Exam 2
In Craik and Tulving's experiment, the deeper, ___________ encoding yielded better memory than the shallow processing elicited by the other encoding techniques.
A. semantic.
Through direct experience with animals, we come to anticipate that dogs will bark and that birds will chirp. This best illustrates:
Associative learning.
_____ is a pioneering learning researcher who highlighted the antisocial effects of aggressive models on children's behavior.
Bandura
Ricardo distributes his study time rather than cramming because he wants to retain the information for the long-term. He is using the:
C. the spacing effect.
Blinking in response to a puff of air directed into your eye is a(n):
C. unconditioned response (UR).
In classical conditioning, a stimulus that unconditionally, naturally, and automatically triggers a response is called a:
C. unconditioned stimulus (US).
In observational learning, the most effective models are those:
C. who use consistent actions and words.
You repeatedly hear a tone just before having a puff of air directed to your eye. Blinking to the tone presented without an air puff is a
CR.
Every time Martin opens the cabinet where he stores his dog's treats, his dog begins to bark in anticipation. This is an example of:
associative learning
Luca's parents set firm rules but are responsive to his needs. They give him a chance to explain himself and also explain their position on why they cannot allow him to stay out past midnight. Some psychologists would say Luca's parents have this type of parenting style:
authoritative
ultural groups have their own _____, which are the rules for accepted and expected behavior.
norms
A 65-year-old retina receives only about _____ as much light as its 20-year-old counterpart.
one-third
According to _____ conditioning principles, parents should not yell to express their anger when dealing with a young girl who is resistant to going to school every morning.
operant
Pamela wanted to train her dog, Zorro, to come to her when called. Every time Pamela called Zorro and he came, Pamela would give him a treat and pet him. Soon Zorro would come every time he was called. Pamela used _____ conditioning to train Zorro.
operant
The cognitive processes in _____ conditioning involve an organism developing an expectation that a response will be reinforced or punished with or without reinforcement.
operant
Zach wants to train his dog to sit and lay down on command. Zach should use _____ conditioning to train his dog.
operant
_____ conditioning is a type of learning in which behavior is strengthened if followed by a reinforcer or diminished if followed by a punisher.
operant
To reduce their self-destructive behavior, a therapist squirts water in the children's faces whenever they bite themselves. The squirt of water is a:
positive punishment
Findings from Garcia's research on taste aversion in rats indicate that:
rats are more likely to develop aversions to taste than they are to sights or sounds
When an infant gazes more intently at a new stimulus, researchers conclude that the infant recognizes that stimulus as different. It follows that the infant:
reme,bers the original stimulus, making the new stimulus seem different.
According to Jean Piaget, object permanence and stranger anxiety develop during this stage of cognitive development.
sensorimotor
Today's learning theorists recognize that our learning results not only from environmental influences but from an interaction of _____ influences.
biopsychosocial
Shaping is a method used by Skinner to:
guide an organism to exhibit a complex behavior using successive approximations.
In Bandura's experiment, compared to children not exposed to the adult model, those who observed the model's aggressive outburst were _____ likely to lash out at the doll.
more
Early maturation in boys tends to produce boys who are:
more self-assured, popular, and independent.
Conditioning is the process of:
learning associations.
Researchers have found that classical conditioning can be used to produce an immune response in patients. What would produce this response?
lemonade with the immune-enhancing drug
Dr. Greco is conducting a study with military veterans from the Vietnam and Gulf Wars. He plans to evaluate them every year for 10 years to see if those with PTSD have a more pronounced decline in mental abilities and overall memory. This is a(n) _____ study.
longitudinal
These are studies in which the same people are restudied and retested over a long period of time.
longitudinal studies
.
.
During intercourse _____ million or more sperm are released.
200
In the United States, about _____ percent of all babies are walking by age 11 months, _____ percent are walking within a week after their first birthday, and about _____ percent are walking by age 15 months.
25; 50; 90
A single act of intercourse is half as likely to produce a pregnancy for a woman between the ages of _____ to _____ as compared to a woman aged 19 to 26.
40; 45
In one experiment, rats were housed for 60 days in enriched environments. At the conclusion of the experiment, the number of synapses grew by about:
7 to 10 percent
Beginning at about _____ months, children many greet strangers by crying and reaching for their familiar caregivers.
8
In the United States, where 9 in 10 teens watch TV daily, someone who lives to age 75 will have spent _____ years watching television.
9
It is not unreasonable to predict that when today's U.S. teenagers are in their mid-70s, they will have watched TV for the equivalent of about _____ years.
9
It is not unreasonable to predict that when today's U.S. teenagers are in their mid-70s, they will have watched TV for the equivalent of about _______ years.
9
The process of developing a sense of identity during adolescence was highlighted by
A. Erikson's psychosocial development theory.
Which of the following is evidence for the environmental (as opposed to genetic) transmission of aggression?
A. Monkeys who were reared apart from their mothers and exposed to high levels of aggression showed greater aggression as adults.
Coyotes who have been fed sheep carcasses that have been laced with a nausea-inducing poison are less likely to prey on sheep in the wild. This phenomenon is best explained by which classical conditioning phenomenon?
A. Taste aversion.
Deficient social interaction and an impaired understanding of others' states of mind is most characteristic of
A. autism.
Strange as it may seem, you have run into the same coworker four times today, in four different locations. You get a little nervous, wondering, is she following me? Your ability to unconsciously keep track of the number of times something happens to you is known as: A. automatic processing. B. the serial position effect. C. the next-in-line effect. D. sensory memory.
A. automatic processing.
Mark thinks that language development over the life span requires a slow but steady shaping process. His belief is most directly relevant to the issue of
A. continuity or stages.
Studies have shown that exposure to violence also _________________ viewers when later viewing other violent on television.
A. desensitizes.
A researcher who administers a personality test to the same children every 3 years as they progress through school is conducting a(n) ________ study.
A. longitudinal
Although Ron typically smokes two packs of cigarettes each day, he recalls smoking little more than one pack per day. This poor memory best illustrates:
A. motivated forgetting.
Perceptual illusions are to _____________ as false memories are to _____________.
A. real perceptions; real memories.
Although 3-year-old Adam happily explores the attractive toys located in the dentist's waiting room, he periodically returns to his mother's side for brief moments. Adam most clearly displays signs of
A. secure attachment.
Long after her conditioned fear of dogs had been extinguished, Marcy experienced an unexpected surge of nervousness when she first met her cousin's new cocker spaniel. Her unexpected nervousness best illustrates:
A. spontaneous recovery.
One of Pavlov's major contributions to the field of psychology was to show how:
A. the discipline of psychology could be based on objective laboratory methods.
Victor drinks two cups of coffee every morning. Often Victor experiences an almost immediate sense of alertness when he sips a fresh cup of coffee, even though it takes about twenty minutes for the caffeine in the coffee to reach significant levels in his bloodstream. What is the best explanation for this phenomenon?
After being repeatedly paired with the drug caffeine, the smell and taste of coffee have become a conditioned stimulus that elicits the conditioned response of alertness.
Ceci and Bruck's study of children's memories showed that ________ percent of the children who had not received genital examinations from a pediatrician still pointed to either genital or anal areas when asked.
B. 55.
Some individuals have an amazing ability to remember things. For example, Russian Journalist Shereshevskii could remember up to _______ digits or words.
B. 70.
Automatic processing is an unconscious, effortless encoding of information about:
B. Automatic processing is the unconscious, effortless encoding of all of these things.
Two closed, pyramid-shaped beakers containing clearly identical amounts of a liquid are judged by a child to hold different amounts after one of the beakers is inverted. The child apparently lacks a
B. Concept of conservation.
Dr. Matsuko's major research interest is the long-term effects of child-rearing practices on the psychological adjustment of offspring. It is most likely that Dr. Matsuko is a(n) ________ psychologist.
B. Developmental
___________ memory refers to retention of information that is independent of conscious recollection, whereas ___________ refers to memory for facts and experiences.
B. Implicit; explicit.
The importance of schemas was most clearly highlighted by
B. Piaget's cognitive development theory.
We _______________ information about space. For example, while reading a textbook, we encode the place on a page where certain material appears.
B. automatically process.
A series of small strokes that progressively damage an older adult's brain is most likely to produce
B. dementia.
If a child is watching a favorite sibling getting scolded for misbehavior, which type of neuron is likely to be activated in an empathetic response to this observation?
B. mirror neuron.
Several months after watching a science fiction movie about space travel and alien abduction, Steve began to remember that aliens had abducted him and had subjected him to many of the horrors portrayed in the movie. His mistaken recall best illustrates:
B. source amnesia.
The retention of encoded information over time is called:
B. storage.
Jane had Leukemia as a child and had to undergo numerous bouts of chemotherapy. The chemotherapy always made her nauseous. As she underwent a year of treatment, the waiting room started to make her nauseous. The nausea from the waiting room is:
B. the conditioned response.
In classical conditioning, this is the unlearned, naturally occurring response to the unconditioned stimulus (US), such as salivation when food is in the mouth
B. unconditioned response (UR)
Jack finds it extremely difficult to pull himself away from the blackjack table. He keeps thinking he will break even as the next hand will be his winning one. This is a ________ schedule.
B. variable-ratio.
Thorndike's law of effect became the basis for operant conditioning and the "behavioral technology" developed by
B.F. Skinner
Which pioneering learning researcher highlighted the antisocial effects of aggressive models on children's behavior?
Bandura
Contrary to all of the Hollywood stars who claim to have been molested as toddlers and infants, memories of things happening before age ____ are unreliable.
C. 3.
Which of the following is evidence that animals are predisposed to learn associations that help them adapt and survive in their environment?
C. Birds, which hunt by sight, appear biologically primed to develop aversions to the sight of tainted food.
Although Skinner and other behaviorists did not think that it was necessary to refer to thoughts or expectations when explaining human learning, findings from experiments with rats suggest otherwise. Which of the following findings suggests that cognitive processes are involved in operant learning:
C. Rats appear to experience latent learning while exploring mazes.
Events that are forgotten are like books that cannot be found in a library. Which of the following scenarios can BEST be used to explain the encoding problem? A. The book was willfully thrown away.
C. The book was never purchased.
A child's realization that others may have beliefs that the child knows to be false best illustrates the development of
C. a theory of mind.
By a week after birth, infants are able to distinguish between their mothers' and strangers'
C. body odors.
If you ask your classmates to draw either side of a U.S. penny from memory, the vast majority will not be very successful. This is likely due to:
C. encoding failure.
The sexual abuse of a very young child is so emotionally repulsive to most people that they immediately recognize it as shamefully immoral. This best illustrates that moral judgments may reflect
C. gut-level intuitions.
Critics of B. F. Skinner were concerned that: A. his research methods were flawed. B. he ignored the influence of stimulus-response associations. C. he dehumanized people because he ignored the existence of personal freedom and dignity. D. he relied too heavily on animals to explain general learning principles.
C. he dehumanized people because he ignored the existence of personal freedom and dignity.
Professor Wallace studies memory in people who have had strokes. Professor Hansen studies people who claim to have clear memories of events that happened over three decades ago. Such research on the extremes of memory:
C. helps us to understand how memory works.
In the United States and Canada, ____________ rates doubled between 1957 and 1974, coinciding with the introduction and spread of TV.
C. homicide.
Marissa resents the burden and constraints of caring for her infant daughter and frequently ignores her cries for attention. As a consequence, her daughter is most likely to display signs of
C. insecure attachment.
Jarrud thinks he should obey his teachers only if they are carefully watching him. Kohlberg would suggest that Jarrud demonstrates a(n) ________ morality.
C. preconventional
Findings from Garcia's research on taste aversion in rats indicate that:
C. rats are more likely to develop aversions to taste than they are to sights or sounds.
Researchers have found that classical conditioning can be used to produce an immune response in patients. Of the following pairings, which would be the most likely to produce this response?
C. repeated pairing of lemonade with the immune enhancing drug.
Mrs. McBride cannot consciously recall how frequently she criticizes her children because it would cause her too much anxiety. Sigmund Freud would have suggested that her poor memory illustrates:
C. repression.
A public initiation into adult responsibilities and status is called a
C. rite of passage.
Jessica acts so differently with her parents than with her girlfriends that she often thinks her personality is completely phony. Erik Erikson would have suggested that Jessica is experiencing
C. role confusion.
Female breasts are to ________ as male testes are to ________.
C. secondary sex characteristics; primary sex characteristics
During Piaget's sensorimotor stage, children acquire a
C. sense of object permanence.
Questions about the extent to which maladaptive habits learned in childhood can be overcome in adulthood are most directly relevant to the issue of
C. stability or change.
For the unborn children of mothers who smoke heavily, nicotine is a(n)
C. teratogen.
In the experiment in which you were to condition a subject to blink her eye whenever she heard a certain tone, an eye blink was most likely to be scored as a ________ when it preceded the ________.
CR; UCS
Conditioning seldom occurs when a(n) _____ comes after a(n) _____.
CS; US
The majority of correlational studies that have examined television violence and aggressive behavior suggest that the more hours children spend watching violent television shows, the more likely they are to exhibit aggressive behaviors. What is the major problem with these findings?
Correlation does not prove causation
Diana takes her 1-year-old daughter, Lucille, for a walk. Lucille reaches out to touch an orange flower and is stung by a bumblebee. The next day, Lucille's dad brings home some orange flowers. He takes a flower from the arrangement over to the baby to smell. Lucille cries loudly when she sees it. According to the principles of classical conditioning, what is the conditioned response in this example?
Crying
Participants in a study conducted by Haber were shown more than 2,500 slides of faces and places for only 10 seconds each. Later, they were shown 280 of these slides, paired with an unseen slide, and they were able to recognize _______ percent of the slides they had seen before.
D. 90.
Infants' tendency to gaze longer at novel stimuli than at familiar ones provides compelling evidence regarding their
D. Memory capacities.
_______________________ involves any stimulus that, when removed after a response, strengthens the response.
D. Negative reinforcement.
According to operant conditioning principles, which of the following would NOT be recommended when dealing with a young girl who is resistant to going to school every morning?
D. Parents should express their anger by yelling at the girl.
Nutrients and oxygen are transferred from a mother to her developing fetus through the
D. Placenta.
The process of imprinting occurs during a brief developmental phase known as
D. a critical period.
After Nadia learned that penguins can't fly, she had to modify her existing concept of birds. This best illustrates the process of
D. accommodation.
"I don't care whether you want to wash the dishes, you will do so because I said so!" This statement is most representative of a(n) ________ parenting style.
D. authoritarian
A mental representation of the layout of one's environment is called a(n):
D. cognitive map.
Compared to a century ago, menarche occurs ________ in life and adult independence begins ________ in life.
D. earlier; later
According to Erikson, older adults can most effectively cope with the prospect of their own death if they have achieved a sense of
D. integrity.
A rat is allowed to explore a maze for several trials. On the last trial he finds a piece of food at the end of the maze. On the following trial his speed through the maze increases dramatically. This is an example of:
D. latent learning.
This is a relatively permanent and limitless storehouse of your memory system.
D. long-term memory.
If children get attention for doing cartwheels, they will repeat the trick if they find this attention to be enjoyable.
D. operant conditioning.
Mark believes that choosing to violate government laws is morally justifiable if it is done to protect the lives of innocent people. Kohlberg would suggest that this illustrates ________ morality.
D. postconventiona
Researchers have found that a major difference between memories derived from real experience versus imagined memories is:
D. real memories have more detail.
According to Freud, one reason that people forget is because they are ____________ painful memories.
D. repressing.
While taking an American history exam, Marie was surprised and frustrated by her momentary inability to remember the name of the first president of the United States. Her difficulty most clearly illustrates:
D. retrieval failure.
Conditioning seldom occurs when a(n) ____________ repeatedly comes before a(n) ____________.
D. unconditioned stimulus (US); conditioned/neutral stimulus (CS).
Four-year-old Clay developed a fear of going down steps after falling down the steps in his house several times. When he was at his grandparents' house, he was not afraid of going down the steps from their front door. Unlike Little Albert's fear of white rats and other white furry things, Clay was demonstrating:
Discrimination
After being bitten by his neighbor's dog, Miguel experienced fear at the sight of that dog but not at the sight of other dogs. This best illustrates the process of
Discrimination.
The process of developing a sense of identity during adolescence was highlighted by:
Erik Erikson's psychosocial development theory.
Which example BEST illustrates classical conditioning?
Ever since his older brother locked him in a closet, Dustin gets anxious in small enclosed rooms.
_____ was one of the first psychologists to describe adolescence.
G. Stanley Hall
Early behaviorists believed that for conditioning to occur, the unconditioned stimulus (US) must immediately follow the neutral stimulus (NS). _____________ demonstrated this was not always so.
Garcia and Koelling's taste-aversion studies
What happened after Watson classically conditioned "Little Albert" to fear a tame white rat?
Generalization occurred: Albert responded with fear to other furry animals and fuzzy objects.
_____ is the researcher who discovered mirror neurons through his experiments with monkeys.
Giacomo Rizzolatti
Hussein is concerned because he cannot remember events from before he was about 4 years old. What is MOST likely NOT the cause for this infantile amnesia?
HIs maturing brain cells had died.
Jake is a 3-month-old baby who is staring intently at the new person who just came in to visit his parents. What has happened here?
He has an inborn preference for the new stimulus.
Henry, a heavy smoker, is interested in quitting. Given what you know about the cognitive processes involved in classical conditioning, what is the most likely reason he still has trouble quitting after he is treated with a drug that induces nausea when he smokes a cigarette?
He realizes his nausea is due to the drug, not simply the cigarette.
Henry, a heavy smoker, is interested in quitting. What is the most likely reason he still has trouble quitting after he is treated with a drug that induces nausea when he smokes a cigarette?
He realizes his nausea is due to the drug, not simply the cigarette.
Tyler has just been released from a drug rehabilitation center where he was treated for heroin addiction. His therapist recommended that he stay away from old drug-related associates and places where he used the drug. Studies show this is a wise recommendation. Why?
He will experience the craving for drugs when in these situations due to classical conditioning.
_____ studied the development of taste aversions and how they could not be explained by the basic principles of classical conditioning.
John Garcia
Ray drank too much whiskey last night. He spent much of this morning vomiting and nauseated. According to the principles of classical conditioning, how will Ray likely react today when he tastes from or smells the whiskey bottle that he drank from last night?
He will find the scent and taste of whiskey aversive.
Marcia is in therapy to get help in her efforts to stop smoking. Her therapist made a series of suggestions to help reduce her cravings. Which of the therapist's suggestions is based on Pavlov's research on classical conditioning?
In order to reduce her cravings, Marcia should avoid places where she usually smoked.
"Give me a dozen healthy infants, well formed, and my own specified world to bring them up in and I'll guarantee to take any one at random and train him to become any type of specialist I might select—doctor, lawyer, artist, merchant-chief, and, yes, even beggar-man and thief, regardless of his talents, penchants, tendencies, abilities, vocations, and race of his ancestors." Which of the following psychologists made this statement?
John B. Watson
Which psychologist studied the development of taste aversions and how they could not be explained by the basic principles of classical conditioning?
John Garcia
The idea that an animal's natural behavior patterns did not matter and had little or no effect on the effectiveness of operant conditioning principles was challenged by research conducted by _____.
Keller and Marian Breland
Men do not experience anything equivalent to _____; that is, they do not experience a cessation in fertility or a sharp drop in hormones.
Menopause
Giacomo Rizzolatti is the researcher who discovered the function of _____ through his experiments with monkeys
Mirror Neurons
_____ fire both when action is performed and when action is simply observed.
Mirror neurons
_______________________ involves any stimulus that, when removed after a response, strengthens the response
Negative reinforcement
A person reads about a woman who is seven months pregnant and has been reciting poems and singing to her fetus. Is she wasting her time?
No, she is not waisting time. Her baby can hear her and will likely recognize her voice immediately after birth.
Muscular strength, reaction time, sensory keenness, and cardiac output begin to decline in the late 20s. Research has shown that these processes of aging can be halted or reversed by:
Nothing can halt or reverse the decline associated with aging.
_____ behavior operates on the environment, whereas _____ behavior occurs as an automatic response to some stimulus.
Operant; respondent
What is an accurate statement regarding the function of mirror neurons?
Our brain's mirror neurons underlie our intensely social nature.
According to operant conditioning principles, which of the following would NOT be recommended when dealing with a young girl who is resistant to going to school every morning?
Parents should express their anger by yelling at the girl
According to operant conditioning principles, which of the following would NOT be recommended when dealing with a young girl who is resistant to going to school every morning?
Parents should express their anger by yelling at the girl.
The law of effect was most clearly highlighted byfear conditioning.
Skinner's experiments on reinforcement.
_____ involves any stimulus that, when presented after a response, strengthens the response.
Positive reinforcement
_______________________ involves any stimulus that, when presented after a response, strengthens the response.
Positive reinforcement
Although Skinner and other behaviorists did not think that it was necessary to refer to thoughts or expectations when explaining human learning, findings from experiments with rats suggest otherwise. Which of the following findings suggests that cognitive processes are involved in operant learning
Rats appear to experience latent learning while exploring mazes.
In a 1972 classical conditioning study, _____ showed that an animal can learn the predictability of an event.
Robert Rescorla
Which psychologist proposed a cognitive explanation of classical conditioning?
Robert Rescorla
What happened after "Little Albert" was classically conditioned to fear a tame, white rat?
Stimulus generalization occurred; Albert responded with fear to other furry animals and fuzzy objects.
A brother just found out that his sister became pregnant about seven days ago. He rushes to find a book on pregnancy so that he can learn more about it. What will the book say is happening around the seventh day of pregnancy?
The cells of the zygote begin to differentiate.
A college psychology class is running an experiment with a colony of infant rats. Half of the infant rats are isolated in barren cages and the other half live together in an enriched environment with lots of toys and exercise equipment. What would the expected outcome be at the end of the school year?
The rats in enriched environment will have significantly larger cerebral cortexes.
_____ refers to people's ideas about their own and others' mental states: that is, how feelings, perceptions, or thoughts might predict behavior.
Theory of the mind
Karen is a research assistant at the university psychology laboratory. She finds that the mice cortexes she is studying are thinner and lighter. What may have happened?
They were raised in deprived environments.
A single acquisition trial may be sufficient for classical conditioning when the:
UCS is a very powerful stimulus.
Eduardo drinks two energy drinks every afternoon. Often Eduardo experiences an almost immediate sense of alertness when he take the first sip of his energy drink, even though it takes about twenty minutes for the caffeine in the drink to reach significant levels in his bloodstream. After being repeatedly paired with the drug caffeine, the taste of the energy drink has become a(n) _____ that elicits the _____ of alertness.
US and CS
Blinking in response to a puff of air directed into one's eye is a(n):
Unconditioned response
Your psychology assignment is to observe and list any behaviors of your relatives that indicate learning. Which of the following should be included on your list?
Your little brother whines whenever he wants something.
A word of praise is to a soothing back rub as _____ is to _____.
a conditioned reinforcer; a primary reinforcer
The process of attachment occurs during a brief developmental phase known as
a critical period.
The process of attachment occurs during a brief developmental phase known as:
a critical period.
An infant is MOST likely to be at risk for birth defects, future behavior problems, hyperactivity, and lower intelligence if her mother is:
a heavy drinker or an alcoholic.
After Nadia learned that penguins cannot fly, she had to modify her existing concept of birds. This BEST illustrates the process of:
accommodation
In his experiments, Pavlov found that spontaneous recovery often occurred after a conditioned response was extinguished if:
after a few hours without the CS or the US, the tone was presented again.
In using operant conditioning principles to train animals to perform tricks, Keller and Marian Breland found that:
an animal's inborn or instinctive behavior patterns could interfere with the operant conditioning of new behaviors.
Within minutes, an infant girl born to an Efe woman in Zaire is handed over to another woman. That woman then passes the newborn to a third woman. This infant will be fed and held by many women during the coming weeks. This type of caregiving results in:
an emotionally healthy child wiht strong multiple attachments
According to observational learning theory, when children have _____ models, they imitate the negative behaviors they see around them.
antisocial
Tommy was at the park with his father and excitedly pointed to the squirrel and exclaimed, "Kitty, kitty." His father pointed out that this was a squirrel and not a kitty. This BEST illustrates the process of:
assimilation
In classical conditioning acquisition of a new behavior involves _____, while in operant conditioning acquisition of a new behavior involves _____.
associating events; associating a response with a consequence (reinforcer or punisher)
Conditioning is the process of learning _____.
associations
Every time Maureen opens the cabinet where she stores her dog's treats, her dog begins to bark in anticipation. This is an example of _____ learning.
associative
Renata takes her young daughter, Crystal, outside for a walk. When Crystal touches a red flower, she gets a bee sting. The next day, Crystal's grandmother brings over some red flowers. She shows the arrangement to Crystal, who runs away the moment she sees it. According to the principles of classical conditioning, the unconditioned stimulus is the _____.
bee sting
Raphael is in dental school and is learning the correct way to take an X-ray of the mouth. His instructor first shows the class a video that demonstrates the proper procedures for taking an X-ray and then demonstrates these same procedures using Raphael as a patient. Raphael and his classmates are learning how to take an X-ray of patients' teeth through the use of _____.
behavior modeling
The predictability of an association between a CS and a US facilitates an organism's ability to anticipate the occurrence of the US. This fact is most likely to be highlighted by a ________ perspective.
behaviorist
If you get violently ill a couple of hours after eating contaminated food, you will probably develop an aversion to the taste of that food but not to the sight of the restaurant where you ate or to the sound of the music you heard there. This best illustrates that associative learning is constrained by:
biological predispositions.
Which example shows evidence that animals are predisposed to learn associations that help them adapt and survive in their environment?
birds being biologically primed to develop aversions to the sight of tainted food because they hunt by sight
By a week after birth, infants are able to distinguish between their mothers' and strangers':
body odors
If you learn the way from home to school as a specific sequence of right and left turns, you have learned by means of:
chained associations.
Loretta had cancer and had to undergo numerous bouts of chemotherapy. The chemotherapy always made her nauseous. As she underwent a year of treatment, just entering the waiting room made her nauseous. The _____ is the unconditioned stimulus.
chemotheropy
Lightning is associated with thunder and regularly precedes it. Thus, when we see lightning, we often anticipate that we will hear thunder soon afterward. This is an example of _____ conditioning.
classical
Taste aversion is a real-life example of _____ conditioning.
classical
When Juan or Giorgio was a child he was attacked by a swarm of bees in a park. Now every time he hears the sound of buzzing insects he immediately becomes frightened. This is an example of _____ conditioning.
classical
While 5-year-old Martha was looking at one of the balloons her mother set out for her birthday, Martha's brother Timmy took a pin and popped the balloon, causing Martha to flinch and blink quickly. Later during the party Martha's mother approached her with a balloon and she blinked and flinched. This is an example of _____ conditioning.
classical
Reggie is in his mid-50s. Reggie can expect that he will experience a:
gradual decrease in testerone.
Five-year-old Destiny is frightened by the noise thunder makes. Destiny associates lightning with thunder because lightning regularly precedes thunder. Thus, when Destiny sees lightning, she often cries in anticipation that she will hear thunder soon afterward. This is an example of:
classical conditioning
Marshall ate a hamburger he purchased from his favorite fast food restaurant. An hour later he became ill and spent the rest of the evening vomiting. A month later he entered the restaurant and immediately became nauseous when he saw a hamburger. Marshall's nausea when he saw the hamburger is an example of:
classical conditioning
Three-year-old Kirsten was playing with a balloon she was given by her father. While playing with the balloon it popped in her face, which frightened her and caused her to cry. That weekend she went to a birthday party, saw some balloons, began to cry, and ran out of the room. This is an example of:
classical conditioning
If you have a "frightening experience" immediately after hearing a strange sound, your fear may be aroused when you hear that sound again. This best illustrates
classical conditioning.
John has been a coffee drinker since he started college three years ago. He finds that anytime he smells coffee when he enters a nearby Starbucks he starts to feel more alert and awake even before he takes his first sip of coffee.
classical conditioning.
People have been observed to form negative attitudes toward Pokemon characters who were repeatedly shown with negative words and images next to them. This best illustrates the impact of
classical conditioning.
Although Skinner and other behaviorists did not think that it was necessary to refer to thoughts or expectations when explaining human learning, findings from experiments with rats suggest otherwise. The fact that rats seem to experience latent learning suggest that _____ processes are involved in operant learning.
cognitive
In their dismissal of "mentalistic" concepts such as consciousness, Pavlov and Watson underestimated the importance of _____ processes and biological constraints on an organism's learning capacity.
cognitive
The predictability of an association between a conditioned stimulus (CS) and an unconditioned stimulus (US) facilitates an organism's ability to expect or anticipate the occurrence of the US. This fact is most likely to be highlighted by a _____________ perspective.
cognitive
A mental representation of the layout of one's environment is called a(n) _____.
cognitive map
Kayne always drives down Hampton Avenue to go to work. One morning he discovers that Hampton Avenue is closed due to construction. Kayne immediately takes a different route to work. He is able to make a quick route change because he has formed a(n) _____ of the area.
cognitive map
Road construction prevents you from getting to campus using the route that you always travel. You think about the situation for a moment and then come up with a different route to take. To figure out this alternative route, you are using your _____ of the area to devise a different route.
cognitive map
Travelers whose familiar route to a destination is blocked are often able to reach their destination quickly and easily by taking an unusual sequence of turns down other streets. This suggests that people often find their way by means of
cognitive maps.
Children who are promised a payoff for playing with an interesting toy have later been observed to play with the toy less than those who are not promised the reward. This provides evidence for the role of ________ in operant behavior.
cognitive processes
Two sealed, pyramid-shaped beakers contain what are clearly identical amounts of a liquid. However, a child judges them as holding different amounts of liquid after one beaker is inverted. The child apparently lacks a:
concept of conservation.
If the onset of a light reliably signals the onset of food, a rat in a Skinner box will work to turn on the light. In this case, the light is a _____ reinforcer.
conditioned
You repeatedly hear a tone just before having a puff of air directed into your eye. Blinking in response to a tone presented without a puff of air is a(n):
conditioned response (CR)
In Pavlov's experiment with dogs, salivating in response to the bell after associating the bell with food is called a(n):
conditioned response.
Edelia had cancer and had to undergo numerous bouts of chemotherapy. The chemotherapy always made her nauseous. As she underwent a year of treatment, just entering the waiting room made her nauseous. The waiting room became the:
conditioned stimulus
Pavlov noticed that dogs began salivating at the mere sight of the person who regularly brought food to them. For the dogs, the sight of this person was a(n)
conditioned stimulus
In classical conditioning, an originally irrelevant stimulus, which after association with an unconditioned stimulus comes to trigger a conditioned response, is called a(n):
conditioned stimulus (CS).
Pavlov noticed that dogs began salivating at the mere sight of the person who regularly brought food to them. For the dogs, the sight of this person had become a(n):
conditioned stimulus (CS).
David is 13 years old and is telling his mother that she should not drive too fast, and she should make a complete stop at the light in order to avoid getting a ticket. Lawrence Kohlberg would suggest that this illustrates _____ morality.
conventional
Parents and peers have complementary influences on children; but peers usually have a more important influence on:
cooperation and social success at school
The National Institute of Mental Health is conducting a study on memory and response time in relation to timed tasks for adults who are 50 to 75 years of age. They are bringing in all age groups at once to compare the differences. This is a(n) _____ study.
cross-sectional
These are studies in which people of different ages are compared with one another
cross-sectional studies
These are studies in which people of different ages are compared with one another.
cross-sectional studies
Marshall takes his 1-year-old son, Marcus, out for a walk. Marcus reaches over to touch a red flower and is stung by a bumblebee sitting on the petals. The next day, Marcus's mother brings home some red flowers. She removes a flower from the arrangement and takes it over for her baby to smell. Marcus cries loudly as soon as he sees it. According to the principles of classical conditioning, the conditioned response is the _____.
crying
_____ is more than just being social. It allows enduring ideas and traditions shared by a group of people to be transmitted from one generation to the next.
culture
Ellen began forgetting where she put her purse, how to balance a checkbook, and where she left the car in the parking lot. Ellen is experiencing the signs and symptoms of:
dementia.
Brenda has suffered from epilepsy all her life. She takes Trileptal to control her seizures. Recently she found out she was pregnant with her first child. She read that her medication is a Category C medication, meaning the benefits may outweigh the risks; however, no adequate studies have been performed on the medication for pregnant women. While she was excited to be pregnant, she was concerned about continuing to take the medication. She asked her doctor whether Trileptal was a __________________.
depressant
In a study, adult males who spent three evenings watching sexually violent movies became progressively less bothered by the rapes and slashing. Compared with those in a control group, the film watchers later expressed less sympathy for domestic violence victims, and they rated the victims' injuries as less severe. The violence-viewing effect demonstrated in this study was _____.
desensitization
Repeated exposure to graphic violence in movies, television, and violent video games may increase the likelihood of imitation of violent behavior and also tends to cause _____ to observed violence.
desensitization
Within the first week after conception, the cells of the zygote begin to _____, specializing in structure and function.
differentiate
After being bitten by his neighbor's dog, Miguel experienced fear at the sight of that dog but not at the sight of other dogs. Miguel's response best illustrates:
discrimination
Dogs can learn to respond (by salivating, for example) to one kind of stimulus (a circle, for example) and not to another (a square). This process is an example of
discrimination
Four-year-old Tommy developed a fear of going down steps after falling down the steps in his house several times. When he was at his grandmother's house he demonstrated no fear of climbing the steps to her front door. Unlike Little Albert's fear of white rats and other white items, Tommy was demonstrating _____.
discrimination
B.F. Skinner believed that _____ influences, not thoughts and feelings, shape animal and human behavior.
external
Three-year-old Antoinette is waiting with her older brother in her pediatrician's examination room. As soon as the nurse, wearing a white uniform, enters the room, her older brother screams and cries. This frightens Antoinette, and she begins to scream and cry. The next week when Antoinette goes for her first dentist appointment, her mother is afraid that she will cry and scream. However, when the dental assistant enters wearing a white uniform, Antoinette shows no sign of fear. Antoinette's lack of a fear response to the white uniform worn by the dentist assistant in the dentist office is an example of:
discrimination
Walter was bitten by a dog when he was five-years-old. To this day, he will not pet dogs; however, he will pet cats. This reaction best illustrates:
discrimination
_____ is the ability to differentiate between the CS and other stimuli that have not been associated with the unconditioned stimulus (US).
discrimination
Javier is 20 years old and still very dependent on his parents. They are paying for his college tuition as well as his living expenses. He spends his school holidays at home with them. He is in the phase of life known as:
emerging adulthood.
With continuous reinforcement, an organism is reinforced _____. With intermittent reinforcement, an organism is reinforced _____.
every time the desired behavior occurs; sporadically when the desired behavior occurs
Parinita drinks several cups of coffee a day. Often Parinita experiences an almost immediate sense of alertness when she smells a fresh cup of coffee, even though it takes about twenty minutes after the first sip for the caffeine in the coffee to reach significant levels in her bloodstream. She decides, with the encouragement of her doctor, to quit drinking coffee. At first she still experiences the alertness when she smells coffee, but after about 10 days she no longer experiences the effect. The lack of alertness when she smells coffee is an example of _____.
extinction
Pavlov's dog stopped salivating to the bell when the food was no longer paired with the bell. This is:
extinction.
Jade is taking advanced placement chemistry because her guidance counselor told her she had to if she intended to apply to a pre-med program at a competitive university. Jade is motivated by _____ motivation.
extrinsic
Ten-year-old Zahid continually interrupts his teacher with jokes that make his fellow students laugh. The attention from the other students is an example of:
extrinsic reward
Money is to _____ as enjoyment of an activity is to _____.
extrinsic reward; intrinsic reward
In Watson and Rayner's experiment with Little Albert the _____ was the unconditioned response (UR).
fear
Denise has just given birth to a 6-pound baby girl. Her infant's head is small, and slightly disproportioned. Denise did drink alcohol while she was pregnant, although it is not clear how much or how often she drank. It is possible that the infant has:
fetal alcohol syndrome
Physical and cognitive abnormalities in children that are the result of a pregnant woman's heavy drinking are known as:
fetal alcohol syndrome.
In the maze-learning task, most people make ________ turns on their ________ run.
fewer wrong; second
During a typical morning, Colin will check the clock more frequently as the time for his regularly scheduled lunch break approaches. In this case, Colin's clock checking behavior is reinforced on a ________ schedule.
fixed-interval
During a typical morning, Colin will check the clock more frequently as the time for his regularly scheduled lunch break approaches. In this case, Colin's clock-checking behavior is reinforced on a _____ schedule.
fixed-interval
Airline frequent flyer programs that reward customers with a free flight after every 50,000 miles of travel illustrate the use of a ________ schedule of reinforcement.
fixed-ratio
The highest rates of responding occurred when rats reinforced for pressing a bar were placed on ________ and ________ schedules of reinforcement.
fixed-ratio; variable-ratio
Secondary reinforcers are powerful tools for shaping behavior after they have become associated with primary reinforcers. Which of these is NOT a secondary reinforcer?
food
Secondary reinforcers are powerful tools for shaping behavior because they have become associated with primary reinforcers. Which of the following is NOT a secondary reinforcer
food
The MOST immediate and direct function of the rooting reflex is the facilitation of:
food consumption.
According to Jean Piaget, children during this stage of cognitive development use abstract logic and have the potential for mature moral reasoning.
formal operational
During adolescence, most people achieve Jean Piaget's intellectual stage known as:
formal operations.
According to researchers, teens who start smoking typically have _____ who model smoking and offer cigarettes.
friends.
_____ lobe development during adolescence also includes the growth of myelin, the fatty tissue around axons that speeds transmission.
frontal
Mirror neurons are found in the brain's ______________ and are believed to be the neural basis for:
frontal lobe; observational learning
After Watson classically conditioned "Little Albert" to fear a tame white rat, _____ occurred and Albert responded with fear to other furry animals and fuzzy objects.
generalizartion
Clive was mugged at gunpoint in a parking garage. His attacker was wearing strong cologne, and he now hates to go through the male fragrance department at the department store, will not be alone by himself with any man, and will not park in any garages. This reaction best illustrates _____.
generalization
Four-year-old Tommy developed a fear of going down steps after falling down the steps in his house several times. When he was at his grandmother's house he was fearful of climbing the steps to her front door. Much like Little Albert's fear of white rats and other white items, Tommy was demonstrating _____.
generalization
In the example of the child fearing the doctor, the child's fear of a scientist in a white lab coat illustrates the process of:
generalization
Jennifer trained her dog to howl when it heard her play the piano by giving it a treat for doing so. One day, Jennifer played a CD in her car of a piano concerto and her dog began to howl. The dog learned to howl through operant conditioning and also demonstrated _____ of a learned response.
generalization
_____ is the tendency to respond to stimuli that are similar to the conditioned stimulus (CS).
generalization
A year after surviving a classroom shooting incident, Angie still responds with terror at the sight of toy guns and to the sound of balloons popping. This reaction best illustrates
generalization.
In Laurie's psychology laboratory she and her lab partner conditioned a rat to press a lever for food when a red light was on, but discovered that the rat would also press the lever when a white light was on. Laurie and her partner reported that the rat had exhibited _____ through _____ conditioning.
generalization; operant
Erik Erikson proposed that at this stage of life people discover a sense of contributing to the world, usually through family and work, or else they may feel a lack of purpose.
generatively vs. stagnation
John just started his vacation and scheduled a tee time with friends to play golf Monday morning. On Monday morning he started driving his car to work instead of the golf course. Driving his car to work instead of the golf course is an example of:
habitual behavior
Fewer than _____ of all _____ survive beyond the first two weeks after fertilization.
half; fetuses
Research shows that infant rats that are _____ gain weight more rapidly and develop faster neurologically than those rats that are _____.
handled; not handled
Critics of B. F. Skinner were concerned that:
he dehumanized people because he ignored the existence of personal freedom and dignity.
Jake is a 3-month-old baby who is no longer as interested in a puppet head as was a week ago. What has happened here?
he has become habituated.
Critics of B. F. Skinner were concerned that:
he relied too heavily on animals to explain general learning principles
Hussein is concerned because he cannot remember events from before he was about 4 years old. What is MOST likely NOT the cause for this infantile amnesia?
his maturing brain cells died.
All of the following are Pavlov's major contributions to the field of psychology EXCEPT:
his methods demonstrated the importance of subjective judgments
Classical and operant conditioning involves learning through association whereas observational learning involves learning through _____.
imitation
One main difference between punishment and reinforcement is that the goal of reinforcement is to _____ a behavior, while the goal of punishment is to decrease a behavior.
increase
Early experiences influence how the brain develops by:
increasing neural connections.
During an experiment, newborn infants were found to turn their heads in the direction of human voices. These same infants would likely prefer to look at face-like images (as opposed to a bull's-eye pattern) and at objects about 8-12 inches away, which is the same distance between a nursing infant's eyes and its mother's eyes. These findings suggest:
infants prefer sights and sounds that facilitate social responsiveness
The biological predisposition to perform natural behaviors that can interfere with learning operant behaviors is called _____.
instinctive drift
_____ occurs when an animal's inborn behavior patterns interfere with the operant conditioning of new behaviors.
instinctive drift
Juan easily taught his cat to jump through a hoop for the reward of food, but could not get his cat to fetch a ball and return the ball to him. The cat would chase the ball but use his paws to roll the ball so he could chase the ball again. The reason the cat had difficulties with fetching the ball was because of:
instinctive drift.
Keller Breland and Marian Breland trained pigs to pick up large wooden "dollars" and deposit them in a piggy bank. Later, the pigs would revert to their natural behavior: dropping the coin, pushing it with their snouts as pigs are prone to do, picking it up again, and then repeating the sequence—delaying their food reinforcer. The Brelands referred to the reason for this behavior as:
instinctive drift.
Jenny has a job, a cat named Jake, and 31 candles on her birthday cake. She is worried about finding the "right man." She frequently spends nights alone and knows she is not getting any younger. According to Erik Erikson, Jenny is in this stage of development called:
intimacy vs. isolation
According to Erik Erikson, one positive outcome of the struggle for identity is the development of a comfortable sense of who one is and a capacity for:
intimacy with others.
Tara is taking advanced placement chemistry in High School because she loves science and is fascinated by chemistry experimentation. Tara is motivated by _____ motivation.
intrinsic
Marcus is taking advanced placement chemistry in high school because he loves science and is fascinated by chemistry experimentation. Wade is taking advanced placement chemistry because his guidance counselor told him he had to if he intended to apply to a pre-med program at a competitive university. Marcus is motivated by _____, while Wade is motivated by _____.
intrinsic motivation; extrinsic motivation
Morton is taking advanced placement chemistry in High School because he loves science and is fascinated by chemistry experimentation. Wade is taking advanced placement chemistry because his guidance counselor told him he had to if he intended to apply to a pre-med program at a competitive university. Morton is motivated by _____, while Wade is motivated by _____.
intrinsic motivation; extrinsic motivation
Classical and operant conditioning are similar in many ways. Which process does NOT apply to both types of learning?
involuntary responses to stimuli
While classical conditioning involves the conditioning of _____ behavior, operant conditioning involves the conditioning of _____ behavior.
involuntary; voluntary
A guest will be spending time in your classroom. To make sure your students imitate this person's prosocial behaviors, you should pick a guest who the children think:
is similar to them.
People differ the MOST in their learning and memory abilities during:
late adulthood.
_____ learning is learning that is not demonstrated until one is motivated to perform the behavior.
latent
A rat is allowed to explore a maze for several trials. On the last trial he finds a piece of food at the end of the maze. Having developed a cognitive map, his speed through the maze increases dramatically on subsequent trials. This is an example of _____ .
latent learning
If a child is watching a favorite sibling getting scolded for misbehavior, which type of neuron is likely to be activated in an empathetic response to this observation?
mirror neuron
If an empathetic boy sees his sibling getting scolded for misbehavior, which type of neuron is likely to be activated in him as a response?
mirror neuron
Researchers discovered that the neuronal activity in the brain of a monkey who simply watched another monkey pick up and eat a peanut was the same as the brain activity of the monkey actually performing these actions. These researchers are investigating _____.
mirror neurons
An empathic husband who observes his wife in pain will exhibit some of the brain activity she is showing. This best illustrates the functioning of
mirror neurons.
An empathic husband who observes his wife in pain will exhibit some of the same brain activity she is showing. This best illustrates the functioning of:
mirror neurons.
In a study conducted by Singer et al. (2004) that utilized an fMRI, the pain imagined by an empathic romantic partner triggered some of the same brain activity experienced by the loved one actually having the pain. This study demonstrated that empathy is a function of:
mirror neurons.
Four-year-old Mia watched her mother sing while she was brushing her hair. The next day Mia's mother saw Mia singing while brushing her dog. Mia was _____ her mother's behavior that she acquired through observational learning.
modeling
Johnny is "hammering" the nail in with his toy hammer as his father is hammering the deck boards. His behavior is a clear example of:
modeling
Sally is "hammering" a nail with her toy hammer as her father is hammering shelves. Her behavior is a clear example of _____.
modeling
Bandura's experiment, compared to children not exposed to the adult model, those who observed the model's aggressive outburst were ________________ to lash out at the doll.
much more likely
In Bandura's experiment, compared to children not exposed to the adult model, those who observed the model's aggressive outburst were ________________ to lash out at the doll.
much more likely
The difficulty in introducing captive-bred animals successfully into the wild (there is only an 11% success rate) is evidence that successful adaptation into the wild requires both _____ and _____.
nature; nurture
Danielle's daughter repeatedly hit her playmates during their game of tag. Danielle denied her daughter dessert as a consequence. This is an example of a(n) _____ punishment.
negative
_____ reinforcement involves the removal of an aversive stimulus after a response. It serves to strengthen the response.
negative
Michael is busy with his work project that he brought home. His son wants him to put a movie in the DVD player. Michael tells him to wait 10 minutes; however, his son whines and complains so much that Michael decides to put the movie in right now. This best illustrates the value of
negative reinforcement
Matt regularly buckles his seat belt simply because it turns off the car's irritating warning buzzer. This best illustrates the value of
negative reinforcement.
Matt regularly buckles his seatbelt simply because it turns off the car's irritating warning buzzer. This best illustrates the value of:
negative reinforcement.
Michael is busy with his work project that he brought home. His son wants him to put a movie in the DVD player. Michael tells him to wait 10 minutes; however, his son whines and complains so much that Michael decides to put the movie in right now. This best illustrates the value of:
negative reinforcement.
Michael is busy with the work project that he brought home. His son wants him to put a movie in the DVD player. Michael tells him to wait 10 minutes; however, his son whines and complains so much that Michael decides to put the movie in right now. This best illustrates the value of:
negative reinforcement.
Five-year-old Ling is beginning to show signs of being able to plan ahead in a somewhat rational manner. At her age, this development is likely caused by
neural networks sprouting in her frontal lobes
A game of peak-a-boo with his dad excites William during the first six months of his life because William actually thinks his dad has disappeared. This is because William lacks:
object permanence
Pavlov's success suggested a scientific model for how the young discipline of psychology might proceed: by isolating the basic building blocks of complex behaviors and studying them with _____ laboratory procedures.
objective
John B. Watson believed that psychology should be the science of
observable behavior.
John B. Watson believed that psychology should be the science of:
observable behavior.
Janine's Uncle comes to visit for a few days. He is a yoga instructor and practices yoga in Janine's living room. Near the end of his visit, Janine suddenly flops to the ground and does her best imitation of one of her Uncle's poses. Clearly she has learned via _____.
observation
When a four-year-old girl suddenly picks up her ironing board and plays it like it is an electric guitar, it is likely that she has seen someone playing a real electric guitar in the same manner. Thus she has learned via:
observation
Penny's cat learned to press a lever so more food would be poured into her food bowl. Penny's roommate's kitten watched the cat perform this behavior. Within a month the kitten was performing it as well. This is an example of _____ learning.
observational
Tim and Martina had some friends over for a meal. One of the visiting couples had a 3-year old son, Logan, who was playing with Tim and Martina's 3-year-old-son, Tony. Logan noticed some cookies on the table and requested one. His parents refused, which caused Logan to throw a tantrum. His parents gave him a cookie so he would stop the tantrum. Tony was watching. The next day Tim was preparing dinner, and Tony requested a cookie. He was told that he could have a cookie, but not until after dinner. Tony then threw a tantrum, which he had never done before. Tony's behavior is an example of _____ learning.
observational
Learning by imitating the behavior of others is called _____ learning. The researcher best known for studying this type of learning is _____.
observational; Bandura
Jill is learning how to play tennis. For her first lesson, her instructor models serving and backhand returns while Jill patiently watches. Jill then tries to imitate the sequence of swings and motions made by her instructor. Which of the following concepts best describes how Jill is learning to play tennis?
observational learning
Lana is in dental school and is learning the correct way to take an X-ray of the mouth. Her instructor first shows the class a video that demonstrates the proper procedures for taking an X-ray and then demonstrates these same procedures using Lana as a patient. Lana and her classmates are learning how to take an X-ray of patients' teeth through the use of:
observational learning
One chimpanzee watches a second chimp solve a puzzle for a food reward. The first chimp then imitates how the second chimp solved the puzzle. This best illustrates:
observational learning
Studies show that a significant number of children who are victims of child abuse become child abusers themselves. This unfortunate incidence is learned through _____ and the area of the brain that models this behavior involves the mirror neurons.
observational learning
If one chimpanzee watches a second chimp solve a puzzle for a food reward, the first chimp may thereby learn how to solve the puzzle. This best illustrates:
observational learning.
Tina is a seven-year-old girl who frequently witnesses her father's anger and physically abusive acts on her mother. In her room she is playing with her toys and begins to yell at them and hit them for "being so stupid and not having dinner ready." Her behavior is a clear example of:
observational learning.
This research device, developed by B.F. Skinner, contained a bar that an animal can manipulate to obtain a food or water reinforcer which is attached to a recording device. This device is known as a(n):
operant chamber
At work, there is a vending machine that gives extra candy bars when a person selects either the "a" or "b" choices. A woman frequents this machine regularly. This best illustrates:
operant conditioning
If children get attention for doing cartwheels, they will repeat the trick if they find this attention to be enjoyable. This best illustrates:
operant conditioning
Macy gave her dog a treat each time she came to Macy when she called her by name. Soon the dog came every time Macy called the dog by name. This is an example of:
operant conditioning
Animals and humans learn about the consequences of behavior through:
operant conditioning.
At work, there is a vending machine that gives extra candy bars when you select either the "A" or "B" choices. You continue to frequent this machine regularly. This best illustrates:
operant conditioning.
A pigeon receives food for pecking a key, but only rarely and on unpredictable occasions. This best illustrates
partial reinforcement.
The famous Bobo doll study showed that:
performance of a behavior was affected by the cognitive expectation of reinforcement or punishment.
Compared to younger people, older people are more likely to:
personality
In humans and monkeys, the premotor cortex is involved in:
planning movements
Jeannette is in her mid-70s, and she is in remarkably good health. If she were to worry about getting sick, she should probably worry MOST about:
pneumonia.
You have been working nights and weekends to get a project completed at work. You are successful, and a couple of weeks later you come into work and your boss presents you with a bonus check. This best illustrates the value of:
positive reinforcement
According to Lawrence Kohlberg, people who develop an abstract level of reasoning where they perceive basic ethical principles and the moral good as more important than their own self have developed what is known as _____.
post conventional morality
The period of adolescence is lengthening in industrialized cultures such as in Europe, the United States, and Australia. Adolescents are taking more time to finish their education and establish careers. The average age for a first marriage in the United States has increased more than four years between 1960 and 2010, to _____ for men and _____ for women.
postconventional
Jarrud thinks he should obey his teachers only if they are carefully watching him. Lawrence Kohlberg would suggest that Jarrud demonstrates _____ morality.
preconventional
According to Lawrence Kohlberg, the majority of children younger than age 9 have a _____ of self-interest.
preconventional morality.
In the example of classical conditioning in which the child feared the doctor, the CS was:
presence of doc
According to observational learning theory, when children have _____ models, they imitate the helpful and positive behaviors they observe.
prosocial
According to the observational learning theory, when children have _____ models, they imitate helpful and positive behaviors.
prosocial
Parents who model reading, helpful behavior, and nonviolent responses are likely to increase _____ behavior in their children.
prosocial
In the experiment in which you were to condition a subject to blink her eye whenever she heard a certain tone, the UCS was a(n):
puff of air
The famous Bobo doll study demonstrated that children are less likely to imitate the actions of someone who has been _____ for his or her actions.
punished
A medieval proverb notes that "a burnt child dreads the fire." In operant conditioning, the burning would be an example of a
punisher
Watson and Rayner taught "Little Albert" to fear white rats by:
repeatedly pairing a loud noise with the presentation of a white rat.
Operant behavior operates on the environment, whereas _____ behavior occurs as an automatic response to some stimulus.
respondent
Salivating in response to a tone paired with food is a (an) ___________; pressing a bar to obtain food is a (an) ___________
respondent behavior; operant behavior
Classical conditioning focuses on ________________ behavior, whereas operant conditioning focuses on ________________ behavior.
respondent; operant
Whenever Shamika tries to talk on the telephone, her 10-year-old son Jamal repeatedly interrupts her. If Shamika wants to use operant conditioning principles to successfully alleviate the behavior, the most efficient response would be to:
reward Jamal for not interrupting her during a phone call.
Malina owns a landscaping company and employs several college students during the summer. She would like to improve the productivity of her employees. According to research on improving job performance through operant conditioning, Malina should:
reward specific, achievable behaviors rather than vaguely defined "merit."
When a baby's cheek is touched, the baby will turn toward the touch and open his or her mouth in search of a nipple. This is known as the _____ reflex.
rooting
Angela's parents are often inconsistent in terms of their behaviors and what they say. For example, they often tell Angela how important it is to be polite, but are not very polite themselves when it comes to letting other people off airplanes or giving up seats in public buses. Given what we know about how children learn, you would expect that she would act _____ but talk about how important it is to be polite.
rude
In teaching her son to play basketball, Richelle initially reinforces him with praise for simply dribbling while standing still, then only for walking while dribbling, and finally only for running while dribbling. She is using a procedure known as:
shaping
_____ is a method used by Skinner to guide an organism to exhibit a complex behavior using successive approximations.
shaping
While humans are more biologically prepared to learn taste aversions to foods that made them sick, birds are more likely to be sensitive to the _____ of tainted food.
sight
In observational learning, the most effective models are those who are:
similar to the observer
In classical conditioning _____ is the reappearance, after a rest period, of an extinguished conditioned response.
spontaneous recovery
This is the reappearance, after a pause, of an extinguished conditioned response.
spontaneous recovery
Jane had leukemia as a child and had to undergo numerous bouts of chemotherapy. She had associated the waiting room with nausea. Now 35 years old, she had to take her mother to the same hospital for breast cancer treatment. She became nauseous while in the waiting room with her mother. Her nausea best illustrates:
spontaneous recovery.
Long after her conditioned fear of dogs had been extinguished, Marcy experienced an unexpected surge of nervousness when first shown her cousin's new cocker spaniel. Her unexpected nervousness best illustrates:
spontaneous recovery.
Long after her conditioned fear of dogs had been extinguished, Marcy experienced an unexpected surge of nervousness when she first met her cousin's new cocker spaniel. Her unexpected nervousness best illustrates:
spontaneous recovery.
In classical conditioning we learn to associate two _____; while in operant conditioning we learn to associate a response and its consequences.
stimuli
According to Darwin's principle of natural selection and Garcia's later work, taste aversions increase the likelihood of _____ in humans and other animals.
survival
Coyotes who have been fed sheep carcasses that have been laced with a nausea-inducing poison are less likely to prey on sheep in the wild. This phenomenon is best explained by the classical conditioning phenomenon called _____.
taste adversion
_____ are agents such as chemicals and viruses that can reach the embryo or fetus and do it harm.
teratogens
In Pavlov's original experiments, dogs were classically conditioned to associate a bell with the presentation of food and responded with increased salivation. According to Robert Rescorla, what had the dogs learned?
that the bell was a signal that reliably predicted that food would follow
One of Pavlov's major contributions to the field of psychology was to show how:
the discipline of psychology could be based on objective laboratory methods.
You are conducting a research study with 24 men on the effects of movies and sexual violence. You will have the men watch three violent films over the next two days and then assess their attitudes toward women and violent sexual acts by reading actual cases of rape victims. You find that:
the men expressed less sympathy for the rape victims.
You are conducting a research study with a group of men on the effects of movies and sexual violence. You will have the men watch three violent films over the next two days and then assess their attitudes toward women and violent sexual acts by reading actual cases of rape victims. You find that:
the men expressed less sympathy for the rape victims.
Ever since she foolishly drank too much tequila at a rock concert and vomited all over her best friend, Erin becomes nauseous at the smell or taste of tequila. In this example, the conditioned stimulus is _____ and the conditioned response is _____.
the smell or taste of tequila; nausea
The culturally preferred timing of social events such as marriage, parenthood, and retirement is known as:
the social clock.
Based on research into the responses of infants immediately after birth, we can be MOST certain that the human fetus is aware of and learns to recognize:
the sound of the mother singing.
Mirror neurons help give rise to children's empathy and to their ability to infer another's mental state, an ability known as:
the theory of mind.
As we observe another's actions, our brain generates an inner simulation, enabling us to experience the other's experience within ourselves. Mirror neurons help give rise to children's empathy and to their ability to infer another's mental state, an ability known as _____.
theory of mind
You are walking down the hall when you see another student sitting on a bench and crying. You immediately stop and ask if you can help and begin to empathize with her situation. Your ability to infer this student's mental and emotional state is an example of the _____ which may be attributed in part to your mirror neurons.
theory of mind
From age _____to age six, the brain's neural network is sprouting most rapidly in the _____ lobes.
three; frontal
Erik Erikson proposed that at each stage of life people face a psychosocial task that needs resolution. According to this theory, the first task that infants wrestle with is:
trust vs. mistrust
Most learning involves the process of association. With classical conditioning, an organism comes to associate:
two stimuli.
Before the bell was ever presented, Pavlov's dog salivated each time food was presented. The _____ is salivation.
unconditioned response
In classical conditioning, this is the unlearned, naturally occurring response to the unconditioned stimulus (US), such as salivation when food is in the mouth.
unconditioned response (UR)
Nate had cancer as a child and had to undergo numerous bouts of chemotherapy. The chemotherapy always made him nauseous. As he underwent a year of treatment, just walking into the waiting room made him nauseous. The chemotherapy is the:
unconditioned stimulus
In classical conditioning, a stimulus that unconditionally, naturally, and automatically triggers a response is called a(n):
unconditioned stimulus (US).
Researchers conditioned a flatworm to contract when exposed to light by repeatedly pairing the light with an electric shock. The electric shock is a(n):
unconditioned stimulus (US).
Jacqueline finds it extremely difficult to walk away from the blackjack table. She keeps thinking she will break even or that the next hand will be a winning one. This is a(n) _____-ratio schedule.
variable
Pop quizzes and random checks of quality help to produce slow, steady responding and are examples of the _____ schedule of reinforcement.
variable
Which schedule of reinforcement produces the greatest resistance to extinction?
variable interval
The partial reinforcement schedule that reinforces a response at unpredictable times is a
variable interval schedule
Gamblers and fishermen have a difficult time controlling their need to gamble or fish due to the _____ schedule of reinforcement.
variable-interaval
For professional baseball players, swinging at a pitched ball is reinforced with a home run on a ________ schedule.
variable-ratio
Jack finds it extremely difficult to pull himself away from the blackjack table. He keeps thinking he will break even as the next hand will be his winning one. This is a ________ schedule.
variable-ratio
Jack finds it extremely difficult to pull himself away from the blackjack table. He keeps thinking he will break even or that the next hand will be his winning one. This is a _____ schedule.
variable-ratio
Morris had leukemia as a child and had to undergo numerous bouts of chemotherapy. The chemotherapy always made him nauseous. As he underwent 18 months of treatment, just walking into the waiting room made him nauseous. The _____ became the conditioned stimulus.
waiting room
In classical conditioning _____, while in operant conditioning _____.
we learn to associate two stimuli and thus to anticipate events; we learn to associate a response (our behavior) and its consequence
Puberty is a time:
when one is maturing sexually.
Anatoli and Andrei are 11-month-old identical twins. Anatoli took his first steps yesterday. How soon will Andrei take his first steps?
within a day; identical twins generally begin walking on nearly the same day.
