Exam 1 study guide

D

A judicial body is determining which pieces of evidence in a murder case are admissible. Which type of law would be consulted in this case? a. public law b. substantive criminal law c. civil law d. procedural laws 1-4

B

A systematic review: a. is always quantitative in reporting its findings. b. synthesizes the findings of past studies to make a conclusion. c. is based solely on research emanating from polls and surveys. d. combines UCR and NIBRS reports to produce a clearer picture of crime. 2-2

C

A typical male is most likely to be victimized by __________. a. a romantic female partner b. a close family acquaintance c. a person they do not know d. a childhood friend 3-2

D

Arguably, which of the following potential criminals can be discouraged from committing crime? a. an individual motivated entirely by immediate economic need b. an individual who is impulsive and seeks an adrenaline rush regardless of outcome c. an individual with a lengthy criminal record and prior terms of imprisonment d. an individual who fears being caught and receiving punishment 4-4

D

As a crime control theory, what does general deterrence rely on? a. rehabilitation programs in prison b. the existence of plea bargains c. criminal knowledge of the law d. fear of criminal penalties 4-6

D

As a field of study, how does criminology differ from criminal justice? a. Criminology explores methods used to control crime. b. Criminology analyzes criminal laws. c. Criminology explains agencies of social control. d. Criminology seeks to explain crime. 1-1

B

Crime career costs are __________. a. personal economic losses that a crime victim suffers b. the imputed value of money an individual loses by engaging in crime rather than in legal activities c. indirect costs, such as pain and suffering, incurred by a crime victim d. costs incurred by the state in arresting and incarcerating a career criminal 3-1

C

Crime typology can be most helpful for which of the following? a. identifying new forms of crime that are emerging as a result of globalization b. generating new ways to punish criminals for a specific crime c. gaining a better understanding of why a specific crime is committed d. identifying which therapeutic interventions work best with which offenders 1-2

C

Crime undertaken by reasoning criminals is often __________. a. pre-programmed b. impulsive c. calculated d. unrestrained 4-2

A

Declining deviance as part of the aging out process results from __________. a. youth growing more mature b. increased conflict with authority figures c. a simultaneous decline in mental abilities d. the need for economic independence 2-4

B

During which season would it behoove police on foot patrol in a major U.S. city to be on greater lookout for property crimes such as pickpocketing? a. winter b. summer c. spring d. fall 2-4

A

In what way is the National Incident-Based Reporting System (NIBRS) intended to be more explanatory than the Uniform Crime Reports (UCR)? a. The NIBRS requires reported crimes to be put into greater context. b. The NIBRS is concerned only with the basic, fundamental aspects of a reported crime. c. The NIBRS compiles summaries rather than statistics related to crime. d. The NIBRS includes the name and criminal record of the offender for each crime. 2-1

B

How are lifestyle theory and victim precipitation theory similar to each other? a. Both hold that victimization is the product of an environment. b. Both focus on the behaviors and actions of the potential victims in encouraging victimization. c. Both stipulate that victimization is random and is determined by external factors. d. Both argue that victimization can be avoided through changes in social relationships. 3-3

C

In which of the following cases would general deterrence likely fail to prevent a criminal act from occurring? a. A potential offender fears apprehension and incarceration if committing a crime. b. A potential offender is concerned that incarceration will result in stigmatization. c. A potential offender has already served repeated, lengthy prison sentences. d. A potential offender is willing to explore other options besides crime to obtain money. 4-6

A

In which of the following scenarios can a killer be viewed as rational? a. A gang member shoots and kills a competitor who was planning to kill that gang member. b. A drug dealer accidentally shoots another while mishandling a weapon. c. A home invader kills the occupant of a house who posed no threat. d. A mass murderer kills innocents for the fun of it. 4-3

C

Specific deterrence is meant to prevent __________. a. crimes having any material rewards b. co-offending by juveniles c. recidivism by criminal offenders d. lawful persons from offending 4-7

B

The consensus, conflict, and interactionist views of crime all share which common idea? a. Crime reflects the values held dearly by all of society. b. Criminal law has a social control function. c. The definition of crime is relatively stagnant and unchanging. d. The ruling classes mold the definition of crimes. 1-3

D

The work of Cesare Beccaria supports which of the following ideas? a. Criminals are predisposed to crime, so the state should ensure that, once caught, offenders are never released. b. Violent crime should only be punished with the maximum punishment, since violence represents the most brutal form of humanity. c. The application of the death penalty does little to deter murder, since murder is never rational in any context. d. Punishment that is the same for varying levels of violent crime only encourages offenders to engage in more violent acts. 4-1

D

Typically, in what way can harsh incarceration sentences for low-level crimes encourage future criminality in offenders? a. They might seek to exact vengeance on law enforcement officers for what they perceived as unfairness during their stint in prison. b. They might be encouraged to engage in criminality as a way to recoup economic losses incurred during their time in detention. c. They might engage in criminal acts on behalf of former inmates as a way of repaying for the security they received in prison. d. They might become disenchanted with the criminal justice system and seek revenge by engaging in further criminality. 4-8

A

What is the importance of a Victims' Bill of Rights, which most states now have? a. It allows those victimized to be alerted and aware of criminal proceedings against an offender. b. It protects those who have been victimized from being offended against in the future. c. It prevents offenders from further victimizing those people they have already offended against. d. It allows those victimized to have a direct say in the sentencing of an offender. 3-4

A

What do most criminologists believe is the root cause of crime? a. social factors b. biological factors c. individual traits d. psychological factors 1-1

B

Why is the NIBRS currently of limited use in gauging crime nationwide? a. The NIBRS is overly reliant on the use of flawed UCR databases. b. The NIBRS has not been fully adopted in all 50 states. c. The NIBRS only records and tracks non-violent crime. d. The NIBRS overutilizes subjective National Crime Victimization Survey (NCVS) data. 2-1

D

When did violent crime rates peak in the United States? a. mid 1970s b. late 2010s c. the 1950s d. early 1990s 2-3

C

According to victim precipitation theory __________. a. victims often have prior relationships with the offender b. victimization is always the result of a certain decision or action by the victim c. it is sometimes the victim that provokes the offender d. some people are more susceptible to victimization than others 3-3

C

Abuse of highly dependent elders by their children, due to the children increasingly becoming unable to care for the elders, is explained by __________. a. the power and control view b. the social learning view c. the caregiver stress view d. the social exchange view 3-2

A

What demographic change could likely result in higher household victimization rates in the United States? a. increasing urbanization b. decreasing size of families c. growth of rural communities d. stable population growth of juveniles and elders 3-2

C

How can an individual living in a crime-ridden neighborhood rationally avoid victimization, under deviant place theory? a. alter their lifestyle b. take safety precautions c. move to a safer neighborhood d. change their personal behavior 3-3

D

How can crime discouragers, in the form of handlers, serve to prevent crime? a. by adding security guards, to increase the likelihood of a potential offender being caught b. to making homeowners more aware of potential vulnerabilities c. by ensuring that potential offenders are taught to know right from wrong and to respect the law d. to diminish the potential rewards a potential offender can gain from committing a crime 4-5

D

Permeable neighborhoods are often chosen by burglars because they __________. a. are familiar to burglars. b. lack strong security measures. c. provide more targets for crime. d. offer more potential escape routes. 4-3

C

Police often target a specific neighborhood for a certain type of crime. If their efforts help prevent other types of crime in this neighborhood, the effect is known as __________. a. displacement b. extinction c. diffusion of benefits d. discouragement 4-5

D

The idea that the accused actually and voluntarily committed a criminal act is __________. a. in situ b. ad idem c. mens rea d. actus reus 1-4

B

The state providing funds to a victimized individual to pay for damages associated with a crime is known as victim __________. a. restitution b. compensation c. bequeathing d. allowance 3-4

A

What are deviant behaviors? a. actions that are atypical in a society b. actions that are committed without intent c. actions that are criminal in nature d. actions that require punishment 1-1

A

Which of the following criminal acts would be classified as mala prohibitium? a. tax evasion b. murder c. robbery d. assault 1-4

D

Which statement is representative of the interactionist view of crime? a. Crimes are committed by individuals who are unaware of their effect on others. b. Crimes are committed by individuals who have mental defects. c. Crimes are committed by individuals who have rational societal grievances. d. Crimes are committed by individuals who have varying perceptions of reality. 1-3

D

Why are crime and deviance distinct? a. Deviance is intentional, while crime is unintentional. b. Acts of deviance are more dangerous than crimes. c. Deviance is unintentional, while crime is intentional. d. Crimes and deviance violate different standards. 1-1

C

Why are the ideas of mens rea and actus reus essential in proving that a crime has been committed? a. Because once the act is proved, the judge or jury can infer that the intent was proves as well. b. Both principles are important, as they provide prosecutors with sweeping ability to convict a person of a crime by only having to prove the existence of one or the other. c. An individual must not only be found to have personally committed a crime, but they must also have done it with the intent to do so. d. Since the accused must be directly involved in a criminal act, these legal principles limit the chances for people to be mistakenly charged. 1-4

B

Why can the figures cited by the Uniform Crime Reports (UCR) be misleading? a. All multiple victim offenses are treated the same even though they aren't. b. Police departments vary in the way they record, classify, and report crimes. c. All crimes are reported in multiple crime situations, making the counting tedious. d. The FBI reports federal crimes differently than state ones. 2-1

B

Why do burglars often commit crimes near where they live? a. lack of police presence b. familiarity with the area c. high costs of transportation d. existence of strong social networks 4-2

A

Why do fraudsters often target the elderly? a. The elderly are seen as easy targets. b. The elderly do not use passwords in online banking. c. The elderly often do not seek the assistance of police. d. The elderly typically do not report victimization. 3-2

B

Why is society justified in controlling victimless crimes? a. Typically, those who engage in victimless crimes also engage in more severe crimes. b. Victimless crimes are a threat to maintaining the overall balance of a society. c. The harm victimless crimes inflict is only on those who are willing participants. d. Often, victimless crimes are a gateway to more deviant behavior. 1-3

A

Restitution agreements are __________. a. conditions of probation for an offender b. meant to remove an offender from society c. designed to serve as incapacitation d. intended to prevent recidivism 3-4

A

Under the conflict view of crime, who decides the content of criminal law and shapes the definition of crime in a society? a. the ruling class b. interest groups c. society as a whole d. legal advocates 1-3

D

How can victimization typically lead to criminality? a. It most often encourages those victimized to seek revenge on those who victimized them. b. It typically serves to remove victims from normal society. c. It prevents victims from delineating between right and wrong by changing their social outlook. d. It can encourage negative behaviors that are meant to alleviate stress and anger. 3-1

A

How do victim costs differ from intangible costs? a. Victim costs can be financially estimated. b. Victim costs are of an indirect nature. c. Victim costs are long-lasting. d. Victim costs are psychological. 3-1

B

How does the transformative effect of early victimization impact young victims? a. It discourages young victims to lash out at others in an abusive manner since they dislike what they experienced. b. It makes young victims highly susceptible to entering into abusive adult relationships. c. It results in sociological defects that lead to social withdrawal. d. It makes young victims less likely to engage in physical violence as they mature. 3-1

B

Which of the following is true for liberal feminist theories regarding crime? a. Despite changes in the crime hierarchy of America, women are not inclined to resort to violence. b. As women move closer to men in social and economic position, their crime rate will increase. c. The class structure of America necessitates women to seek crime as a way to advance their status. d. Women are genetically predisposed to seeking and using property crime as a way to facilitate change. 2-4

D

Which of the following might result in rising crime rates, specifically among the youth in coming decades? a. A global movement towards deinstitutionalizing non-violent offenders. b. Increased vigilance by governments to limit the proliferation of weapons. c. Falling rates of global income inequality, particularly in developing countries. d. Increasing automation of manufacturing and service jobs at the expense of human workers. 2-3

C

In most states, the status of sex offenders is now made public. Why? a. to allow probation officers to properly monitor sex offenders b. to shame and stigmatize sex offenders c. to let the public know the identity and the whereabouts of sex offenders d. to allow communities to prevent sex offenders from moving in 3-4 End of CH.3

B

In what way is situational crime prevention meant to control rational criminal activity? a. It educates the youth in the ways of law to prevent misperceptions. b. It raises the risk of committing a crime so as to deter it. c. It decreases the chances for early release from prison. d. It publicizes the law so that criminals know what is legal and what is not. 4-5

D

What is a career criminal? a. an offender who has renounced their criminal past b. an offender who has only committed a single act c. an offender who begins a life of criminality as an adult d. an offender who persistently engages in criminal acts 2-4

B

In terms of criminology, edgework describes __________. a. an easy target that is susceptible to crime b. the thrill associated with carrying out a crime c. neighborhoods where crime can be conducted easily d. the rewards received from committing a crime 4-4

D

What is continuity of crime? a. the idea that prison serves to promote high recidivism rates among criminals b. the view that an individual will commit more severe crimes as they age c. the idea that criminality is passed from one family generation to another d. the view that criminality starts at an early age and remains throughout life 2-4 End of CH.2

B

Which of the following exemplifies the legal philosophy of just desert? a. An individual convicted of a forcible and brutal rape is sentenced to 60 hours of community service. b. An individual convicted of murder is sentenced to life in prison with the possibility of parole. c. An individual convicted of petty larceny is sentenced to a ten-year period of imprisonment. d. An individual convicted of reckless driving is sentenced to four years of imprisonment. 4-8 End of CH.4

C

Which of the following factors is considered by a potential burglar, under offender-specific crime? a. How easy will it be to avoid police detection after committing a crime? b. What is the potential material reward for committing a crime? c. Does the burglar have the capability and skills necessary to commit the crime? d. How many police are in the area where the criminal seeks to commit a crime? 4-2

A

Which of the following groups could be used in a specific cohort study? a. the graduating male class of a particular high school b. the entire population of the United States c. a group of Americans chosen by a national lottery system d. a random group of youth aged 15 to 20 from across the country 2-2

B

Which of the following is a typical punishment for a violent felony? a. community service b. a prison sentence c. probation d. suspended sentence 1-4

B

Which of the following represents victimization by the justice system? a. a judge in a criminal court case declaring a mistrial due to the judge's personal bias b. police questioning a rape victim and insinuating that the victim was at fault c. a homicide suspect being interrogated without a lawyer by police d. police shooting an armed suspect who was violently resisting arrest 3-1

B

Which of the following would be classified as a Part II crime? a. an individual robbing a liquor store b. an individual selling cocaine to another person c. an individual breaking into a home d. an individual speeding on a public road 2-1

A

How can specific deterrence sometimes serve to encourage further criminality? a. by labeling an offender, thereby locking the offender into a criminal career b. by failing to provide an offender with adequate punishment for crime c. by proving to an offender that crime can be committed without negative repercussions d. by negatively altering the offender's neurology, so that the offender become predisposed to crime 4-7

B

In the interests of the well-being of society, why should criminologists refrain from publishing biased or subjective research findings? a. Due to the nature of their work, criminologists are not allowed to harbor biases. b. The results from such studies could be used by the state to institute unjust policies. c. Publications can only be factual if they are completely objective. d. Criminology is an exact science, so subjective findings should not be possible. 1-5 End of CH.1

B

In what way are technological developments complicating the fight against crime? a. Criminals are more adept at using technology than law enforcement agencies. b. Technology is creating new classes of crime that are harder to detect and combat. c. Many law enforcement agencies cannot afford technology that they can benefit from. d. New laws are frequently diminishing the importance of technology to law enforcement. 2-3

A

Which of the following can be considered an example of target hardening? a. a restaurant owner installing deadbolt locks on the doors to the business b. the construction of a new police precinct in a crime-ridden neighborhood c. making the status of ex-offenders known to the public d. a bank offering firearm training to the staff 3-4

D

Which of the following can be explained by the cycle of violence? a. The children of a violent offender dislike crime because of what they have seen at home. b. Crime is genetic, predisposed and passed from generation to generation. c. Criminality is perceived as a social norm for people living in disadvantaged neighborhoods. d. Children who are abused increasingly engage in crime as they mature. 3-1

B

Which of the following scenarios would increase the chances of an individual being victimized as a result of passive precipitation? a. An individual at a company encourages collaboration with subordinates. b. An individual enters an establishment that is frequented by a racial group at odds with the individual's racial group. c. An individual at a bar makes provocative statements to a drunk, rowdy patron. d. An individual visibly flashes their wealth in an economically depressed part of town. 3-3

C

Which of the following statements is true about rational criminals? a. they operate with the belief that their actions should not be considered a crime b. they fail to understand the implications of their crime and that it is wrong c. they weigh the potential benefits and consequences of their actions d. they view their crimes as necessary, given the socioeconomic structure of society 4-3

C

Which of the following would be considered an instrumental crime? a. an individual who vandalizes government property for the thrill of it b. an individual who is sexually frustrated, breaks into a home and rapes an inhabitant c. an individual threatens another with a knife to hand over their wallet d. an individual shooting and critically injuring a person who criticized them 2-4

C

Which of the following would generally be considered a felony? a. An individual is found by police to have an ounce of marijuana. b. An individual shoplifts $30 worth of steaks and seafood from a supermarket. c. An individual accidently shoots and kills another during a botched robbery. d. An individual takes a short cut through another person's yard on the way home. 1-4

D

Which of the following would increase the risks of victimization in an upscale neighborhood, under routine activities theory? a. heightened monitoring of known ex-offenders in the community b. strong bonds between members of the community and law enforcement c. the presence of security-hardened homes defended by cameras and gates d. long response times by a small, ineffectual police department 3-3

D

Which of the following would moral entrepreneurs seek to control through the creation and enforcement of laws in the United States? a. larceny b. theft c. trespassing d. pornography 1-3

B

Which situation would fall under the purview of public law? a. A family is disputing the contents of a will. b. A restauranteur is suing a city over a health inspection. c. A government official has been murdered by a civilian. d. An individual has been charged with assault. 1-4

B

In a large city, which of the following could serve to create a tipping-point to deter drug dealers? a. decriminalization of certain drug laws b. a district attorney with a 95 percent conviction rate c. increased presence of police foot patrols in the city d. knowledge of the penal code and drug laws 4-6

C

In a state, which of the following can criminologists be held socially responsible for? a. the development of new types of crime that criminologists failed to predict b. the decision made by a jury in a criminal case that a criminologist is part of c. the creation of new criminal punishments based on the views of criminologists d. a rise in the costs of social programs 1-5

D

In which of the following scenarios can crime mapping benefit police? a. Police are uncertain if any hostages are being held in a barricaded building. b. Police have video surveillance of a robbery that shows the face of the suspect clearly. c. Police have found evidence with fingerprints on it at a crime scene. d. Police are uncertain as to where they should deploy more officers to counter crime. 2-2

D

Regarding punishment, which of the following can be a typical role of a criminologist? a. assessing loopholes in the criminal code that benefit offenders b. consulting with judges, prior to them sentencing offenders, on what punishment should be used c. analyzing crime scene evidence d. studying how prison sentences impact the recidivism rates of criminals 1-2

D

The work of political scientist James Wilson strongly influenced the conservative shift in U.S. crime control policy in the 1980s, resulting in which of the following? a. creation of more government welfare programs to prevent people from resorting to crime b. greater preference by judges to apply informal, rather than formal, sanctions on offenders c. increasing use of rehabilitation programs to correct the behavior of incarcerated offenders d. greater use of prison punishments for more varied crimes to keep criminals away from the public 4-1

A

Under lifestyle theory, which of the following persons would be highly susceptible to victimization? a. a young male who typically skips school to partake in substance abuse with others b. a juvenile who attends a public school in an economically disadvantaged neighborhood c. an older male who frequents an upscale sports bar every Friday night d. a female who typically has lunch in a busy public park with friends in the afternoon 3-3

C

What limits the effectiveness of gun control such as requiring waiting periods and limiting the sale of guns? a. There is no reliable way to keep track of the sale of new firearms. b. Many firearms used in crimes come from overseas. c. Few guns used in crimes are sold new to criminals. d. Due to the Second Amendment, law enforcement agencies cannot combat illegal firearms. 2-4

A

What must all criminal law in the United States conform to? a. the Constitution b. the Magna Carta c. the United Nations (UN) Charter d. the Declaration of Human Rights 1-4

D

When compared to the UCR, what does the Monitoring the Future (MTF) study reveal? a. crime rates recorded in various ways are roughly equal b. criminals and delinquents specialize in one type of crime c. only a minority of people commit crime d. the crime problem is much greater than official statistics would lead us to believe 2-3

A

Which of the following best characterizes criminal law in the world? a. Ideas of criminal law date back centuries, and it is constantly evolving. b. Criminal law is built around strict religious principles, and its fundamentals are unchanging. c. Criminal law, as a legal code, is formulated on an ad-hoc basis. d. The basis for criminal law is relatively modern and open to significant interpretation. 1-4

B

Which of the following can be considered an area of socio-legal studies in criminology? a. developing new laws that reflect the values of a society b. assessing the impact of legal change and development c. examining the role of the family in encouraging criminal behavior d. analyzing the motives that criminals have in committing crimes 1-2

C

How can a policy of focused deterrence be enacted by a city as a way to prevent crime? a. by limiting crime prevention methods to known-offenders, one at a time b. by enacting new and harsher laws that criminalize deviant behaviors c. by increasing the visible presence of police and having a judiciary focused on seeking justice d. by using plea bargains as a way to get offenders to reveal information about other offenders 4-8

B

In which of the following scenarios has displacement occurred? a. New gang leaders emerge to replace leaders who have been recently arrested. b. Drug dealers move their operations to an area that lacks a strong police presence. c. An area targeted by police for drug dealing is now facing a gun dealing problem. d. Public activity in a community has declined in response to an increased police presence. 4-5

C

In which of the following situations would violent victimization more likely occur? a. a daytime robbery in a highly frequented part of a city b. an afternoon burglary of a popular bank c. a nighttime robbery in a secluded part of a city d. an early morning burglary in a private residence 3-2

B

Informal sanctions are __________. a. forms of court-ordered probation for a criminal offender b. negative attitudes directed towards criminal offenders c. correctional punishments not included in a criminal sentence d. the denial of voting rights and loans for convicted felons 4-6

C

What is true concerning homicide rates in the world? a. Homicide rates are increasing in Russia. b. Homicide rates are the highest in Eastern Asia. c. Homicide rates are the highest in South Africa. d. Homicide rates are the lowest in Central America. 2-3

C

What aspect of self-report surveys impedes their validity? a. the limited use of self-report surveys to members of the population aged 45 and older b. the use of self-report surveys in solely questioning adolescents c. the potential non-honesty of self-report survey respondents d. the non-anonymous reporting nature of self-report surveys 2-1

A

What can primarily serve to limit co-offending in a community? a. developing more opportunities for youth employment in economically depressed communities b. community efforts aimed at forming home owners' associations c. placing juvenile offenders in adult criminal courts rather than juvenile courts d. law enforcement agencies devoting more resources to fighting white-collar crime 2-4

B

What can serve to limit financially motivated violent crime in an economically depressed society? a. replacement of prison sentences with economic sanctions b. increasing widespread availability of well-paying jobs c. greater visibility of wealthy targets that are easy prey d. rising social inequality that concentrates wealth in the hands of a few 4-2

D

What contributes to target gratifiability that can encourage victimization? a. a victim who is an easy target, due to a physical handicap b. a victim who arouses anger in others c. a victim who socializes with criminal offenders d. a victim who routinely displays material wealth 3-2

D

What is crime typology? a. the classification of crimes by potential punishment b. the study of how criminal codes differ among states c. the classification of crimes by severity d. studies on specific types of crime or criminals to discover correlations 1-2

D

Which of the following represents the consensus view of crime? a. A small number of elitists who control the system decide which behaviors should be outlawed or controlled, based on their own personal beliefs. b. Crimes are politically defined so as to control the underclass. c. The law is a tool of the ruling class. d. The majority of a society is in agreement as to which behaviors must be outlawed or controlled to protect society. 1-3

B

What idea does the incapacitation effect rest on? a. Prison serves to prevent crime by serving as a deterrent to would-be offenders. b. An offender confined in jail is prevented from committing crime. c. The successful rehabilitation of an offender will prevent recidivism. d. The fear of punishment, in the form of a jail sentence, will prevent crime. 4-8

D

What is data mining? a. a method used by police to match suspects in a surveillance video to known criminals in a database b. police conducting a full scope background check of a suspect, which includes questioning family and neighbors c. a technique used by police to access a suspect's computer, bypass security protocols, and download the contents of its hard drive d. the use of advanced software by police to identify crime patterns and link them to suspects based on behavior patterns 2-2

A

What is the correlation between a good economy and higher crime rates? a. Greater prosperity for more people in turn provides more tempting targets for youth criminals. b. The acquisition of greater material wealth encourages greed and the need to satisfy it. c. Typically, when the economy is doing well, it only benefits the upper class. d. Some criminals desire to take advantage of prosperity by acquiring more wealth. 2-4

A

What is the foundation of racial threat hypothesis? a. Certain minority groups are more predisposed to commit crime than others. b. Law enforcement agencies provide more attention to minorities due to their higher crime rates. c. A fear of growing minority populations results in greater police action against them. d. Crime rates in a community typically rise when multiple racial minorities converge. 2-4

C

What is the relation of the concept of early onset to crime? a. As a society increases the levels of punishment that are applied to crime, deterrence will occur as youth will be less inclined to commit criminal acts out of fear of the consequences. b. Increasing globalization and interdependence provide more economic opportunities and lessen the risk of youth resorting to crime as a means to establish financial independence. c. Youth who have been exposed to a variety of personal and social problems from an early age are the most at risk of repeat offending throughout their life. d. The assumption that crime is wholly related to rates of immigration and resulting workplace competition and that any drop in that rate will serve to discourage crime among adolescents. 2-4

D

What is the role of parent incarceration in factoring the cost of victimization? a. It greatly decreases the role of criminality in children due to a stronger belief in the system. b. It limits economic strain on families while increasing the costs to the state. c. It decreases state costs of victimization by placing prison costs on the offender. d. It can create additional costs and victimization of families, due to the effects of parental absence. 3-1

C

What is the importance of a victim impact statement (VIS) in distributing justice to an offender? a. They provide the courts with clear evidence of the wrongdoing by an offender. b. They determine whether an offender should be charged with a misdemeanor or a felony. c. They allow victims to recount the ordeal, which can be used to influence sentencing. d. They set the compensation level a victim can be awarded by the state. 3-4