles and guidelines for the protection of human subjects involved in research that came out in 1979 3. A report from the APA (American Psychological Association) that provides ethical guidelines for psychologists 4. A report detailing the results of Nazi experiments in 1947 with recommendations for preventing this from happening in the future.

A set of ethical principles and guidelines for the protection of human subjects involved in research that came out in 1979

Which of the following episodes is related to ethical issues posed by autonomy? 1. A psychologist discusses his cases with his friends after work 2. A therapist determines that a bed-ridden patient in a nursing can walk. The therapist encouraged walking and provided additional support. The therapy resulted in the patient walking; however, she fell and broke her hip while walking around the facility 3. A mother asks an IEP team to create an objective related to aggressive behavior 4. A behavioral therapist inappropriately bills for hours

A therapist determines that a bed-ridden patient in a nursing can walk. The therapist encouraged walking and provided additional support. The therapy resulted in the patient walking; however, she fell and broke her hip while walking around the facility

After obtaining parental consent for conducting an FA for a client with ASD and self injurious behaviors, an analyst explains the results as follows: "I examined the rate of precursors to SIB across three typical FA conditions: Control, Attention, Alone, and Escape. If I had a graph, you'd be able to see that your child's rate of inappropriate behavior was high across all conditions, suggesting that the behavior is maintained by automatic reinforcement." Which of the following statements concerning this scenario is TRUE? 1. The use of the FA for a client with SIB is unethical 2. According to ethical guidelines, the BCBA should consider provide a more understandable description of the results of the FA 3. It is illegal for the analyst to discuss results of an assessment without a graphical display. 4. The BCBA had done nothing wrong in this instance.

According to ethical guidelines, the BCBA should consider provide a more understandable description of the results of the FA

An occupational therapist encourages a parent to refuse services from a BCBA, saying "they treat kids like dogs." This is an example of which of the following? 1. Appeal to faith 2. Ad hominem 3. Correlation fallacy 4. Shifting the burden of proof

Ad hominem

In an IEP meeting, a BCBA and a therapist, who will be working together on a regular basis, argue about the benefits of using Irlen Lenses, rather than differential reinforcement, to treat the self-injurious behavior of a student. The therapist finally says, "We both wants what is best. We will conduct an FBA and implement differential reinforcement. However, the student will wear Irlen Lenses during their 1:1 reading time." The student's parent supports the plan. What should the BCBA do here? 1. Try to convince the mother that the lenses will have no effect on the child. 2. Agree to the plan, as the use of lenses will not prevent effective treatment. 3. Consider integrating Irlen Lenses into their other behavioral treatments. 4. Report the therapist to their own professional organization for recommending an ineffective

Agree to the plan, as the use of lenses will not prevent effective treatment.

Allison learns from one of her RBTs that a 4 year-old in the program for language training has recently started to bang his head. Parents report that this is a new behavior. Allison recommends that the child be told "No!" whenever this behavior occurs, as this has worked with other children in the program. Which of the following statements concerning Allison's decision is MOST accurate? 1. Allison's decision is correct, as long as Allison has a meeting with the child's parents first to obtain their approval to implement the program. 2. Allison's decision is incorrect, as Allison should always start with an intervention that only involves the use of reinforcement for appropriate behaviors. 3. Allison's decision is correct, as a verbal reprimand would be considered a "low intensity" aversive. 4. Allison's decision is incorrect, as she should conduct an FBA first and then implement a program that utilizes the least restrictive intervention first.

Allison's decision is incorrect, as she should conduct an FBA first and then implement a program that utilizes the least restrictive intervention first.

Which of the following provides an example of a potentially harmful dual relationship? 1. A BCBA begins dating the mother of a child with ASD 2. One of your clients begins dating an individual who is receiving services from another BCBA in your clinic 3. A supervisor gives the RBT with the best attendance record a coupon for a free lunch at Subway 4. An RBT becomes close friends with his supervising BCBA

An RBT becomes close friends with his supervising BCBA

In an IEP meeting, a BCBA and a therapist argue about the benefits of using Irlen Lenses, rather than differential reinforcement, to treat the self-injurious behavior of a student. The therapist finally says, "We both wants what is best, and we're both suggesting treatments supported by evidence. We can let the parent decide." This is an example following "flaws" in arguing for ineffective treatment? 1. Appeal to faith 2. Argument to moderation 3. False authority 4. Anecdotal evidence

Argument to moderation

You have been serving as a behavioral consultant to a preschool program for children with ASD. All of the children have IEPs. The teacher greets you the next time arrive and asks for help with a youngster who is becoming increasingly aggressive. The teacher wants to immediately start a time out program. What should you do? 1. Ask the teacher to contact the family to obtain consent for you to conduct an assessment. Then conduct a functional behavioral assessment. 2. Tell the teacher that she's welcome to start a time-out program, but not to tell anyone that you had anything to do with it (it's fine for a teacher to use time out, but as a BCBA, you have to be more careful). 3. Help the teacher develop a time-out plan 4. Read the most recent literature on treating aggression in preschoolers with ASD.

Ask the teacher to contact the family to obtain consent for you to conduct an assessment. Then conduct a functional behavioral assessment.

An affirmative agreement made by a minor to participate in research is best defined as which of the following? 1. Assent 2. Consent 3. Informed consent 4. Agreement

Assent

The belief that children with autism should play in a manner that is similar to their peer without disabilities is often criticized as an example of which of the following? 1. Microaggression 2. Cultural pluralism 3. Disproportionality 4. Assimilation

Assimilation

Which of the following ethical issues could be handled by a BCaBA (Board Certified Assistant Behavior Analyst)? (RBT = Registered Behavior Technician) 1. At an IEP meeting at which the analyst consults, a special educator said, 'I recommend we try a sensory diet with a weighted vest; I think it is best for this student, since he has a sensory processing disorder.' 2. An RBT discloses that the parents of a student who currently receives services at home regularly smoke marijuana in the presence of the RBT and the child. 3. For a group home at which the analyst consults, a client began 'food expansion therapy,' started with force feeding of sliced strawberries. This resulted in the child vomiting, and then the food was re-presented again. Non-certified staff did this force-feeding 4. An RBT shares the story of what happened at a job interview at another agency. When she mentioned where she worked, the interviewing manager said disparaging things about the owner of the company. The interviewer said the owner was fired for committing fraud. The interviewing manager also told the RBT specific personal information about another family that used to receive services from the interviewing agency.

At an IEP meeting at which the analyst consults, a special educator said, 'I recommend we try a sensory diet with a weighted vest; I think it is best for this student, since he has a sensory processing disorder.'

After receiving consent to conduct an FA and related assessment for a child with ASD, a BCBA determines the function of the child's disruptive behavior is escape. He creates an original behavior plan, which receives approval from parents. The plan involves placing the behavior on extinction and using DRO. He conducts a preference assessment to identify reinforcers, and decides to use small portions of green pepper. The analyst ensures a strong MO is in effect by making sure the student does not receive breakfast prior to instructional sessions. Which of the following ethical guidelines is most relevant to a potential violation? 1. Approving behavior change programs 2. Avoiding harmful reinforcers and motivating operations 3. Considerations regarding punishment procedures 4. Conceptual consistency

Avoiding harmful reinforcers and motivating operations

Which of the following statements concerning behavior analysis and cultural diversity is TRUE? 1. Deinstitutionalization has reduced the importance of cultural competence for behavior analysts. 2. B.F. Skinner defined culture as human constructed contingencies of punishment and reinforcement 3. The "science of behavior" does not account for the role of culture in human behavior 4. Behavior analysts are traditionally invested in cultural diversity and believe it is central to their practice.

B.F. Skinner defined culture as human constructed contingencies of punishment and reinforcement

Which of the following statements pertaining to informed consent is TRUE? 1. BCBAs must obtain consent for research, treatment, and assessment 2. In a treatment context BCBAs are only required to disclose information pertaining to therapeutic procedures—it is not needed for substantive changes to objectives. 3. Consent must only be collected at the start of a professional relationship 4. Procedures must be described to clients in behavioral language (e.g., reinforcement, motivating operations, etc.)

BCBAs must obtain consent for research, treatment, and assessment

A family you have been working with for 3-4 months on an outpatient basis learn that their insurance will only cover up to 10 sessions a year. Finances are a problem for the family, as the father has been out of work. The family offers to provide landscaping services for the grounds around your office in exchange for your continuing to work with them. What should you do? 1. Accept the offer, but spell things out specifically so that there will be no disagreements about the exchange 2. Accept the offer, since you are obligated not to suddenly discontinue services and this would allow the family to continue to work with you 3. Don't accept the offer, since you shouldn't barter. Terminate the case immediately (since you don't want it getting around town that you'll work for free). 4. Don't accept the offer. Consider using a sliding fee scale schedule or even providing the work pro bono (or help the family to find someone else who does pro bono work). It is dangerous to barter for services, as it is hard to equate landscaping services and behavioral services

Don't accept the offer. Consider using a sliding fee scale schedule or even providing the work pro bono (or help the family to find someone else who does pro bono work). It is dangerous to barter for services, as it is hard to equate landscaping services and behavioral services

You have a degree in early child development and are the director of behavioral psychology for a preschool program serving children with severe behavioral disorders. A position becomes available in your agency to become the behavioral psychology director of adolescent services. It pays more and would be good for your long-term prospects. However, most of the adolescents come from broken homes and are in foster care. What should you do? 1. Don't accept the position. Tell the person offering you the position that you do not have the proper experience to take on the job. 2. Accept the position, but also take some course on adolescent mental health issues and treatment. 3. Don't accept the position. Tell the person offering you the position that you're very happy where you are. 4. Accept the position, as you'll be in administration and won't be providing direct services.

Don't accept the position. Tell the person offering you the position that you do not have the proper experience to take on the job.

Dr. Bandura is a BCBA hired to help an adolescent with developmental disabilities who engages in severe self-injurious behavior. This consists of eye-gouging, to the point where the student is blind in one eye, and head-banging. A medical examination reveals that the two behaviors have caused permanent damage, with the potential to cause even more harm. Which of the following statements concerning treatment options is TRUE? 1. Dr. Bandura may consider initially using punishment in addition to implementing a reinforcement-based procedure given the severity of the behavior. 2. Regardless of the severity of the behavior, Dr. Bandura is obligated to implement positive reinforcement-based procedures before using extinction procedures 3. Due to the severity of the behavior, Dr. Bandura does not need to consider using reinforcement based approaches 4. It is not necessary for Dr. Bandura to obtain parental consent for treatment given the severity of the behavior

Dr. Bandura may consider initially using punishment in addition to implementing a reinforcement-based procedure given the severity of the behavior.

Which of the following is most closely related to MAINTAINING competence? 1. Admitting when you are confronted with a situation you do not understand 2. Successfully passing the BCBA exam 3. Earning CEUs 4. Initially completing a course sequence approved by ABAI

Earning CEUs

Under HIPAA, which of the following would MOST likely be considered secure electronic communication? 1. Social media 2. Electronic medical record program 3. Professional online forums 4. Personal email

Electronic medical record program

Correct rules of conduct in research and practice are best defined as which of the following? 1. Laws 2. Standards 3. Ethics 4. Competence

Ethics

The belief that traits, characteristics, and other practices associated with alternatives to their own culture are maladaptive or deviant most is associated with which of the following? 1. Ethnocentrism 2. Multiculturalism 3. Equality 4. Disproportionality

Ethnocentrism

Your new supervisee gives you a copy of the written recommendations he has provided to the parents of one of his cases for how to manage tantrums. It is a comprehensive program that covers prevention strategies, alternative behaviors to teach, and consequences. The only problem is that you know the child's parents, and they have limited education and probably won't understand many of the technical behavioral terms that the supervisee has used. What should you do as a supervisor? 1. Have the supervisee rewrite the report so that the family can understand it, prior to meeting with them. 2. Have the supervisee meet with the family and explain the report on easier to understand language. 3. Replace the supervisee with someone who is less technical and can write more simply 4. Have the supervisee work directly with the family to implement the program. The report is simply for administrative and billing purposes.

Have the supervisee rewrite the report so that the family can understand it, prior to meeting with them.

Avoiding a conflict of interest is most consistent with which of the following? 1. Confidentiality 2. Respect for autonomy 3. Honesty and integrity 4. Competence

Honesty and integrity

Which of the following statements regarding evidence-based practices in ABA is TRUE? 1. The BACB has clear guidelines that judge the quality of research 2. In applied behavior analysis, the term refers to clinical decision making framework based on patient data, experience, and research 3. Practices that are evidenced-based are guaranteed to be effective 4. One study demonstrating that an intervention is effective is sufficient to identify the practice as EBP.

In applied behavior analysis, the term refers to clinical decision making framework based on patient data, experience, and research

An experienced analyst begins collecting baseline data on a child with severe behavior problems whose conduct is so severe it prevents him from living at home. On the second day of baseline, an administrator approaches the analyst and congratulates him on treating the child, and mentions the rapid improvement in the child's condition. The analyst promptly informs the administrator that he has not yet implemented a treatment. This is most closely related to which of the following? 1. Confidentiality 2. Competence 3. Integrity 4. Respect for Autonomy

Integrity

An ABA supervisor takes time to teach a supervisee how to conduct a session in discrete trial training involving the identification of sight words on flash cards. At the end of the session, the supervisor says "You've done a fantastic job. You're performing so well in fact that I think you can perform these tasks independently. I'll be out of town next week on vacation - you will use this technique with one of my students during his sessions. He is a high functioning student with ASD who displays no problem behaviors. He's working on science vocabulary. I'll leave a lesson plan. You'll be fine. I'll grade your performance when I return." The supervisor receives compensation for these sessions. 1. It is not acceptable for the supervisor to make this arrangement, as it is potentially exploitative. 2. This arrangement is acceptable. 3. It is not acceptable for the supervisor to make this arrangement, as it poses a great deal of harm to the client. 4. It is not acceptable for the supervisor, as having the supervisee perform this service would constitute a dual relationship.

It is not acceptable for the supervisor to make this arrangement, as it is potentially exploitative.

Frank is an analyst at a residential facility where an adult (age 18) with ASD and IQ under 70 has exhibited a range of behaviors associated with pedophilia. He targets young children, removes their clothes, and attempts to contact their genital areas. These behaviors have increased in frequency in the facility and the community. Frank has no experience with these issues but is being pressured by his supervisor to assess the situation and provide treatment. Which of the following statements regarding this situation is TRUE? 1. Frank is qualified to address the behavior of the adult. 2. The consequence of failure or incompetence in this situation are likely minimal. 3. Frank has no choice but to obey his supervisor. 4. It is unethical for Frank to provide treatment in this situation.

It is unethical for Frank to provide treatment in this situation.

Jeremy is attempting to conduct a parent training study concerning the efficacy of specific cultural adaptations. Which of the following approaches is LEAST likely to have been featured in a previous study? 1. Jeremy creates recruitment materials that directly appeal to Native American ideas of parenting 2. Jeremy translates parent training materials into the native language of participants. 3. Jeremy provides explicit instructions regarding what teachers in the US expect from parents and students 4. Jeremy eliminates words such as reinforcement from the treatment plan

Jeremy creates recruitment materials that directly appeal to Native American ideas of parenting

Katherine is going to be covering for you while you are on vacation. You need to provide Katherine with the details of a patient's treatment. Which of the following actions is MOST likely a breach of HIPAA? 1. Sending Katherine an email with the details of the patient's treatment using your work approved email. 2. Leaving a private message on Katherine's social media account with the treatment details. 3. Leaving a message on Katherine's work phone with the details of the patient's treatment. 4. Sending the patient's last progress report to Katherine via the electronic medical record program.

Leaving a private message on Katherine's social media account with the treatment details.

In consulting with a general educator who is having problems with a student with ASD, the BCBA reviews the educator's classroom management plan and other accommodations made for the student. Impressed, the BCBA says "I'm actually surprised at how good these plans are." This is most likely an example of which of the following? 1. Microinvalidation 2. Microaggression 3. Cultural competence 4. Stereotype

Microaggression

The nonbinding code that consisted of 10 guidelines for researchers that placed specific emphasis is best described as which of the following? 1. Nuremberg Code 2. Belmont Report 3. Declaration of Helsinki 4. Individuals with Disabilities Education Act

Nuremberg Code

A music therapist working with an IEP team asks the RBT you are supervising to use an intervention. Anytime the child is noncompliant, the TSS is to respond by singing the command instead. The child's mother is interested in this approach. Which of the following is the most effective and ethical response? 1. Call the music therapist yourself and demand that she provide you with research supporting her recommendations. Tell her that you've already looked over the literature and find it to be poorly controlled.. 2. Immediately remove the RBT and yourself from the case, as this is clearly not the kind of family who appreciates ABA. 3. Advise the RBT to implement the intervention. 4. Offer an alternative intervention (which has ABA support). If the mother insists on singing commands, offer to meet with the music therapist and see if the program can be revised to avoid reinforcing noncompliance (e.g., sing all commands, but use guided compliance if child doesn't comply). Then take data.

Offer an alternative intervention (which has ABA support). If the mother insists on singing commands, offer to meet with the music therapist and see if the program can be revised to avoid reinforcing noncompliance (e.g., sing all commands, but use guided compliance if child doesn't comply). Then take data.

Which of the following statements concerning diversity in Special Education is TRUE? 1. Over time, it is likely that special educators will encounter less diversity in the classroom. 2. African-American students generally receive 3. In relation to special education, there is no evidence to suggest that students are treated differently on the basis of race or ethnicity 4. On average, professionals in special education are white, middle-class, and female.

On average, professionals in special education are white, middle-class, and female.

Incompetence in maintaining appropriate boundaries is exemplified by which of the following? 1. Providing services for the child of an old friend 2. Touting ABA as a miracle of modern science 3. Deliberately misleading participants about the purpose of a study. 4. Conducting a functional analysis for a child who, in addition to head banging, also has a tooth ache

Providing services for the child of an old friend

A BCBA is hired by a school to provide services to a child with intellectual disabilities who exhibits self-injurious behaviors. Which of the following best describes the BCBA's priorities in this situation? 1. Doing what he feels is right--if the BCBA is asked to do something he doesn't approve of, he should quit on the spot. 2. Making sure the principle is happy--he could fire the BCBA 3. Putting the child's care above other considerations. 4. Making sure the parents are happy--they could sue

Putting the child's care above other considerations

Which of the following is most directly related to the pursuit of excellence? 1. Reading journal articles 2. Telling the truth about why a treatment was unsuccessful 3. Refusing to use a treatment you yourself would not submit to 4. Acknowledging that individuals from different cultures have different values

Reading journal articles

Which of the following statements concerning the overrepresentation of minorities in special education is TRUE? 1. African-American students are more likely to receive a diagnosis of ASD than other groups 2. Relative to their proportion in the overall population, there are more African-Americans enrolled in special education than White students 3. Among children from low-SES backgrounds, African-Americans are more likely to receive special education students than White students 4. White students are more likely to receive severe punishment than students from other groups other groups.

Relative to their proportion in the overall population, there are more African-Americans enrolled in special education than White students

Teaching a child to say "no" despite the reservations of her mother is most closely related to which of the following? 1. Respect for Autonomy 2. Responsibility 3. Pursuit of Excellence 4. Justice

Respect for Autonomy

A young man with developmental disabilities becomes aggressive in the afternoons—he disrobes, stays in his room, and listens to music, rather than participate in group activities. Removing the man from his room often involves crisis procedures implemented by multiple staff. One of the employees suggests that the man should be allowed to stay in his room, thus avoiding the problem entirely. This is related to which of the following? 1. Pursuit of excellence 2. Respect for rights and dignity 3. Honesty and integrity 4. Confidentiality

Respect for rights and dignity

Providing an adult who has an intellectual disability with a consent form written in a manner that he can understand it is most closely related to which of the following? 1. Pursuit of excellence 2. Punishment 3. Accountability 4. Respect for rights and dignity

Respect for rights and dignity

Which of the following is most likely a breach of HIPAA? 1. Documenting in your organization's electronic medical record program after seeing a patient. 2. Leaving a message for a colleague on their work phone about a patient's treatment. 3. Responding to an email about a patient via your organization's approved email network. 4. Responding to a patient's treatment related question (asked in treatment) on Twitter.

Responding to a patient's treatment related question (asked in treatment) on Twitter.

John implements a 30 minute intervention designed to reduce stereotypy in children with ASD. John finally finishes his data collection and begins to analyze the data. While closely inspecting his data, he notices that stereotypy consistently decreased during the first 15 minutes of each therapy session; however, these reductions were not maintained across the full 30 minutes. John believes that this is an important finding. Thus, he re-analyzes his data so that his graphs only include stereotypy that occurred during the first 15 minutes of each baseline and therapy session. The school principal is delighted when she views his graphs and immediately begins to tout the new therapy offered at her school. He overhears her telling the parents of prospective students that the therapy produces remarkable reductions in stereotypic behavior, which leads to improvements in attention and learning. John is a bit uncomfortable with this, but he is glad that the school principal is so pleased with his efforts. She has begun to talk about possible job opportunities for him at the school after he graduates, including a new position as director of research. She also suggests he publish the article as soon as possible, with herself as second author. What should John do? 1. Reveal that original results of the experiment to the principal and encourage her to publicly retract statements regarding the efficacy of the treatment 2. Refuse to publish the article and quickly conclude the study 3. Attempt to publish the article quickly, so as to avoid making the principal upset 4. Publish the original results of the study, but add the principal's name as second author.

Reveal that original results of the experiment to the principal and encourage her to publicly retract statements regarding the efficacy of the treatment

Ryan, a graduate student at the University of Iowa, decides to conduct his masters at a local school district classroom. The district has a review board that approves all research conducted in district. Ryan submits his proposal to the district board, obtains their approval and starts his project. Which of the following statements is TRUE? 1. Ryan's action is unethical, as Ryan didn't get his masters thesis committee to send a letter to the district board supporting his project. 2. Ryan's action is ethical, as Ryan has followed the district's regulations regarding conducting research in district classrooms 3. Ryan's action is unethical, because Ryan is a graduate student at UI. In addition to obtaining district board approval, he still must submit his project for approval to the University Institutional Review Board. 4. Ryan's action is unethical, because Ryan should have gotten a letter from the dean indicating departmental support for the project

Ryan's action is unethical, because Ryan is a graduate student at UI. In addition to obtaining district board approval, he still must submit his project for approval to the University Institutional Review Board.

Eugenics is most closely associated with which of the following? 1. Selective breeding of humans 2. Empowerment of families with disabilities 3. Blaming refrigerator moms for the behavior of children with autism 4. Cultural adaptations for practices in special education

Selective breeding of humans

Cassie has been treating a young girl with autism in her private practice. During the course of treatment, she learns that the girl's father has been abusing alcohol and that the parents have had a trial separation. The family's insurance company has requested information about the treatment, such as treatment plans and progress, so that they may process payment. Cassie should do which of the following? 1. Refuse to send the insurance company the treatment notes unless one of the parents signs a release of information 2. Send the insurance company information on treatment goals and a summary of the girl's progress in treatment. Exclude any information about the parents. 3. Refuse to send the insurance company any information, as this would be a breach of confidentiality 4. Send the insurance company copies of the treatment notes, detailing the girl's progress as well as concerns with the father's behavior and trial separation.

Send the insurance company information on treatment goals and a summary of the girl's progress in treatment. Exclude any information about the parents.

Which of the following statements best describes the results of Mason and Iwata's (1990) experiment involving sensory-integration therapy? 1. Sensory-integration therapy can be more effective when combined with applied behavior analysis 2. Sensory integration appears to work when it involves manipulating contingencies responsible for behavior; the same effect can be achieved without sensory integration therapy. 3. Sensory integration effectively addresses issues with the central nervous system linked to the occurrence of self-injurious behavior. 4. Sensory-integration therapy has no effect on self-injurious behavior

Sensory integration appears to work when it involves manipulating contingencies responsible for behavior; the same effect can be achieved without sensory integration therapy.

Dr. King, a new PhD in at the University of Iowa, has recently completed a study and is on the verge of submitting it for publication. Prior to submitting, one of his new friends from the department stops by and encourages him to make Dr. Kasowitz, the department head, second author. Dr. King is puzzled, as Kasowitz had nothing to do with the study. The friend suggests that Dr. King's chances at promotion will increase if he puts Dr. Kasowitz on the paper. What should Dr. King do? 1. Withhold publication of the study until he has moved to a different department 2. Talk to Dr. Kasowitz directly, and be sure that including him on the paper will actually contribute to a promotion. 3. Submit the paper, as originally intended, without adding Dr. Kasowitz 4. Add Dr. Kasowitz's name to the paper without making a scene

Submit the paper, as originally intended, without adding Dr. Kasowitz

You have been working as the BCBA for a family (composed of a divorced mother and her two children) for 6 months when you learn that your brother has started to date the mother. What should you do? 1. Call your brother and yell at him for being such a jerk. 2. Do nothing, as none of your brother's relationships ever last more than a few months. 3. Immediately stop working with the family and find a replacement from your agency. 4. Talk with your supervisor and make arrangements to turn over the case to another clinician. Make sure that there is ample time to train the new clinician and to insure that the transition is smooth.

Talk with your supervisor and make arrangements to turn over the case to another clinician. Make sure that there is ample time to train the new clinician and to insure that the transition is smooth.

Suggesting that a BCBA should not abruptly discontinue services for a client, but may discontinue services in the event that a client is not benefiting from services is an example of which of the following? 1. Deontological ethics 2. Teleological ethics 3. Scatological ethics 4. Tautological ethics

Teleological ethics

A co-worker approaches you and reveals that she was sexually assaulted by the family member of a client. Which of the following describes an appropriate reaction? 1. Thank her for sharing her story and provide the coworker with options for getting help. 2. Tell the co-worker that you have no choice but to report the incident to the police. 3. Let the co-worker know that the incident may be related to her choice of attire. 4. This is a serious allegation. The best thing to do is to ask the co-worker questions and be sure that she hasn't misunderstood what happened.

Thank her for sharing her story and provide the coworker with options for getting help.

A BCBA has been asked to help consult with a rural school who is having issues with a the aggression of an adolescent who has an intellectual disability. He mentions to a colleague that "I may not bother doing a functional analysis (FA), as the behavior is likely maintained by escape from academic tasks. General educators usually don't care about students with disabilities." What is the issue with this statement? 1. Skipping the FA is likely in the best interests of the student . 2. The BCBA's attitude will make it easier for him to work in school settings 3. The BCBA is rude, but this will have no impact on his client's wellbeing. 4. The BCBA has issues with cultural self-awareness

The BCBA has issues with cultural self-awareness

Which of the following statements regarding the Sunland Miami Scandal is TRUE? 1. Staff were required to implement procedures with fidelity 2. The abuses occurred as part of the treatment plans 3. No data regarding response to treatment was collected 4. There were no policies against abuse

The abuses occurred as part of the treatment plans

A BCBA has been providing three months of verbal behavior training for a non-vocal child with ASD. One afternoon, an irate parent barges into the office and insists on terminating services immediately. "We've been going at this for a month, and all he can do is make noises. I just thought she'd be talking by now." This situation suggests the BCBA may have been ineffective in regards to which of the following? 1. The BCBA does not appear to have sought assent for procedures, which is required in this case 2. The BCBA has not explained the ethical guidelines that prevent the parent from terminating services immediately. 3. The BCBA may have needed to explain the objectives and likely outcomes to the parent more explicitly 4. It is clear from the child's lack of progress that the BCBA has not been applying training procedures correctly.

The BCBA may have needed to explain the objectives and likely outcomes to the parent more explicitly

A BCBA begins working with a new client, a nonverbal preschooler who has suddenly started engaging in self-injurious behavior. Which of the following first steps is most appropriate? The mother was referred by a member of the community and has not met with anyone else. 1. The BCBA should attempt to change the behavior using positive reinforcement. 2. The BCBA should encourage the mother to seek a medical evaluation. 3. The BCBA should recommend punishing the behavior, as punishment will work, and the child has the right to effective treatment 4. The BCBA should conduct a functional analysis.

The BCBA should encourage the mother to seek a medical evaluation.

A BCBA is attempting to address anxiety in a student with ASD. None of his treatments have worked thus far. The child's mother recommends the analyst use a treatment. After a literature search, the analyst determines the treatment for anxiety in ASD is supported by two single-case design studies. According to Brodhead (2015), which of the following courses of action is appropriate? 1. The BCBA should not use the treatment. 2. The BCBA should use the treatment if it can be explained behaviorally and if the BCBA continually monitors effectiveness. 3. The BCBA should use the treatment because the mother suggested it. 4. The BCBA should use the treatment. It is sufficiently supported by research.

The BCBA should use the treatment if it can be explained behaviorally and if the BCBA continually monitors effectiveness.

A BCBA who generally assists schools in the provision of services to young children with ID is asked to assist in a case involving self-injurious behavior observed in an adolescent with ASD. The BCBA has no experience with this type of case; however, he is the only practitioner in a 100 mile radius. In order to prevent harm to the student, he decides to take the case temporarily while consulting remotely with competent practitioners until a replacement may be found. Which of the following statements is TRUE? 1. IDEA allows the analyst to take the case 2. The behavior of the BCBA is illegal 3. The BCBA's decision demonstrate an example of teleogical ethical decision making 4. The behavior of the BCBA is unethical

The BCBA's decision demonstrate an example of teleogical ethical decision making

A BCBA reviews the graphs provided by an RBT who currently implements a language training program for a child with ASD. "These results are awful. Are you doing everything correctly?" Asks the BCBA. The RBT insists that he is, and point to his most recent observation as evidence. "That doesn't matter," says the BCBA. "The insurance company will be evaluating the case soon, and they could pull funding for numbers like these. These numbers need to go up by the end of the week or it's you a&#." Which of the following statements regarding this scenario are true? 1. The analyst is exploiting their RBT 2. The analyst's behavior is not harassment, because he has not mentioned age, ethnicity, or gender. 3. The analyst is creating a contingency that potentially encourages the RBT to engage in dishonest behavior 4. There is nothing wrong with the analyst's behavior

The analyst is creating a contingency that potentially encourages the RBT to engage in dishonest behavior

A behavior analyst designs a reading instruction experiment that will place some high school students with reading difficulties in a specialized remedial instructional class as an elective. The instruction is obviously different from what students in high school receive in their typical classes. His originally names this class "Remedial reading." How might this project be altered to be more consistent with the ethical guidelines concerning research? 1. The analyst should not conduct a study concerning reading instruction, as reading is not conceptually consistent with behavior analysis. 2. The analyst should structure the program so that students do not miss an elective, as benefits the students will yield from the reading instruction is not worth missing an elective class (e.g., gym, cooking). 3. The analyst should consider changing the name of the class so that it is not apparent to other students that the participants have reading difficulties. 4. The analyst should consider delivering the reading instruction to students in the context of their content classes (e.g., social studies) in front of their peers.

The analyst should consider changing the name of the class so that it is not apparent to other students that the participants have reading difficulties.

Parents with a young child with severe ASD are frequent church goers, and would like the analyst to have the necessary skills to complete in a three hour service. The BCBA assigned to their case is an atheist. Which of the following statements best describes a culturally appropriate approach to handling this case? 1. The analyst should prioritize church attendance behaviors and address more global issues related to ASD in the context of church attendance when possible. If the BCBA is unable to do this, he should seek training in regards to this matter or refer the family to a different BCBA. 2. The BCBA should add objectives related to church attendance to the treatment plan, but prioritize more important objectives. 3. Behavior objectives related to church attendance should be omitted from the treatment plan. The child has severe autism - the preferences of the parents in regards to church attendance must be superseded by concerns for more significant target behaviors selected by the BCBA. 4. As an atheist, the BCBA is not obligated to address behaviors relating to attending church. The analyst should inform the family of this issue and continue to provide services, but advise the family to seek help related to church from another professional

The analyst should prioritize church attendance behaviors and address more global issues related to ASD in the context of church attendance when possible. If the BCBA is unable to do this, he should seek training in regards to this matter or refer the family to a different BCBA.

An assistant behavior analyst in graduate school in psychology works part time at a facility for people with developmental disabilities. One of her friends is more advanced than in her graduate studies. She is working on a research project that has been all she has talked about for months. The professor said if the study was done right and the data looked good, this was the kind of study that could be easily published. The friend talked the assistant behavior analyst into being observers for her. At the end of the study, over pizza and beer, the friend proudly announced that the professor was going to help her submit her work for publication. She said the professor was impressed that the treatment she developed resulted in all of the clients in the study having dramatic improvements in their behavior. "What about Participant #3?" the BCBA said. This participant's behavior got worse over the course of the study, and so did another one. The friend got a desperate look on her face and admitted that she had thrown away the data for two clients who did not perform well. "This is probably done all the time in research; I really want to have a publication—you guys have got to stand by me on this. I need to graduate." Which of the following statements concerning this situation is true? 1. The behavior of the grad student is ethical - it is better for the data to be discarded then to be altered or falsified 2. The behavior of the grad student is unethical—discarding data in this fashion is misleading 3. The behavior of the assistant analyst is unethical—it is not appropriate to challenge the decisions of a principal investigator 4. The behavior of the assistant analyst is unethical—it is not appropriate to challenge the decisions of a principal investigator

The behavior of the grad student is unethical—discarding data in this fashion is misleading

Which of the following factors is likely to complicate a case? 1. The client may not have received optimal services, but he should be alright, provided a change is made. 2. At the end of the day, the analyst does not have to worry about being fired 3. No laws were broken 4. The case involves a BCBA and staff at a group home

The case involves a BCBA and staff at a group home

An RBT at a behavior analysis clinic just received news that her 3-year-old son has autism and is in need of ABA services. She asked the clinic to provide services, yet they declined to do so citing ethical concerns. Which of the following statements concerning this scenario is the most accurate? 1. The clinic should have advised the RBT to provide services herself 2. The clinic is mistaken in assuming that they cannot ethically provide services 3. The clinic handled the situation appropriately. 4. The clinic should have referred the RBT to a service provider who could ethically provide services

The clinic should have referred the RBT to a service provider who could ethically provide services

An 18-year old insists he be referred to as "autistic" s. Which of the following statements in regards to this situation is/are TRUE? 1. The student probably intends for others to acknowledge his fundamental humanity, apart from his disability. 2. It is not appropriate to use the term "autistic,. 3. When referring to the student, teachers and other professionals should use the term "person with autism," as this is the standard in special education 4. The individual is expressing a preference for identity-first language

The individual is expressing a preference for identity-first language

Melissa, is an RBT working for a clinic that provides home-based services for children with autism. During one of her home visits, the client's father approaches her from behind and kisses her on the neck. Melissa immediately terminates the session and returns to clinic. She informs her supervisor that she no longer feels comfortable working in that home. The supervisor is already trying to deal with a staff shortage. What is the appropriate course of action? 1. The supervisor should remind Melissa that RBTs are ethically obligated to provide services to clients in need. She cannot terminate services on such short notice. 2. The supervisor should assign Melissa to work as a secretary until a new placement can be secured. 3. The supervisor should try to schedule Melissa with another client; however, if the scheduling doesn't work out, she may have to fire Melissa. 4. The supervisor should try to find more work for Melissa; however, Melissa may get fewer hours (and less money) for the foreseeable future

The supervisor should assign Melissa to work as a secretary until a new placement can be secured.

Dr. Smith is serving as a consultant to a program that treats adolescents with severe intellectual disability and severe behavioral disorders. As Dr. Smith believes strongly in the use of reinforcement as the least restrictive intervention, he trains the staff to use M&Ms and other sweets as noncontingent reinforcement (NCR; i.e., students will receive access to preferred items regardless of their behaviors) at a fairly dense schedule. Which of the following statements regarding this treatment is TRUE? 1. The treatment is problematic, because the use of sweets may result in poor nutrition, weight gain and tooth decay. More healthy reinforcers should be identified. 2. This is not an optimal strategy. Ethically Dr. Smith should probably start with a more robust treatment that will work more rapidly, like time out or overcorrection. 3. This is a good strategy, because no one is likely to object to providing students with sweets. 4. This is a good strategy, as NCR with sweets is the least restrictive treatment and the most ethical way to start to address the students' behavior.

The treatment is problematic, because the use of sweets may result in poor nutrition, weight gain and tooth decay. More healthy reinforcers should be identified.

Which of the following was NOT a result of the Sunland Miami Scandal? 1. Florida required the peer review of behavior plans. 2. The use of punishment by behavior analysts was prohibited in Florida 3. Guidelines were developed regarding the use of seclusion in Florida 4. Efforts to regulate the credentials/qualifications of behavior analysts

The use of punishment by behavior analysts was prohibited in Florida

A BCBA seeking consent for an intervention provides the following description of the procedure for a child who tantrums (e.g., a screams, sits on the floor) "The test which you approved suggests your child tantrums because of attention, meaning that adults tend to him after he tantrums. I plan on providing him with something he likes when he goes certain periods of time without a tantrum. I will also teach him to get attention by asking for adults by name. For this to work, I will also have to ignore him when he tantrums. This shouldn't be an issue, as he doesn't appear to be at risk for hurting anyone or himself, and I will begin by immediately prompting him to say his name, but sometimes the behavior gets worse before it gets better, so I'll need to collect a lot of data at the clinic to be sure things are under control. Once this starts working at the clinic, I'm going to ask you to do this at home. When the time comes, I'll provide additional guidance, but understand that this treatment will eventually need to be used in multiple settings before it is effective." The BCBA then asks for consent, and the parent obliges. Which of the following best describes the problem with this description of the intervention? 1. The recommended procedure is not consistent with behavior analytic principles 2. There is nothing wrong with the BCBA's description of the intervention 3. The BCBA's description of the intervention is too complicated for a non-behavioral audience 4. The BCBA's description of procedure does not describe what the parents may have to contribute

There is nothing wrong with the BCBA's description of the intervention

At the end of Dr. King's (BCBA-D) class, a mother describes, in great detail, the behavior issues of her son. "He hurts his brother all the time. I think he has ED. What do you think?" Dr. King replies, "As I am not familiar with the case, I cannot comment. I would be happy to refer you to a local behavior specialist." 1. It is not acceptable for Dr. King to refuse to provide advice. The child could hurt someone if nothing is done. 2. This arrangement is acceptable. 3. It is not acceptable for Dr. King to refer the parent to a BCBA without collecting further data. 4. As her instructor, is Dr. King's responsibility to take the case.

This arrangement is acceptable.

Nicole conducted a study involving 5 preschoolers with autism. Four of the children respond extremely well, so Nicole decides to write up the study without the fifth child. Which of the following statements concerning this action is correct? 1. This is unethical, because unless all five children respond well, the study should not be reported. 2. This is ethical, since the main point of the study is to demonstrate that the intervention can work with at least some children with autism 3. This is ethical, as Nicole is allowed to select which children to report, since she is using a single subject design 4. This is unethical, as Nicole needs to report the results of all five children

This is unethical, as Nicole needs to report the results of all five children

After teaching a class in foundations of ABA, a student approaches Dr. Francis, a BCBA-D, and asks him for assistance with a problem. "My sister's son definitely has a behavior disorder," she says, "and pretty soon he's going to be involved with the law. Do you have any advice on how to change his behavior?" Dr. Francis takes an hour after class to help the student put together a behavior plan for her sister's child. TRUE or FALSE" Dr. Francis' behavior in the previous scenario was unethical. 1. True 2. False

True

Which of the following studies involved researchers intentionally refusing to treat the curable illnesses of participants in order to chart the progression of the disease? 1. Seattle Dialysis Experiment 2. Sunland Experiments 3. Milgram Obedience Study 4. Tuskegee Experiment

Tuskegee Experiment

African-Americans students represented approximately 15% of students in California during the 2017-2018 term. However, they represented 4.18% of students who received gifted educational programs. In terms of their participation in gifted educational programs, this provides an example of which of the following? 1. Cultural pluralism 2. Disproportionality 3. Underrepresentation 4. Assimilation

Underrepresentation

A practice that limits an individual's movement, activity or function, interferes with an individual's ability to acquire positive reinforcement, results in the loss of objects/activities an individual values, or requires an individual to engage in a behavior that the individual would not engage in given freedom of choice is best described as which of the following? 1. Punishment 2. Extinction 3. Unethical 4. Restrictive

Unethical