Exam #1 Patho

Many of the responses to stress are attributed to activation of the sympathetic nervous system and are mediated by A. norepinephrine B. cortisol C. glucagon D. ACTH

A. norepinephrine

A 17-year-old college-bound student receives a vaccine against an organism that causes meningitis. This is an example of A. primary prevention B. secondary prevention C. tertiary prevention D. disease treatment

A. primary prevention

Bacteria cause injury to cells by (Select all that apply) A. producing exotoxins B. producing endotoxins C. producing destructive enzymes D. reproducing inside of host cells altering cellular function E. evoking an immune reaction

A. producing exotoxins B. producing endotoxins C. producing destructive enzymes E. evoking an immune reaction

Glycolysis is the metabolic process of breaking down a glucose molecule to form A. CO2 and H2O B. 2 ATP and 2 pyruvate C. 30 ATP D. oxygen

B. 2 ATP and 2 pyruvate

What stage is defined by "fight or flight"? A. Alarm B. Resistance C. Exhaustion D. Adaptation

A. Alarm

Which organ shrinks with age? A. Gums B. Heart C. Prostate D. Sweat glands

A. Gums

Persistence of the alarm stage will ultimately result in A. stress reduction. B. permanent damage and death C. movement into the resistance stage D. exhaustion of the sympathetic nervous system

B. permanent damage and death

The benefit of glycolysis is that this second stage of catabolism supplies A. ATP to meet energy needs of the body B. pyruvate to the citric acid cycle C. energy for oxidative phosphorylation D. lactate during anaerobic conditions

B. pyruvate to the citric acid cycle

Carbon monoxide injures cells by A. destruction of cellular membranes B. reducing oxygen level on hemoglobin C. promotion of free radicals D. crystallization of cellular organelles

B. reducing oxygen level on hemoglobin

Which is not normally secreted in response to stress? A. Norepinephrine B. Cortisol C. Epinephrine D. Insulin

D. Insulin

Indicators that an individual is experiencing high stress include all the following except A. tachycardia B. diaphoresis C. increased peripheral resistance D. pupil constriction

D. pupil constriction

Which statement is true? A. Women have a lower hemoglobin level than men B. Men have a lower creatinine level than women C. Men have a higher calcium level than women D. Women snore more than men

A. Women have a lower hemoglobin level than men

The effects of excessive cortisol production include A. immune suppression B. hypoglycemia C. anorexia D. inflammatory reactions

A. immune suppression

In muscle hypertrophy, the hypertrophied cells increase in A. Size B. Number C. Calcium D. Accumulations

A. Size

Which term refers to a state of tension that can lead to disruption or threaten physical stability? A. Stress B. Adaptive C. Exhaustion D. Homeostasis

A. Stress

Which form of intercellular chemical signaling is used in chemical neurotransmission by neurons? A. Synaptic B. Paracrine C. Autocrine D. Endocrine

A. Synaptic

Which base(s) are found in DNA? (Select all that apply.) A. Thymine B. Adenine C. Cytosine D. Guanine E. Purine

A. Thymine B. Adenine C. Cytosine D. Guanine

Necrosis is the result of cellular injury that does not allow for cellular adaptation because it is which of the following? (Select all that apply.) A. Too severe B. Too prolonged C. Acute in nature D. Programmed into the cell itself E. A result of a disrupted blood supply

A. Too severe B. Too prolonged E. A result of a disrupted blood supply

Which chromosomal abnormalities have been linked with Down syndrome? A. Translocation B. Duplication C. Inversion D. Deletion

A. Translocation

Males are more likely than females to be affected by ________ disorders. A. X-linked B. autosomal-dominant C. autosomal-recessive D. chromosomal nondisjunction

A. X-linked

If a patient has a recessive trait, what is the genotype of this patient? A. aa B. AA C. Aa D. aA

A. aa

All the following stress-induced hormones increase blood glucose except A. aldosterone B. cortisol C. norepinephrine D. epinephrine

A. aldosterone

Characteristics of X-linked (sex-linked) recessive disorders include A. all daughters of affected fathers' being carriers B. boys' and girls' being equally affected C. the son of a carrier female's having a 25% chance of being affected D. affected fathers' transmitting the gene to all their sons

A. all daughters of affected fathers' being carriers

Selye's three phases of the stress response include all the following except A. allostasis B. resistance C. alarm D. exhaustion

A. allostasis

Chronic activation of stress hormones can lead to (Select all that apply.) A. cardiovascular disease B. depression C. impaired cognitive function D. autoimmune disease E. overactive immune function

A. cardiovascular disease B. depression C. impaired cognitive function D. autoimmune disease

Events which occur during the alarm stage of the stress response include secretion of (Select all that apply.) A. catecholamines B. ACTH C. glucocorticoids D. immune cytokines E. TSH

A. catecholamines B. ACTH C. glucocorticoids D. immune cytokines

The primary effect of aging on all body systems is A. decreased functional reserve B. diseased function C. programmed senescence D. senility

A. decreased functional reserve

Aldosterone may increase during stress, leading to (Select all that apply.) A. decreased urinary output B. increased blood potassium C. increased sodium retention D. increased blood volume E. decreased blood pressure

A. decreased urinary output C. increased sodium retention D. increased blood volume E. decreased blood pressure

The primary adaptive purpose of the substances produced in the alarm stage is A. energy and repair B. invoke resting state C. produce exhaustion D. set a new baseline steady-state

A. energy and repair

Which tissue type is categorized as epithelial? A. Tendons and ligaments B. Blood cells C. Blood vessel endothelium D. Cartilage

C. Blood vessel endothelium

Which cell is responsible for the transportation of oxygen? A. Leukocyte B. Monocyte C. Erythrocyte D. Thrombocyte

C. Erythrocyte

Which enzyme is responsible for rapidly unwinding and separating the DNA strands? A. Polymerase B. Telomerase C. Helicase D. Ligase

C. Helicase

Which refers to a deficiency of factor VIII that causes a bleeding disorder? A. Marfan syndrome B. Phenylketonuria C. Hemophilia D. Huntington

C. Hemophilia

Which is an X-linked disease? (Select all that apply.) A. Albinism B. Cleft lip C. Hemophilia A D. Hemophilia B E. Diabetes insipidus

C. Hemophilia A D. Hemophilia B E. Diabetes insipidus

A heart that has to pump harder in order to effectively circulate blood is likely to undergo which type of cellular adaptation? A. Atrophy B. Metaplasia C. Hypertrophy D. Hyperplasia

C. Hypertrophy

What is the process by which mRNA is synthesized from single-stranded DNA? A. Replication B. Translation C. Transcription D. Sense stranding

C. Transcription

GTP-binding proteins (G-proteins) function to A. activate receptors on the extracellular surface B. degrade second-messenger molecules C. activate intracellular enzyme systems D. synthesize ATP

C. activate intracellular enzyme systems

Extreme cold injures cells by all the following except A. ischemic injury from vasoconstriction B. peripheral nerve damage from rebound vasodilation C. decreased blood viscosity D. crystallization of cellular components

C. decreased blood viscosity

Of the statements below, the accurate statement regarding nutrition and cellular health is A. the body can generally produce elements essential for nutritional balance B. obese individuals are generally nutritionally healthy C. deficient cellular uptake by one cell type may contribute to excess nutrient delivery to other cell types D. a normal BMI indicates nutritional health

C. deficient cellular uptake by one cell type may contribute to excess nutrient delivery to other cell types

Repolarization of a neuron after a depolarizing action potential is because of A. activation of the Na+ -K+ pump B. influx of calcium C. efflux of potassium D. influx of sodium

C. efflux of potassium

Cell-to-cell communication through secretion of chemical signals into the bloodstream to target cells throughout the body is called _____ signaling A. synaptic B. paracrine C. endocrine D. autocrine

C. endocrine

.Information parents should be given about the consequences of PKU includes A. high dietary phenylalanine may help induce enzyme production B. PKU is commonly associated with other congenital anomalies C. failure to avoid phenylalanine results in progressive mental retardation D. mental retardation is inevitable

C. failure to avoid phenylalanine results in progressive mental retardation

An increase in extracellular potassium ion from 4.0 to 6.0 mEq/L would A. hyperpolarize the resting membrane potential B. make it more difficult to reach threshold and produce an action potential C. hypopolarize the resting membrane potential D. alter the threshold potential

C. hypopolarize the resting membrane potential

Necrotic death of brain tissue usually produces _____ necrosis. A. coagulative B. caseous C. liquefactive D. fat

C. liquefactive

. Cystic fibrosis is a single-gene disorder that primarily affects A. brain and heart B. kidney and adrenals. C. lungs and pancreas D. liver and intestine

C. lungs and pancreas

Children with PKU must avoid phenylalanine in the diet. Phenylalanine is most likely to be a component of A. fat B. sugar C. protein D. carbohydrate

C. protein

The increase in a normal adaptive response to lower availability of oxygen at high altitudes is referred to as A. Diurnal B. Circadian C. Population D. Acclimatization

D. Acclimatization

Which type of cellular adaptation is most likely to occur as the result of chronic ischemia to a region? A. Hypertrophy B. Hyperplasia C. Metaplasia D. Atrophy

D. Atrophy

Characteristics of smooth muscle include A. Being under voluntary control B. Having striations C. Contraction being short-lived D. Being found in blood vessels

D. Being found in blood vessels

An important difference between skeletal and cardiac muscle is that A. Cardiac muscle is not striated B. Only skeletal muscle is dependent upon actin-myosin cross-bridging C. Calcium does not leave the sarcoplasmic reticulum in cardiac cells D. Cardiac muscle has calcium channels on the cell surface for calcium entry

D. Cardiac muscle has calcium channels on the cell surface for calcium entry

Which cellular response is maladaptive? A. Shrinkage of cell size B. Increase in cell size C. Increase in the number of cells D. Change in the shape or arrangement of cells

D. Change in the shape or arrangement of cells

What is the most abundant and diverse tissue in the human body? A. Muscle B. Nervous C. Epithelial D. Connective

D. Connective

Lipid molecules cross cell membranes by A. Transporting across the plasma membrane by endocytosis B. Using channel proteins as a membrane transport system C. Using voltage-gated ion channels D. Diffusion

D. Diffusion

Which is a false statement? A. Epinephrine and cortisol act similarly B. Cortisol and epinephrine work in synergy C. Antidiuretic hormone is important for blood volume regulation D. Endorphins decrease with stress, resulting in an increase in pain perception

D. Endorphins decrease with stress, resulting in an increase in pain perception

Cellular hypoxia results in A. Increased pH B. Enhanced ATP activity C. Loss of intracellular calcium D. Failure of the sodium-potassium pump

D. Failure of the sodium-potassium pump

Which cardiovascular disorder has not been linked to excessive catecholamine levels in the blood? A. Stroke B. Hypertension C. Myocardial infarction D. Heart valve dysfunction

D. Heart valve dysfunction

When the cause of a disease is unintended or unwanted medical treatment, the term to describe this is A. Genotype B. Idiopathic C. Ecogenetics D. Iatrogenic

D. Iatrogenic

Which statement regarding human DNA is true? A. It consists of a six-carbon sugar B. It has no phosphodiester bonds C. It consists of two phosphate groups D. It contains one of the four nucleotide bases

D. It contains one of the four nucleotide bases

Which statement is true regarding epinephrine? A. It has the exact same effects as norepinephrine B. It causes a decrease in glycogenolysis C. It causes a decrease in muscle strength D. It results in increased cardiac output

D. It results in increased cardiac output

In DNA replication DNA polymerase functions to (Select all that apply.) A. Pry DNA apart B. Unwind and separate the DNA strands C. Prevent tangling of DNA strands as they unwind D. Match appropriate bases to the template base E. Proofread the newly developed DNA for errors in base pairing

D. Match appropriate bases to the template base E. Proofread the newly developed DNA for errors in base pairing

Signs and symptoms of a disease first occur during the A. Acute phase B. Latent period C. Subclinical stage D. Prodromal period

D. Prodromal period

Which hormone is responsible for lactation and interferes with ovulation? A. Growth hormone B. Testosterone C. Estrogen D. Prolactin

D. Prolactin

. Which condition occurs in the presence of cellular damage? A. Cells shrink B. ATP production increases C. Osmotic pressure decreases D. Sodium and water move into the cell

D. Sodium and water move into the cell

Which statement is true regarding the epithelial system of tissue? A. Epithelial cells cover only the glands, blood vessels, and internal surfaces. B. Keratin is found in the under layers of the skin and is weak C. Pseudostratified epithelium is actually three layers thick D. Stratified epithelium is several layers thick

D. Stratified epithelium is several layers thick

Which statement regarding human DNA is true? A. The groups A and G bond together B. The purines are single-ringed structures C. The purines include cytosine and thymine D. The nucleotides that bond together are base pairs

D. The nucleotides that bond together are base pairs

Which statement is true about the normal biological variations related to age? A. An infant will have a slower heart rate than an adult B. Elderly persons have better temperature sensations C. There are more sweat glands in an elderly person D. There is less thirst perception in the elderly

D. There is less thirst perception in the elderly

A child has a webbed neck, short stature, and wide chest. Which chromosomal genotypes fits this profile? A. XXY B. XYY C. XY D. XO

D. XO

Phospholipids spontaneously form lipid bilayers, because they are A. polar B. charged C. insoluble D. amphipathic

D. amphipathic

Coagulative necrosis is caused by A. dissolving of dead cells and cyst formation B. rauma or pancreatitis C. lung tissue damage D. interrupted blood supply

D. interrupted blood supply

The cellular response indicative of injury because of faulty metabolism is A. hydropic swelling B. lactate production C. metaplasia D. intracellular accumulations

D. intracellular accumulations

. Reperfusion injury to cells A. results in very little cellular damage B. results from calcium deficiency in cells C. occurs following nutritional injury D. involves formation of free radicals

D. involves formation of free radicals

A point mutation A. results from the addition or loss of one or more bases B. is because of the translocation of a chromosomal segment C. always produces significant dysfunction D. involves the substitution of a single base pair

D. involves the substitution of a single base pair

The primary factor associated with the risk of Down syndrome is A. family history of heritable diseases B. exposure to TORCH syndrome organisms C. maternal alcohol intake D. maternal age

D. maternal age

The effect of stress on the immune system A. is unknown B. has been demonstrated to be non-existent in studies C. most often involves enhancement of the immune system D. may involve enhancement or impairment the immune system

D. may involve enhancement or impairment the immune system

Ion channels open and close in response to all the following except A. mechanical pressure B. ligand binding C. voltage changes D. temperature changes

D. temperature changes

Allostasis is best defined as A. steady-state B. a state of equilibrium, of balance within the organism C. the process by which the body heals following disease D. the overall process of adaptive change necessary to maintain survival and well-being

D. the overall process of adaptive change necessary to maintain survival and well-being

Excitable cells are able to conduct action potentials because they have A. receptors for neurotransmitters B. tight junctions C. ligand-gated channels D. voltage-gated channels

D. voltage-gated channels

Which statement is NOT true concerning cellular metabolism? A. ATP is produced by ATP synthase, a protein in the mitochondrial membrane B. Energy-requiring reactions within cells are driven by coupling to ATP hydrolysis C. ATP is not stored and must be continuously synthesized by each cell to meet the cell's energy needs D. Pyruvate can be converted to lactate when oxygen supply is insufficient for oxidative processes E. Glycolysis is an anaerobic process that produces one ATP molecule, two NADH molecules, and one pyruvate molecule per glucose molecule

E. Glycolysis is an anaerobic process that produces one ATP molecule, two NADH molecules, and one pyruvate molecule per glucose molecule

The nurse is swabbing a patient's throat to test for streptococcal pharyngitis. The nurse must understand that tests such as this differ in the probability that they will be positive for a condition when applied to a person with the condition; this probability is termed sensitivity. True/ False

False

The phase of cellular metabolism in which energy is released during breakdown of nutrient sources is anabolism. True/ False

False

Which electrolyte is essential in ensuring a negative resting membrane potential? A. Calcium B. Sodium C. Potassium D. Magnesium

C. Potassium

Which term is used to describe an objectively identifiable aberration of the disease? A. Syndrome B. Symptom C. Sign D. Stage

C. Sign

An increase in which of these characteristics would be present in cells that demonstrate hypertrophy? A. Lipofuscin B. Size of vacuoles C. Size of cells D. Number of cells

C. Size of cells

Which electrochemical mechanism is responsible for maintaining cell volume? A. Calcium pump B. Glucose transporters C. Sodium-potassium pump D. ATP-binding cassette (ABC) transporters

C. Sodium-potassium pump

The stage during which the patient functions normally, although the disease processes are well established, is referred to as A. latent B. subclinical C. prodromal D. convalescence

B. subclinical

. Some individuals inherit a gene that results in dangerously high blood cholesterol caused by impaired endocytosis of low-density lipoproteins (LDLs). True/ False

False

During conditions of prolonged insufficient oxygen availability (e.g., respiratory or cardiovascular disease) anaerobic glycolysis accumulated pyruvate can lead to lactic acidosis. True/ False

False

When the cause is unknown, a condition is said to be idiopathic True/ False

True

Approximately what percentage of the human DNA chromosomes code for proteins? A. 1% B. 10% C. 50% D. 80%

A. 1%

A client develops weakness in both lower extremities following a prolonged period of bed rest. This condition is most likely caused by A. Atrophy B. Dysplasia C. Hypertrophy D. Hyperplasia

A. Atrophy

Calcium channel blocker drugs are often used to treat conditions associated with (Select all that apply.) A. Cardiac muscle B. Smooth muscle C. Epithelial tissue D. Nervous tissue E. Connective tissue

A. Cardiac muscle B. Smooth muscle

A child has symptoms of mental retardation and a catlike cry. After diagnosis testing the child is likely to be diagnosed with A. Cri du chat B. Trisomy 18 C. Down syndrome D. Klinefelter syndrome

A. Cri du chat

A process that enables a cell to develop into a complex organism is called which of the following cell processes? (Select all that apply.) A. Differentiation B. Proliferation C. Translation D. Movement and migration E. Cell-to-cell communication

A. Differentiation B. Proliferation D. Movement and migration E. Cell-to-cell communication

A critical event in the death of a cell is caused by A. Disruption of the plasma membrane's permeability barrier B. An increase in cellular protein content C. An accumulation of lipofuscin D. Chronic nutrient insufficiency

A. Disruption of the plasma membrane's permeability barrier

Which type of cellular adaptation would create the greatest concern if found on a biopsy report? A. Dysplasia B. Metaplasia C. Hyperplasia D. Hypertrophy

A. Dysplasia

What makes it possible for organs to be stretched like a rubber band? A. Elastin B. Collagen C. Reticular fibers D. Parenchymal cells

A. Elastin

Which term means "cause of the disease"? A. Etiology B. Risk factor C. Pathogenesis D. Clinical manifestations

A. Etiology

What is the name for the mRNA sequences that contain only the wanted segments? A. Exon B. Intron C. Pre-mRNA D. Spliceosomes

A. Exon

What is the name for binding proteins that mediate interactions between the extracellular matrix and nearby cells? A. Integrins B. Morphogens C. Heterochromatin D. Housekeeping genes

A. Integrins

Which is a true statement regarding cortisol? A. It produces stress response effects similar to those of epinephrine. B. Its activity is shorter than that of epinephrine C. It has no known effect on the immune system D. It is associated with the alarm stage

A. It produces stress response effects similar to those of epinephrine.

Which is a category of cell types found in adult humans? (Select all that apply.) A. Muscle B. Nervous C. Epithelium D. Connective E. Hematopoietic

A. Muscle B. Nervous C. Epithelium D. Connective

. Which statement regarding amino acids is true? A. Nucleotide triplets are called codons B. There are 25 known amino acids C. Two triplets code for stop codons D. Each amino acid has only one codon

A. Nucleotide triplets are called codons

Viruses differ from most bacteria in that they (Select all that apply) A. enter the host cell B. directly produce free radicals C. use the host's metabolic processes to survive and replicate D. do not induce an immune response E. do not produce toxins

A. enter the host cell C. use the host's metabolic processes to survive and replicate E. do not produce toxins

Infectious injury often results from (Select all that apply.) A. exotoxins B. endotoxins C. self-destruction of cells D. anti-inflammatory reactions E. enzymes from white blood cells

A. exotoxins B. endotoxins C. self-destruction of cells E. enzymes from white blood cells

Your patient's red blood cell is slightly elevated today. This might be explained by (Select all that apply.) A. gender difference B. situational factors C. normal variation D. cultural variation E. illness

A. gender difference B. situational factors C. normal variation E. illness

The cardiac drug digitalis enhances myocardial contraction, because it A. increases intracellular calcium level in cardiac cells B. inhibits sodium from entering cardiac cells C. enhances the sodium-potassium pump D. increases the sodium gradient across the cell membrane

A. increases intracellular calcium level in cardiac cells

Characteristics of Marfan syndrome include that it (Select all that apply) A. is a single-gene disorder B. involves alterations in connective tissue C. leads to skeletal and joint deformities D. leads to short stocky build E. results in dangerous cardiovascular disorders

A. is a single-gene disorder B. involves alterations in connective tissue C. leads to skeletal and joint deformities E. results in dangerous cardiovascular disorders

The organelle that contains enzymes necessary for oxidative phosphorylation to produce ATP is the A. mitochondria B. ribosome C. lysosome D. nucleus

A. mitochondria

All these cellular responses are potentially reversible except A. necrosis B. metaplasia C. atrophy D. hyperplasia

A. necrosis

. Huntington disease primarily affects the _____ system. A. neurologic B. muscular C. gastrointestinal D. endocrine

A. neurologic

The risk period for maternal rubella infection leading to congenital problems begins A. prior to conception B. during the last trimester C. at birth D. all through pregnancy

A. prior to conception

Metaplasia is A. the replacement of one differentiated cell type with another B. the transformation of a cell type to malignancy C. an irreversible cellular adaptation D. the disorganization of cells into various sizes, shapes, and arrangements

A. the replacement of one differentiated cell type with another

Which is not one of the recognized components of the general adaptation syndrome? A. Alarm B. Allostasis C. Resistance D. Exhaustion

B. Allostasis

Which of the following is NOT true? Protein synthesis involves (Select all that apply.) A. Direction from mRNA B. Amino acid movement into the nucleus C. Nucleotide triplets D. RNA polymerase E. Removal of introns from the DNA template

B. Amino acid movement into the nucleus

Viruses injure cells differently than other causes of cellular injury because they A. Produce and secrete destructive enzymes that digest cellular membranes and connective tissues B. Are incorporated into the cell, where it uses the cell's RNA or DNA for self-replication C. Cause reperfusion injury as the result of free radical formation D. Injure cells by disrupting chemical bonds through ionization

B. Are incorporated into the cell, where it uses the cell's RNA or DNA for self-replication

The cellular component that is most susceptible to radiation injury is the A. membrane B. DNA C. RNA D. ribosomes

B. DNA

The primary role of genes is to A. Code for reproduction B. Direct the synthesis of proteins C. Determine differentiation D. Determine cellular apoptosis

B. Direct the synthesis of proteins

Characteristics of cellular differentiation include which of the following? (Select all that apply.) A. Specialization for different functions B. Enhanced ability to replicate C. Influenced by memory of developmental events D. Dependent on cell-to-cell coordination E. Generally not reversible

B. Enhanced ability to replicate

The differences in structure and function of cells in different body tissues are resulting from A. Gene differences in tissue cells B. Expression of tissue-specific genes C. Transcriptional controls D. Translation of amino acids to proteins

B. Expression of tissue-specific genes

Which is a theory of aging? (Select all that apply.) A. Apoptosis B. Free radical C. Immunologic D. Nutritional injury E. Programmed senescence

B. Free radical E. Programmed senescence

What is the mechanism of cellular injury that occurs when deep-sea divers get "the bends"? A. Intracellular calcium accumulation creates muscle tetany B. Gas bubbles form in the blood, blocking circulation and resulting in ischemia C. Free radicals form abnormal chemical bonds, which destroy the cellular membranes D. Carbon monoxide binds tightly to hemoglobin, preventing the red blood cells from carrying oxygen

B. Gas bubbles form in the blood, blocking circulation and resulting in ischemia

Which statement is true regarding an autosomal dominant trait? (Select all that apply.) A. Men are affected more than women B. Males and females are equally affected C. Unaffected individuals may transmit the disease to offspring D. If a patient has the gene, he or she will have the disease/characteristic E. Having two parents that are carriers results in a 1 in 4 chance of producing an affected child

B. Males and females are equally affected D. If a patient has the gene, he or she will have the disease/characteristic

Which is an autosomal dominant disease? A. Duchenne muscular dystrophy B. Marfan syndrome C. Phenylketonuria D. Cystic fibrosis

B. Marfan syndrome

Which term refers to the outwardly apparent physical and biochemical attributes of an individual? A. Genotype B. Phenotype C. Chromatid D. Chromosome

B. Phenotype

The study of specific characteristics and functions of a living organism and its parts is called A. Psychiatry B. Physiology C. Homeostasis D. Pathophysiology

B. Physiology

On which area does cortisol have an anabolic effect? A. Lymphoid B. Protein C. Muscle D. Skin

B. Protein

Which metabolic processes is a component of anabolic metabolism? A. Glycolysis B. Protein synthesis C. Citric acid cycle D. Oxidative phosphorylation

B. Protein synthesis

Which of the following is NOT true? Characteristics of stem cells include that they A. May differentiate into any type of cell B. Reside only in the bone marrow C. Have greater capacity to proliferate than more differentiated cells D. Are dependent upon environmental cues for proliferation E. Can die in the absence of an appropriate environment

B. Reside only in the bone marrow

Which muscle is referred to as an involuntary muscle? (Select all that apply.) A. Striated B. Smooth C. Cardiac D. Skeletal

B. Smooth C. Cardiac

Restoration of effective function is the goal of which level of prevention? A. Primary B. Tertiary C. Clinical D. Secondary

B. Tertiary

Which is true regarding catecholamines? A. They are from the parasympathetic nervous system B. They include epinephrine and norepinephrine C. They cross the blood-brain barrier D. They cause a decrease in heart rate

B. They include epinephrine and norepinephrine

. A patient is diagnosed with a condition that is the result of an abnormal number of chromosomes. This genotype is referred to as A. nondisjunction B. aneuploidy C. monosomy D. polysomy

B. aneuploidy

Apoptosis is a process that results in cellular A. atrophy B. death C. proliferation D. mutation

B. death

In general, with aging, organ size and function A. increase B. decrease C. remain the same D. are unknown

B. decrease

The cellular change that is considered preneoplastic is A. anaplasia B. dysplasia C. metaplasia D. hyperplasia

B. dysplasia

The parents of a child with PKU are concerned about the risk of transmitting the disorder in future pregnancies. The correct assessment of the risk is A. each child has a 25% chance of being a carrier B. each child has a 25% chance of being affected C. since one child is already affected, the next three children will be unaffected D. one cannot predict the risk for future pregnancies

B. each child has a 25% chance of being affected

. A disease that is native to a particular region is called A. epidemic B. endemic C. pandemic D. ethnographic

B. endemic

Socioeconomic factors influence disease development because of (Select all that apply.) A. genetics B. environmental toxins C. overcrowding D. nutrition E. hygiene

B. environmental toxins C. overcrowding D. nutrition E. hygiene

An increase in organ size and function caused by increased workload is termed A. atrophy B. hypertrophy C. metaplasia D. inflammation

B. hypertrophy

A patient has been exposed to meningococcal meningitis, but is not yet demonstrating signs of this disease. This stage of illness is called the _____ stage. A. prodromal B. latent C. sequela D. convalescence

B. latent

Somatic death refers to death A. of a body organ B. of the entire organism C. of nerve cells D. secondary to brain damage

B. of the entire organism

A patient with high blood pressure who is otherwise healthy is counseled to restrict sodium intake. This is an example of A. primary prevention B. secondary prevention C. tertiary prevention D. disease treatment

B. secondary prevention

An obese but otherwise healthy teen is given a prescription for a low-calorie diet and exercise program. This is an example of A. primary prevention B. secondary prevention C. tertiary prevention D. disease treatment

B. secondary prevention

C.Q. was recently exposed to group A hemolytic Streptococcus and subsequently developed a pharyngeal infection. His clinic examination reveals an oral temperature of 102.3°F, skin rash, dysphagia, and reddened throat mucosa with multiple pustules. He complains of sore throat, malaise, and joint stiffness. A throat culture is positive for Streptococcus, and antibiotics have been prescribed. The etiology of C.Q.'s disease is A. a sore throat B. streptococcal infection C. genetic susceptibility D. pharyngitis

B. streptococcal infection

Huntington disease is often transferred to offspring before a parent knows of the genetic possibility of this disease, because A. symptoms are so mild that they are not recognized B. symptoms often do not occur until approximately 40 years of age C. genetic testing for the disease is not possible D. the genetic alteration is rarely expressed

B. symptoms often do not occur until approximately 40 years of age

Ribosomes are very important organelles within the cell that have the function of A. detoxifying substances B. synthesizing proteins C. converting energy to forms that can be used D. coding for protein synthesis

B. synthesizing proteins

. The resting membrane potential in nerve and skeletal muscle is determined primarily by A. extracellular sodium ion concentration B. the ratio of intracellular to extracellular potassium ions C. activation of voltage-gated sodium channels D. activity of energy-dependent membrane pumps

B. the ratio of intracellular to extracellular potassium ions

20. Gap junctions are connecting channels that allow passage of small molecules from one cell to the next and are especially important for A. distance signaling B. tissues requiring synchronized function C. communication within a cell D. passage of large molecules

B. tissues requiring synchronized function

Results of biochemical tests indicate an infant has phenylketonuria (PKU). The parents ask what PKU means. Correct responses would include all the following except PKU A. is an enzyme deficiency resulting in the inability to metabolize phenylalanine B. is an inborn error of metabolism C. results from a chromosome abnormality called nondisjunction D. is transmitted as an autosomal-recessive disorder

C. results from a chromosome abnormality called nondisjunction

After suffering a heart attack, a middle-aged man is counseled to take a cholesterol-lowering medication. This is an example of A. primary prevention B. secondary prevention C. tertiary prevention D. disease treatment

C. tertiary prevention

A fetus is most vulnerable to environmental teratogens during A. birth B. conception C. the first trimester D. the last trimester

C. the first trimester