evolution final
HIV infections can last for years without causing illness. Influenza (flu) infections normally only last a few days to weeks. What is your expectation of the genetic diversity of HIV vs flu viruses within individual patients.
HIV will be more genetically diverse within patients than influenza
Why is human diet a major health concern today from an evolutionary perspective? most of the more nutritious sources of food have gone extinct genetic drift has caused us to become poorly adapted to our diet Human diet has changed very rapidly and humans have not adapted to our new diet many of our food items have evolved quickly and are no longer good for us
Human diet has changed very rapidly and humans have not adapted to our new diet
*****50) Which of the following statements are seen as evidence that the human microbiome has coevolved with us?
Humans require microorganisms to function or The common gut bacteria present in humans are highly divergent from their ancestors
Which of the following pairs of structures is similar only due to convergence with no similarity due to common ancestry. See information below. Bat wings are modified front legs (vertebrates) Bird wings are modified front legs (vertebrates) Insect wings are novel structures that are not modified from anything previously existing in the insect body Flying fish 'wings' are modified pectoral fins (front pair of fins) Correct!
Insect and bird wings
A scientist is studying the structure of an enzyme that synthesizes the molecule keratin in armadillos. They have DNA samples of the gene in two armadillo species as well as samples of the enzyme itself. The DNA samples differ quite a bit (i.e. there are quite a lot differences in the nucleotide sequence). However, the enzyme is almost exactly the same (in terms of amino acid sequence) in the two species. What do these results imply about the dN/dS ratio?
It is less than 1
You are studying the adaptation of killifish to a brackish (part salt/part fresh) water environment. You discover that killifish living in a bay (brackish) have a different version of an enzyme compared to stream (fresh water) killifish. Previous mark recapture studies have indicated these fish are highly mobile and frequently disperse fairly long distances. The killifish are also easily maintained in the lab. What would be a practical approach to testing ideas about adapation?
Laboratory selection experiments where salinity is changed and evolutionary responses observed in captive populations
Which person came up with the idea of evolution prior to Darwin, proposing that it occurred through the inheritance of characteristics acquired during an organism's lifetime.
Lamarck
What phenomenon explains the following data? Virus 1 - 100 Kb genome, 99 Kb protein coding Virus 2 - 1 Mb genome, 998 Kb protein coding Bacterium 1 - 5 Mb genome, 4.9 Mb protein coding Bacterium 2 - 11 Mb genome, 10.8 Mb protein coding Plant - 5000 Mb genome, 15 Mb protein coding Fungus - 50 Mb genome, 11 Mb protein coding Grasshopper - 500 Mb genome, 18 Mb protein coding Snake - 1200 Mb genome, 19 Mb protein coding
Large amounts of non-coding DNA in eukaryotes
A new species of archaean prokaryote is found living a hot spring. When a scientist sequences its genome in an attempt to discover its evolutionary relationships she discovers something strange. Most of the genome is similar to the genomes of several well known archaean species. However one enzyme is very similar to that found in a species of bacteria that also lives in hot springs. The enzyme does not have a function related to living in hot springs. What is the most likely explanation for this similarity in the enzymes.
Lateral gene transfer between the bacterium and the archaean
Which statement about mutations with NO phenotypic effects is true?
Most mutations have no effect on fitness whatsoever.
Which statement about mutations with phenotypic effects is true?
Most mutations have slightly deleterious effects on fitness
Mangroves are trees adapted for living in salt water. Data from genes unrelated to mangrove adaptations indicate that the mangrove way of life has evolved separately in several different plant families. Analysis of the development of mangrove traits such as 'live birth' and salt metabolism indicates that they are performed using the same molecular mechanisms in the different types of mangroves (i.e. based on the mechanisms they would appear to be homologous traits). What is your interpretation of these findings.
Natural selection acted on the same genetic architecture independently in each taxon
Based on the phylogeny below what is the sister taxon of the orange?
Papaya
Which of the three components of the Breeder's equation represents evolutionary change?
R
A small population (10 individuals) of eels lives in an isolated swamp. At the C locus there are two alleles C1 and C2 with frequencies 0.6 and 0.4. Genotypes C1C1, C2C2, C1C2 all have equal fitness. Which of the following is not likely to happen in this situation?
The allele frequencies stay constant over time.
A new viral disease is discovered. It is highly infectious through close human contact. Infected individuals become very sick and no longer able to walk within an hour of infection and die within a day. What is a likely outcome of the appearance of this disease?
The disease kills a limited number of people but is contained through quarantive
If you measured the beak depth of all the finches on Daphne Island you could calculate which of the following parameters directly from those measurements? a) VA b) VG c) VE d) VP e) VD
Vp
One major outcome of Darwin's idea of evolution as a process of splitting and divergence was the idea of
a phylogeny as a representation of evolutionary relationships
The major discovery associated with 'Three Domains of Life' was
a second group of prokaryotes which is more closely related to eukaryotes than bacteria
Which of the following is an example of a quantitative trait? a) height b) cystic fibrosis c) sickle cell anemia d) a trait with complete dominance e) all of the above
a) height
s (selection differential) =
abs. fitness / pop. mean fitness
Hox genes do which of the following?
activate other genes to make body region specific structures
The Cambrian explosion is the first well documented example of _____________ in the fossil record
adaptive radiation
good genes
alleles at loci that infer high fitness, female chooses male with this trait so her offspring will benefit e.g. issues: population diversity would go down if these alleles are selected for and fixed, the occurrence of this wouldnt last
antagonistic pleiotropy
alleles that result in fitness earlier in life cause senesence later in life but these costs are outweighed by the benefits
Inclusive fitness incorporates both the direct fitness from having offspring plus...
any additional offspring produced by relatives due to helping factored by relatedness
mutation accumulation
asexual populations are damaged by mutation accumulation
*****Which one of the following sexually dimorphic traits is most likely NOT due to sexual selection.
brood pouch of a male seahorse
Which type of fossil is three dimensional but only preserves the external details of the structure?
cast/mold
The best way to test for frequency dependent selection would be to
change the frequency of genotypes or phenotypes and measure fitness
The closest living relative(s) of humans is/are
chimpanzee and bonobo
sister taxa
clade consisting of two taxa
Which type of test can look at the origin of an adaptation
comparative study
A monophyletic group is one that
contains all of the species descended from a common ancestor
In many primates indivduals groom one another and remove parasites, dirt, etc. The individual being groomed gains a cleaner coat and loss of parasites. The groomer may gain a small amount of food but does spend quite a bit of time and energy in grooming. All individuals act as both groomers and groomees. This type of social interaction is ...? altruism selfish spite cooperation
cooperation
hybridization and assimilation
current view of human origin single origin of homo sapiens in Africa followed by interbreeding with other homo species
synapomorphy
derived character shared by two or more linneages
direct benefit vs indirect benefit
direct: female experiences personal gain from mating e.g. hanging flies -> feed females when they mate, size of gift has positive relationship with how long female will mate with the male good genes - indirect benefit
A population of cats lives on Big Island. The frequencies of the A allele (agouti fur) and a allele (solid/black fur) are 0.7 and 0.3 respectively. A storm blows a ship from the harbor of Big Island out to sea. Eventually the ship runs aground on Small Island which has no cats. A family of cats from Big Island was on the ship and colonizes Small Island. The frequency of A and a in the family of cats are 0.1 and 0.9 respectively at the time they arrive. The difference in allele frequency between the two islands at this time is an example of
drift
Major morphological changes during evolution seem to have been the result of
duplication of regulatory genes
breeder's equation
estimates the change in mean over a generation R = h^2 *S S = selection differential h^2 = narrow sense heritability
The genomes of parasitic organisms typically have which of the following relative to comparable non-parasite genomes
fewer genes overall
Heterozygote advantage produces a stable equilibrium because the rarer of the two alleles is present mostly heterozygotes and is thus more successful. As this allele then becomes more common it present less often in heterozygotes and it thus less successful. This is a special case (example) of which of the following?
frequency dependent selection
A scientist want to see if she can breed Drosophila to have longer wings. She does a selection experiment where she takes the flies from each generation that have the longest wings and breed them to one another. For many generations the length of the fly wings increases every generation. Eventually the rate of fly wing length evolution slows down even though the experimental protocol doesn't change. Why is it slowing down and what could allow the wings to continue to evolve?
genetic variation for wing length is used up/mutations
What is vicariance?
geographic separation of populations
An experiment in which females who were allowed to choose mates had offspring with higher fitness than the offspring of females who were randomly assigned mates would be support for which of the following theories of mate choice?
good genes
Homology refers to structures that
have common ancestry
A time traveller from 1900 arrives in your lab where you are studying the inheritance of human height. The time traveller tells you that height can't be inherited through genes because it doesn't follow a standard Mendelian pattern of inheritance. How do you respond?
height is influenced by many genes as well as the environment
Which mechanism of evolution is most likely to prevent the speciation process from proceeding between two populations?
high gene flow between populaitons
multiregional evolution
homo sapiens evolved from homo erectus across asia, africa and europe constant gene flow required for this theory
The success of model organisms (mice, Drosophila, etc.) as tools in medical and other kinds of basic research is evidence for widespread _________________ in/for organismal structure and function.
homology
*****What factor is driving the above continuous change in the influenze virus?
human immune response why not antibiotic use?
In which situation is high linkage disequilibrium a signal of strong selection favoring the allele?
in alleles at high frequency
In the slime mold example a mutation in a cell adhesion gene caused the mutants to behave 'selfishly' in a lab setting and usually end up in capsule producing spores. Why is the cell adhesion gene considered an example of a 'green beard' gene? in nature, the 'selfish' allele dies out because of predation by nematodes in nature, the 'selfish' allele is the most successful in nature, the 'selfish' allele is excluded from joining the aggregation in nature, the mutant is no longer selfish
in nature, the 'selfish' allele is excluded from joining the aggregation -the mutant is selfish, they all end up in the spore capsule in the lab but in the soil the mutants are not successful in joining group -wild type exclude them
*****In general prokaryotic cells have a lower mutation rate than viruses (which have smaller overall genomes). What is the explanation for this pattern? Why does this pattern not hold true for eukaryotes?
increasing selection against mutation with increasing genome size/negative correlation between genome size and effective population size
Which factor is associated with the evolution of low virulence in pathogens?
infection by direct contact between individuals
intrasexual selection
interactions between members of single sex determine sexual success -direct competition -male-male competition e.g. dung beetles that protect females and sneak around stronger male to mate with female scramble competition - (toads and frogs) go for whatever they can find sperm competition - sperm of individuals can kill others, also other mechanisms to prevent other sperm from winning out male iguanas compete for areas in which they have dominance, whole class of males that ar ebigger than females, -larger males spend a lot of energy defending females and don't have opportunity to eat as much -> makes very costly to protect area and they lose weight
intersexual selection
interactions between two sexes involved in key event that determines sexual success -indirect competition -female choice widow birds
The larger size and antlers of male elk compared to female elk (no antlers) is most likely due to
intrasexual selection
In birds which of the following statements about the evolution of cooperative breeding is true it is positively associated with genetic monogamy in females it is negatively associated with monogamy in males it is positively associated with monogamy in males mating system has no association with cooperation it is negatively associated with genetic monogamy in females
it is positively associated with genetic monogamy in females
What event occurred at the end of Permian (which is also end of the Paleozoic)?
largest mass extinction
A common pattern in insect diversity is that there are groups of species that appear very similar to one another except for the structure of their genitalia. In particular, the male genitalia (which are external and thus more obvious) are often used as the characteristics that define each species. Based on this evidence what type of isolation is keeping these species separate from one another?
mechanical
A species of grasshopper occurs on an island and on the mainland nearby. The mainland habitat is dry grassland and the grasshoppers are all brown in color, caused by the B1 allele. The island is forested and the grasshoppers are mostly green in color, caused by the B2 allele. However, there are a number of brown grasshoppers on the island at all times, despite the fact that they have low fitness there (they are eaten by birds much more commonly than green grasshoppers). Which evolutionary force is maintaining the brown grasshoppers on the island? Both the mainland and island have large populations of grasshoppers.
migration
It is estimated that every human carries at least one recessive lethal allele (i.e. they are heterozygotes at that locus). What maintains these alleles in populations given their lethality when homozygous?
mutation/selection balance
Which technique cannot be applied to morphological data to estimate a phylogeny?
neighbor joining (distance tree)
*****WITHIN the Hymenoptera which of the following best predicts eusocial behavior?
nest building
The branching points of phylogenies are known as
nodes
dN/dS
non-synomynous to synonymous substitutions -will be low if DNA is very different but functioning is still same
Lack's hypothesis predicts the optimal clutch size for birds based on which two types of data? number of eggs in the nest, probability of chicks surviving to fledge number of offspring in the nest, probability of offspring having their own offspring number of offspring in the nest, probability of surviving to next year number of chicks in the nest, probability of nesting a second time
number of eggs in the nest, probability of chicks surviving to fledge
*****Which multicellular organism below would lack HOX genes?
palm tree
african replacement
present day racial variation is due to genetic mixing happening within last 100-200,000 years after homosapeins left -ancestors evolved in africa and left all at once, all humans come from this one movement, homo sapiens didnt breed with other homo species after leaving africa
What event is often associated with flu pandemics?
recombination of genes from more than one viral strain
biological species concept
reproductive isolation determines evolutionary independence
Which of the following indicates that in some situations there is a cost of antibiotic resistance?
resistance is (evolutionarily) lost in many cases when exposure to the drug is removed.
Which structures are thought to be possibly similar to the earliest forms of life?
ribozymes
runaway
secondary sexual trait expressed in one sex becomes genetically correlated with preference in other sex -> leads to evolution of exxagerated traits and preferences
Which evolutionary force is based on fitnesses differences between alleles and genotypes?
selection
A scientist is studying the structure of an enzyme that synthesizes the molecule keratin in armadillos. They have DNA samples of the gene in two armadillo species as well as samples of the enzyme itself. The DNA samples differ quite a bit (i.e. there are quite a lot differences in the nucleotide sequence). However, the enzyme is almost exactly the same (in terms of amino acid sequence) in the two species. What does this imply about selection on the enzyme?
selection has prevented change in the enzyme
The widespread human activity that Darwin considered powerful evidence for his theory of evolution by natural selection
selective breeding in agriculture
You have a population of 500 individuals at which p=q=0.5 at the A locus (e.g. the frequency of A1 and A2 are both 0.5). The population starts in Hardy Weinberg. Which of the following would cause an immediate and large increase in the proportion of homozygous individuals in the population?
selfing
sensory bias
sensory bias in females causes males to display certain cues -female preference evolves first and male amting displays follow -can happen bc senses are using for things other than mating
*****41) The above figure indicates which of the following a) stronger sexual selection on males b) stronger sexual selection on females c) sexual selection for good genes d) strong intrasexaul selection e) selection for greater lifespan in females
stronger sexual selection on males
Which type of environment is most likely to produce many fossils?
swamp
Which of the following terms describes the types of traits used in estimating phylogenies?
synapomorphies
*****A clade (monophyletic group) of fungi is studied that contains about 40 species. Four of the species of fungi in this group have the interesting property of secreting a protein that anesthetizes small animals so that the fungus can consume them. The protein is very similar to an existing protein found in all the fungi. A phylogeny of the anesthetic and non-anesthetic protein finds the all four anesthetic proteins are similar and form a clade. However a phylogeny of the fungi using a bunch of other genes finds that the four fungus species with the anesthetic protein are not closely related and in each case their sister taxon is a species with the non-anesthetic protein. What is the most likely conclusion can you make about the evolution of the protein?
the anesthetic version of the protein evolved independently four times
It has been hypothesized that the coat patterns of baby giraffes may influence their survival rates. Specifically, giraffe calves are more likely to evade predators (such as lions and hyenas) if their coat patterns help them to blend into their environment. Different coat patterns are more effective in different environments. Some members of a population of giraffes disperse from an open grassland (very few trees or shrubs) to a dense forest (many trees or shrubs). The color and patterning of the ground cover are very different. What do you expect to happen?
the color pattern should diverge due to natural selection as long as migration between the populations is low
The Trim(alpha) gene can provide protection from viruses that attempt to bind to cell membranes in humans. However, the common allele of Trim(alpha) in humans does not work very well against HIV. What is the probably explanation for this?
the common Trim(alpha) allele evolved to defend against a now extinct virus
What limits the life time reproductive success of organisms and dictates tradeoffs between life history characteristics? Pick the best answer. the finite amount of resources available to organisms for reproduction, growth and maintenance the physical size of organisms the random chance of death at each stage in life the second law of thermodynamics
the finite amount of resources available to organisms for reproduction, growth and maintenance
Frequency dependent selection refers to situations in which
the fitness of a genotype or phenotype depends on how common it is
In this hypothetical example, a mutant frog is found in a laboratory population. It has several phenotypic differences compared to typical frog including hypno vision, wings, and huge fangs. Which of the following is not a reasonable explanation for this mutant having so many phenotypic differences?
the mutation is dominant
The examples of rapid speciation being observed in nature were of insects that were feeding specialists on particular types of plants and stickleback fish moving into lakes. What do these examples have in common?t
the organism entering a new environment
What is an important consequence of the fact that many diseases are caused by living pathogens? the pathogens can evolve in response to any treatment The pathogens need a source of food and can be starved out of the body the pathogens can ONLY be harmed by substances that also harm their host the pathogens can attack one another
the pathogens can evolve in response to any treatment
Which of the following statements accurately describes methodical naturalism?
the supernatural may or may not exist but science can only address hypotheses based on natural explanations
What is a potential problem with the Grant's work on natural selection and evolution in Darwin's finches?
their estimates of heritability may be biased by common environments
green beard idea
there's a trait that alruists have so that they can recognize eachother and treat eachother differently towards eachother than others. a.g. cSA gene involved in cell adhesion in slide molds - the mutant causes cells not to stick together in same way
Why was this experiment done with lizards?
they have direct control over their body temperature
The scientist Carl Woese discovered the ______ of life through molecular systematics. These groups became distinct from one another over 2 billion years ago. Discovering evolutionary relationships further back than that may not be possible due to extensive _______.
three domains, lateral gene transfer
Which of the following is NOT necessary for natural selection to occur?
trait must have a genetic basis
An adaptation is
trait produced by natural selection
The idea of sexual conflict is based on which of the following
traits increasing reproductive success in one sex may have detrimental effects on the other sex
Which of the following is the best way to treat a disease without causing the evolution of resistance in the organism causing the disease?
use multiple drugs at high doses
A scientist speculates that fish that have larger clutches of eggs should be able to breed less frequently because a tradeoff (i.e. the more energy you put into offspring the longer you have to wait to build up more energy). However when she does a field study of catfish she finds the opposite. Individuals with larger clutches actually produce clutches more frequently. What is this not an unexpected outcome?
variation in health and vigor due to the environment are masking the tradeoff
If fever is adaptive then you would expect an infect lizard to bask at a _______ temperature than an uninfected lizard. Infected lizards kept at warmer temperatures should have a ________ survival rate compared to infected lizards kept at cooler temperatures. warmer, lower cooler, lower cooler, higher warmer, higher
warmer, higher
Which of the following is NOT a life history trait? rate of aging age at first reproduction wing length egg size clutch size
wing length
The figure below shows a phylogeny of arthropod groups. The possible options are four possible combinations of taxa that could be given names as taxonomic groups. Only one of the combinations is monophyletic? Which one?
"Crustacea" and Insecta
R (response) =
(offspring average - population average) / (parent avg - pop avg)
linkage disequilibrium
- nonrandom association of alleles at different loci
A population of birds occurs high in the mountains. At the start approximately half of the birds have white feathers and half have brown feathers. During a particularly severe storm 60% of the population of these birds dies out. One hundred years later the proportion of white feathered birds is 80%. What has NOT been shown in this example that would be necessary evidence to demonstrate evolution by natural selection?
-an association between differential survival and phenotype -inheritance of phenotype
haplodiploidy
-occurs in ants, bees, and wasps -males are haploid and females are diploid -female insects are more related to their sisters than their own offspring
necessary for natural selection
-trait must be phenotypically variable -population must be variable in fitness -there must association between phenotype and fitness
A crocodile enthusiast in Australia has a large population of saltwater crocs in captivity. One day she discovers an albino crocodile in a clutch of new hatchlings. She carefully monitors the population over the next few years and finds 10 albino crocodilians out of a total of 1000. Albinism is caused by a recessive allele. Assume the population is in Hardy Weinberg. What is the frequency of the albino allele.
0.1
If VA = 142 and VP = 708 then h2 is approximately
0.2
After some breeding experiments you have calculated the following values for sugar content in grapes. Phenotypic variance = 24.00 Genetic variance = 8.00 Additive genetic variance = 6.00 Dominance variance = 2.00 What is the narrow sense heritability?
0.250 (Vg/Vp)
A population has 25 individuals with the A1A1 genotype, 15 with the A1A2 genotype, and 10 individuals with the A2A2 genotype. What is the frequency of the A2 allele?
0.35
IF the population in the question above was in Hardy Weinberg equilibrium what would be the expected frequency of the A1A2 genotype?
0.455
A population of lizards is genotyped at the A locus. 25 of the lizards have the AA genotype, 15 have the Aa genotype, and 10 have the aa genotype. What is the frequency of the A allele
0.65
Which of the following techniques were used to estimate the approximate date of origin of HIV. 1. Radioactive carbon dating 2. Phylogeny of SIV to determine the species of HIV origin 3. Phylogeny of HIV to estimate ancestral sequence 4. Estimating rate of change in HIV to extrapolate back in time. 5. Study of extinct viruses in human
3 and 4
Isotope X has a half life of 1,000,000 years. Isotope X exists at a concentration of 8% in living tissue. A fossil has a concentration of 1%. Approximately how old is the fossil?
3,000,000 years
A neutral allele A1 is at frequency 0.45 and a second neutral allele is at frequency 0.55. What is the probability that at some point in the future A1 will become fixed in the population?
45%
Selection is performed on a population. The difference in mean phenotype between survivors and the population as a whole is 10mm. If h2 is 0.7 what is the expected change in mean of the population for this phenotype in the next generation?
7
Vp Vg Ve Va
= phenotypic variance for a trait = genetic variance for a trait = environmental variance for a trait = additive genetic variance Vp = Vg + Ve Vg/Vp = H^2 (broad sense heritability)
*****49) In the above figure if the black solid circles were replaced by cross-hatched circles this would suggest:
?
The technique of independent contrasts is involved in which method of testing adaptation?
?
Transposable elements are more likely to be found in the DNA near a centromere for which of the following reasons.
?
Why is an experimental approach important to testing adaptation?
?
Human populations from which region of the world have the greatest genetic diversity?
Africa
Which of these trees best represents the relationships you would expect to see if these populations are different species?
B
inclusive fitness/kin selection
Br-C >0 helping others based on relatedness and cost associated b - benefit c - cost r - relatedness
You find a fossil while out on hike. You forget what time period the rock in the area is from (you were having a nap during that lecture in geology) but you remember that the rock is from marine sediments. The fossil is fairly small but shows a complex animal that doesn't resemble any of the animal phyla you studied in your animal diversity course. This fossil is probably from which period?
Cambrian
A scientist is interested in the source of variation in body size in mice. He has four genetic strains of mice that are all living in identical cages in the same room. He measures them and finds that the strains all have the same average body size. One of the strains is also being kept in a different room with a colder temperature*. The mice in that room are significantly larger. He concludes that body size variation in mice is solely due to the environment. Is this correct? Why or why not? *The parents of these mice were ordered from a supplier and the offspring grew up in the rooms they are in now.
Can't Tell. Genotype by environment variation has not been tested
What is a disadvantage of the biological species concept?
Can't be applied to asexually reproducing species
*****51) A group of researchers exploring an island discover a butterfly/flower interaction where the butterfly only feeds on that one species of flower and the flower is only visited by that one species of butterfly. This interaction is:
Cannot be determined as coevolution until further studied ?
Candelabra model
Carleton Coon's idea that human races evolved at separate lineages in independent areas of the world, and that this independent evolution spawned the differences we see between races today (not considered)
Which of the following people would have influenced Darwin's thinking about the age of the earth and the time available for evolution?
Charles Lyell, presented to a wide public audience the idea that the earth was shaped by the same natural processes still in operation today
transposable elements
DNA sequence that can transmit itself or a copy of itself to new location in genome