Exam 2

What is true regarding DNA replication?

Each new DNA helix contains one parent strand and one newly synthesized strand

Which type of microscope is usually used to examine viruses?

Electron

Input of energy

Endergonic

The process whereby solid and liquid materials are taken into the cell through membrane invagination and engulfment into a vesicle

Endocytosis

Ingestion of foreign bodies including bacteria, pathogens, and nanomaterials

Engulfment

Molecule binds to a carrier protein in a membrane and is carried across to other side

Facilitated diffusion

Aerobe that does not require O2 for its metabolism and is capable of growth in its absence

Facultative anaerobe

T/F: Codons are found on tRNA, and anticodons are found on mRNA

False

T/F: DNA replication begins at multiple sites on the bacterial chromosome

False

T/F: During DNA replication, the lagging strand is synthesized continuously while the leading strand is synthesized discontinuously

False

T/F: The bacterial chromosomes is linear

False

T/F: Unwinding of the DNA during transcription is the result of the activity of a helicase enzyme downstream of the RNA polymerase.

False

T/F: Viruses do independently fulfill the characteristics of life

False

what is a characteristic of double-stranded DNA?

2 nanometers in width, 10 base pairs per turn, and 0.34 nanometers per base pair

How many parts does a virus have? And what are they?

2 parts. Nucleic acid (DNA or RNA) and capsids (Protein coat)

How many bacterial viruses could fit into an average bacterial cell?

2,000+

Virus ultramicroscopic size ranges from what?

20 nm up to 450 nm (diameter)

At best, cells can generate ____ ATP from the complete oxidation of one glucose molecule during aerobic cellular respiration

38

What is the maximum yield of ATP from aerobic respiration in prokaryotes?

38

What DNA sequences is complimentary to 5' TAGAC 3'

5' ATCTG 3'

There are ____ codons and _____ amino acids

64 codons and 20 amino acids

There are how many DNA viruses

7

Which of the following best describes a prion? A. Obligate aerobe B. RNA-based infectious agent C. Proteinaceous-infectious agent D. Obligate intracellular parasite

C. Proteinaceous infectious agent

A persistent infection could last how long in a host? A. Several days B. Several years C. All of these D. Several weeks

C. All of these

Means Chemical

Chemo-

What is another name for matrix?

Fluid/ Enzymes

In binary fission, the doubling time of a particular microbial species is also known as its _____ time

Generation

Describes the length of time of a microbial species needs to divide?

Generation Time

Time required for a complete fission cycle- from parent cell to two new daughter cells; also. Sled doubling time

Generation time

One evolutionary strategy to deal with an "enzymatic-block" to a particularly necessary metabolic product is to

Have alternative enzymatic methods to synthesize the product

What is a obligate intercellular parasite?

Have to be there inside of the cell to feed off of other cells

Function: unzipping the DNA helix

Helicase

The enzyme that unwinds a segment of the DNA molecule is

Helicase

Water diffuses out of the cell and shrinks the cell membrane away from the cell wall.

Hypertonic

Net diffusion of water is into the cell; this swells the protoplast and pushes it tightly against the wall

Hypotonic

DNA polymerase ______ is the main enzyme involved in building of the new DNA chain, whereas DNA polymerase ______ is involved mostly with removing the priers and repairing damaged DNA

III, I

The enzyme involved in replicating a new DNA strand is DNA polymerase _____, and DNA polymerase _____ is involved in removing the RNA primer, closing gaps, and repairing mismatched bases

III, I

Which is the correct order of events when a protein is made in the process of translation?

Initiation, elongation, termination

a single DNA strand that, during DNA replication, is replicated in the 3' - 5' direction

Leading strand

Function: Final binding of nicks in DNA during synthesis and repair

Ligase

The discovery of the light microscope had what type of impact on the observation of viruses?

Little to none

What cycle is an incorporation of viral info into bacterial genome creating a prophage?

Lysogenic Cycle

Incomplete healing of a tattoo led to a case of vibriosis because the tattoo site was a ____ of _____ for the Vibrio vulnificus bacterium

Portal; entry

Function: synthesizing an RNA primer

Primase

Infectious agents composed of a protein that can alter the structure of nerve cells (Max Cow Disease); protein only

Prion

______ is a name given to a disease-causing agent composes only of protein.

Prion

Before the lagging strand can begin assembling new DNA nucleotides, what must occur?

RNA primase constructs a short RNA primer

What use to treat nausea?

Red popsicle

What must occur prior to cell division to ensure that each new cell has a complete set of DNA chromosome(s)?

Replication

is a region where a cell's DNA * double helix has been unwound and separated to create an area where DNA polymerases and the other enzymes involved can use each strand as a template to synthesize a new double helix.

Replication fork

Forms a complex cellular structure that contributes to the process of translation

Ribosomal RNA

Means Rotten

Sapro-

A microbe that decomposes organic remains from dead organisms; also known as a saprophyte or saprotroph

Saprobe

Cloverleaf structure

See pic

Notes for DNA ladder

See pic

Ribosome including large and small units

See pic

the two strands of DNA unwind from each other, and each acts as a template for synthesis of a new, complementary strand

Semiconservative replication

the segment of double stranded DNA. -Runs from 5' to 3'. -has base sequence same as that of mRNA. -also known as coding strand.

Sense strand

Random change in the DNA arising from errors in replication that occur without a known cause

Spontaneous mutation

Cannot tolerate free O2

Strict or Obligate Anaerobe

Virology

Study of infectious agents

changing of single base in the DNA code that may result in the placement of a different amino acid

Substitution mutation

In metabolic pathways, the products of one enzymes reaction may act as the ____ for the next step in the pathway

Substrates

Which of the following compounds make the "best" electron donors in aerobic respiration?

Sugars

At the end of glycolysis, the carbons from glucose are now located in

Two Pyruvic acids

Who discovered bacteriophages in 1915?

Twort and d'Herelle

List the three stop codons

UAA, UAG, UGA

Which term best describes viruses?

Ultramicroscopic

What are functions of RNA polymerase?

Unwinding the DNA so that transcription can take place, Synthesizes an RNA molecule from DNA template

Is oxidized by some bacteria as energy source: found in vitamin B1; sulfhydryl groups are part of certain amino acids, where they form disulfide binds that shape and stabilize proteins

Sulfur

DNA safely and stably stores genetic material in the nuclei of cells as a _______

Template

A(n) __________ phage is a bacteriophage that incorporates itself into the host genome as a lysogenic prophage

Termperate

An ____ is a microorganism that can use oxygen in metabolism and process toxic oxygen products.

aerobe

Lytic Cycle is known as?

The Replication cycle

Most heterotrophic organisms use ____ respiration to obtain energy

aerobic

The principal energy-yielding pathway that involves the breakdown of glucose in the presence of oxygen is called ____

aerobic respiration

_____ involves the complete breakdown of glucose to yield carbon dioxide, water, and energy in the form of ATP

aerobic respiration

_____ are organisms which thrive in the pressure of deep ocean depths

barophiles

Contains the anticodon and an amino acid binding site

Transfer RNA

A genetic change in which a piece of one chromosome breaks off and attaches to another chromosome.

Translocation

T/F: A mutation is an alteration in the DNA sequence or content of a cell that is passed on when the cell divides

True

T/F: A structural gene encodes the information for a specific protein

True

T/F: Doubled-stranded DNA consists of two antiparallel strands, meaning that one strand is oriented in the 5' to 3' direction, while the other is oriented in the 3' to 5' direction.

True

T/F: Metabolic pathways are interconnected

True

T/F: Nucleic acid can be double-stranded DNA or single-stranded DNA

True

T/F: Nucleic acid can be double-stranded RNA or single-stranded RNA

True

T/F: The DNA replication machinery is assembled at the replication fork

True

T/F: The RNA transcript being produced by the RNA polymerase is complementary to the template strand of the DNA.

True

T/F: all atoms and molecules are in a constant state of movement that increases with temperature increases

True

In RNA, which nitrogenous base pairs with adenine?

Uracil

The nitrogenous base thymine is only found in DNA, while ____ is only found in RNA

Uracil

What is NOT a nitrogen base found in DNA

Uracil

What is NOT cellular or alive?

Virus

What is ultramicroscopic?

Virus

Bacteria reproduce by ______ fission

binary

study of the mechanisms of cellular energy release, including catabolic and anabolic pathways, is called

bioenergetics

The indefinite persistence of bacteriophage DNA is a host without bringing about the production of virions. A lysogenic cell can revert to a lytic cycle, the process that ends in lysis

Lysogeny

What is a silent viral infection

Lysogeny

Viruses use what enzyme in order to replicate and live?

Machinery

This cardinal temperature is the highest temperature at which growth and metabolism can proceed

Maximum Temperature

A permanent inheritable alteration in the DNA sequence of a cell is a(n) _______

Mutation

Organisms are obligatory, but mutually they both benefit. Cooperation: nondependent forms gain mutual benefit, but can survive independently

Mutualism

A mechanism that can slow down enzymatic activity once a certain concentration of product is produced is called

Negative

A mechanism that slow down enzymatic activity once a certain concentration of product is produced is called _____ feedback

Negative

Is a term used to describe organisms that exist in environments near the pH of 7?

Neutrophils

Which element is represented by an in CHONPS?

Nitrogen

What term is used to describe the "best" temperature to support a microbes growth?

Optimal temperature

The temperature at which a species shows the most rapid growth is known as the cell's ____ temperature

Optimum

This cardinal temperature covers a small range, intermediate between the minimum and maximum, which promotes the fastest rate of growth and metabolism

Optimum Temperature

A replication begins at a specific site called the

Origin

Describes a microbe that grows in a habitat with a high solute concentration?

Osmophile

Movement of water across a selectively permeable membrane

Osmosis

Which term is used exclusively to describe water's movement across a selectively permeable membrane?

Osmosis

Catalyzes the reduction (addition of electrons and hydrogen ions) to O2

Oxidase

The term "aerobic respiration" implies that ____ is required for the metabolic pathway to be completed

Oxygen

Is necessary for the metabolism of nutrients by aerobes. Is a significant element in organic compounds and inorganic compounds

Oxygen (O2)

A man succumbed to vibriosis due to a combination of swimming in the ocean before a tattoo was completely healed and an underlying condition of liver disease. In this case the tattoo was a ____ for the Vibrio vulnificus bacterium causing the infection.

Portal entry

Mass transport of large particles, cells, and liquids by engulfment and vesicle formation

bulk transport (endocytosis)

Which of the following cell structures is specialized for transport of materials into and out of the cell?

cell membrane

The first three events of translation in the correct order are ______, _______, _______ followed by protein folding and processing

initiation, elongation, termination

What is NOT a type of RNA?

dRNA

The DNA of a chromosome is ______-stranded

double

The genetic material in bacteria is

double stranded DNA

____ are used to cultivate viruses in large quantities for vaccine and research studies

eggs

Each reaction in a metabolic pathway is catalyzed by a separate

enzyme

T/F:The newly synthesized strand of DNA has exactly the same base sequence as that of its template strand.

false

When the mRNA transcript is modified _____________ are excised out and _______________ are spliced back together to code for amino acids.

introns and exons

breaks lactose down into glucose and galactose

lactase

Carries the DNA master code to the ribosome

mRNA (messenger)

What is transcription?

mRNA copies DNA

The combination of all reactions (catabolic + anabolic) within a cell is termed _______

metabolism

______ are organisms that thrive in environments with a pH close to 7.

neutrophiles

The element ______ is represented by the letter N in CHONPS

nitrogen

What occurs first in transcription?

formation of a holoenzyme

Addition or deletion of bases that changes the reading of mRNA codons

frameshift mutation

The ____ is the sum total of genetic material in a cell

genome

The acquisition of chemical substances by organisms for the building of cellular components and processes is _______

nutrition

______ is the acquisition of chemical substances by organisms for use as an energy source or as building blocks of cellular structures.

nutrition

cannot grow without oxygen

obligate aerobe

A filamentous network of carbohydrate-rich molecules that coats cells

glycocalyx

______ is the multi-step energy-yielding conversion of glucose to pyruvic acid

glycolysis

molecule is moved across membrane and simultaneously converted to a metabolically useful substance

group translocation

Genetic inheritance

heredity

An organism which acquires energy by metabolizing the nutrients from other organisms is called a(n) _______

heterotroph

Which organism relies upon organic compounds for its carbon and energy needs?

heterotroph

When one bacterium donates DNA to another bacterium, a type of genetic recombination known as _________ has occurred.

horizontal gene transfer

A(n) ____ is a microorganism that thrives in any hypertonic medium.

osmophile

A(n) _______ is a microorganism that thrives in any hypertonic medium

osmophile

_____ is the diffusion of water across a selectively permeable membrane in the direction of lower water concentration

osmosis

hydrolyzes beta-lactam ring

penicillinase

A _____-troph is an organism that uses the sun's light to provide the chemical energy to produce sugar for cellular respiration.

photo

An autotrophic organism that utilizes the light for energy and carbon dioxide primarily as a carbon source is termed a ________.

photoautotroph

Any microbe that uses photosynthesis to feed is specifically referred to as a(n) _____.

phototroph

Any microbe that uses photosynthesis to feed is specifically referred to as a(n) _____.

phototroph, photoautotroph

During semiconservative ______ the DNA is duplicated prior to binary fission

replication

The enzymes responsible for building the DNA strand, proofreading newly produced DNA strands, and removing the RNA primer are DNA _____ I and III

polymerase

Forms the major part of a ribosome and participates in protein synthesis

rRNA (ribosomal)

DNA replication is said to be

semi-conservative

During ______ DNA replication, the newly made double helices are composed of one parent template and one newly synthesized strand

semiconservative

The product of one reaction may act as the _____ for the next reaction in a metabolic pathway

substrate

During the last steps of glycolysis, ATP is generated by __________ __________ phosphorylation.

substrate level

_____ is a close association between individuals from two species that may be helpful, harmful or neither to both members.

symbiosis

carries amino acids to the ribosome during translation

tRNA (transfer)

The speed and continuous movement of atoms and molecules is largely controlled by ______

temperature

Translation is characterized by

the blueprint of the RNA molecule used to bind amino acids together to form proteins.

Cell (tissue) culture is considered an *in _________ method to propagate virus.

vitro

DNA polymerases are responsible for

Building the DNA chain, Proofreading/repair

Function: Supercoiling

Gyrase

Means Salt

Halo-

Extreme heat; 80-100C

HyperThermophile

the process by which a cell makes an RNA copy of a piece of DNA.

Transcription

Means To live

-obe

Means To love

-phile

List the steps involved in viral replication or multiplication in order

1. Adsorption- attachment to cell surface 2. Penetration/ Uncoating- virus enters cells 3. Replication- copy viral genome within cell 4. Assembly- of new components 5. Maturation- put components into whole 6. Release- escape from host cell

What environmental factors control microbial growth?

1. Nutrients and Energy Sources 2. Ambient Temperature 3. Amount of Moisture 4. Presence or Absence of Gases 5. Presence or Absence of Light 6. Osmotic Pressure 7. pH 8. Other Organisms

How many RNA viruses?

13

In a chromosome, the DNA is composed of _____ strands

2

List the correct order of viral life cycle phases, placing the first phase at the top. A. Adsorption B. Release C. Synthesis D. Penetration/Uncoating E. Assembly

A. Adsorption D. Penetration/Uncoating C. Synthesis E. Assembly B. Release

At minimum, viruses are composed of which of the following? A. Capsid and nucleic acid B. Nucleic acid C. Capsid, nucleic acid, and lipid membrane D. RNA E. Lipid membrane F. Capsid

A. Capsid and nucleic acid

Translation is terminated when a stop codon is presented at the

A site

Which are the criteria used in classifying viruses into families A. Genetic makeup B. Geographic distribution C. Structure D. Pathogenic potential E. Chemical composition

A. Genetic Makeup C. Structure E. Chemical composition

Using laboratory animals for experimentation is considered which of the following? A. In vivo B. In vitro

A. In vivo

Which of the following relate to all viruses? A. Nucleic acid B. RNA C. Acellular D. Cellular E. DNA F. Capsid

A. Nucleic acid C. Acellular F. Capsid

Which of the following is performed viral protein that synthesizes DNA and RNA A. Polymerase B. Reverse transcriptase C. Protease

A. Polymerase

Which of the following is used to describe the phage DNA that is latently into the bacterial host genome? A. Prophage B. Persistent infection C. Temperate D. Bacteriophage E. Lysogenic

A. Prophage

What occurs in the last 3 steps of glycolysis?

ATP forms by substrate-level phosphorylation

As a general rule: ____ and _____ (rarely used) are start codons

AUG; GUG

What is the cytopathic effect?

Accumulated damage over time

Grow in acidic pools

Acidophiles

energy expenditure is required. Molecules need not exist in a gradient. Rate of transport is increased transport may occur against a concentration gradient.

Active Transport

What is a cellular transport system that requires cellular energy?

Active transport

A complex adjustment in biochemistry or genetics that allows microbes to survive in their environment is known as

Adaptation

Uracil, the nitrogenous base unique to RNA molecules, pairs with the nitrogenous base ______

Adenine

What nucleotides are classified as purines?

Adenine (A) Guanine (G)

Which viral stage occurs first? -Assembly -Uncoating -Synthesis -Penetration -Adsorption -Release

Adsorption

Means Air (O2)

Aero-

A microorganism that lives and grows in the presence of free gaseous oxygen

Aerobe

Describes organisms which can use oxygen in their cellular respiration pathways

Aerobic

Is the primary pathway used by heterotrophic microorganisms to obtain energy?

Aerobic respiration

Do not utilize oxygen gas but can survive and grid in its presence

Aerotolerant anaerobe

Grow in basic pools

Alkalinophiles

Viruses can infect what type of cells?

All types of cells

Pertaining to the altered activity of an enzyme due to the binding of a molecule to a region other than the enzyme's active site.

Allosteric inhibition

One microbe that causes an adverse effect in another microbe. Involves competition of some type where the are sharing space and nutrient sources

Amensalism (antagonism)

the opposite directions that the two strands of DNA run with respect to one another. In other words, one strand of DNA will run in a 5' to 3' direction while the other DNA strand will run in a 3' to 5' direction

Antiparallel arrangement

Means Self

Auto-

Derive their energy from one or two possible nonliving sources: sunlight and chemical reactions involving simple chemicals.

Autotroph

Which 3 of the following are usual choices for live anime inoculation with viruses? A. Cats B. Hamsters C. White mice D. Rats E. Dogs

B. Hamsters C. White mice D. Rats

Which of the following is considered an in vitro method for virus propagation? A. Bird eggs B. Tissue culture C. Animals

B. Tissue culture

Obligate intracellular parasites of _______, ________, _______, _______, ________, and ________.

Bacteria, Protozoa, fungi, algae, plants, and animals (All Types of Cells)

A virus that specifically infects bacteria

Bacteriophage

Describes organisms that exist at deep ocean depths

Basophiles

Used to describe the study of the mechanisms of cellular energy release, including catabolic and anabolic pathways

Bioenergetics

Focuses on the natural abilities of microbes

Biotechnology

The term "metabolism" includes which type(s) of cellular reactions?

Both anabolic and catabolic

The cause of viral infections remained unknown for many years longer than other types of infections due to which of the following reasons A. Scientists in the 1800s did not believe that unseen life existed B. Most viral infections mimicked other congenital diseases C. The techniques used to observe other pathogens were useless with viruses D. Viruses are not visualized by light microscopes

C. The techniques used to observe other pathogens were useless with viruses D. Viruses are not visualized by light microscope

When a virus enter through endocytosis and exits through exocytosis, it's effect on the cell causes what?

CPE (Cytopathic effects)

What are 2 types of accumulated damage?

Can cause cell to become multinucleate and cause inclusion bodies

Onco means?

Cancer

Grow best at higher CO2

Capnophiles

Name the parts of a virus and list their functions

Capsid (protein coating) and NA (DNA/RNA). Impact high specificity for attachment to host cells. They multiply by taking control of host cells genetic material and regulate the synthesis and assembly of new viruses.

The capsid is composed of protein subunits called

Capsomers

What is a capsid made of?

Capsomers

_____ are used as cellular energy sources because they are superior electron donors

Carbohydrates

Is produced by respiration and used in photosynthesis; is found in cell walls and skeletons; organic compounds are essential to the structure and function of all organisms and viruses.

Carbon (CO2)

Atoms or molecules are pumped into or out of the cell by specialized receptors; driven by ATP or other high-energy molecules.

Carrier/mediated active transport

Chemical that increase the rate of a chemical reaction without becoming part of it or being consumed

Catalysts

An organism that relies upon inorganic chemicals for its energy and carbon dioxide for its carbon; also called a chemolithotroph. Carbon source is CO2. Energy source is simple inorganic chemicals. Examples are some bacteria and archaea: methanogens and deep-sea vent bacteria

Chemoautotroph

Free living microbes that feed primarily on organic detritis released by dead organisms. Carbon source is organic carbon, energy source is metabolize the organic matter of dead organisms. Examples are fungi, bacteria, some protists.

Chemoheterotroph (saprobe)

Derive their organic nutrients from the bodies of living organisms. Carbon source is organic carbon. Energy source is obtain organic matter from living organisms. Examples are parasites, commensals, mutualistic microbes.

Chemohetertroph (symbiotic microbe)

In eukaryotic cells, what cellular structure is composed of a neatly packaged DNA molecule?

Chromosome

formalized pattern assumed by a tRNA molecule viewed in two dimensions that shows the regions of internal complementarity that allow the polynucleotide to fold back upon itself into base-paired double helices. The stem includes the acceptor stem at the 3'-end, which attaches the amino acid, and the non-complementary loops or ARMS include the anticodon arm, which hybridizes with the codon of an mRNA. In three dimensions the structure can be divided into two sections at a right angle to one another: a coaxial stack that includes the acceptor stem, and the remainder of the molecule, i.e. the common arm that is shared by the two sections.

Cloverleaf pattern

a sequence of three nucleotides which together form a unit of genetic code in a DNA or RNA molecule.

Codon

One member, commensal, receives benefits while the other is neither harmed nor benefited

Commensalism

The blockage of microbial growth through a metabolic analog drug that inserts on the active site of an essential metabolic enzyme and prevents further action of that enzyme

Competitive inhibition

What are two common modes of inhibition that regulate enzyme action

Competitive inhibition and allosteric inhibition

The standard arrangement of bases in nucleotides in relation to their opposite pairing

Complimentary base pairing

What term is used to specifically describe the type of viruses that infect bacteria? A. Archaea B. Viroid C. Prion D. Bacteriophage E. Plasmid

D. Bacteriophage

Which of the following receives their energy from the sun's light to generate a sugar source for cellular respiration? A. Chemotrophs B. Heterotrophs C. Lithotrophs D. Phototrophs

D. Phototrophs

Which of the following terms describes viruses in the carrier state within the host cells? A. Constant infections B. Persistent infections C. Chronic infections D. Transient infections

D. Transient infections

What is reversetrans?

DNA copies RNA

What is the flow of genetic information in a cell?

DNA encodes RNA which encodes protein

Nucleic acid of the viral genome is either what?

DNA or RNA

Synthesizes a strand of DNA using the complementary strand as a model

DNA polymerase

The enzyme that travels along the leading strand assembling new nucleotides on a growing new strand of DNA is

DNA polymerase

Function: Removing RNA primers, replacing gaps between Okazaki fragments with correct nucleotides, repairing mismatched bases

DNA polymerase I

Function: adding bases to the new DNA chain, proofreading the chain for mistakes

DNA polymerase III

The process of making identical copies of DNA before cell division

DNA replication

The flow of genetic information in a cell is a process starting with _____ which encodes _______ which encodes protein

DNA, RNA

Negative feedback is a process that _____ enzymes activity when a certain concentration of ______ is produced

Decreases; product

Break binds of larger molecules to smaller molecules to produce energy

Degradative reactions (catabolism)

The pentose sugar found in DNA is ________

Deoxyribose

Movement from an area of great concentration to an area of lesser concentration

Diffusion

A fundamental property of atoms and molecules that exist in a state of random motion

Diffusion and Osmosis

What is this? (Photo)

Enzyme characteristics

Action: Acts on the amino arginine

Enzyme: Arginase

Action: Hydrolyze protein needed for vesicle transport

Enzyme: Botulinum toxin

Action: breaks down hydrogen peroxide

Enzyme: Catalase

Action: Synthesis of DNA

Enzyme: DNA Polymerase

Action: Transfers phosphate to glucose

Enzyme: Hexokinase

Action: Reduces nitrate to nitrite

Enzyme: Nitrate reductase

Action: Adds electrons to oxygen

Enzyme: Oxidase

Action: Converts pyruvic acid to acetyl CoA and CO2

Enzyme: Pyruvate dehydrogenase

Action: Oxidizes succinate to fumarate in the Krebs cycle

Enzyme: Succinate dehydrogenase

Catalytic agent to facilitate reactions

Enzymes

What do viruses lack?

Enzymes for most metabolic processes and machinery for synthesizing proteins

Releases energy

Exergonic

The process that releases envelope viruses from the membrane of the host's cytoplasm

Exocytosis

Organism capable of living in harsh environments, such as extreme heat or cold

Extremophile

is a process that uses laboratory-based technologies to alter the DNA makeup of an organism

Genetic engineering

The science that studies inheritance of biological characteristics

Genetics

The complete set of chromosomes and genes in an organism is referred to as the _______

Genome

This term represents all the genetic information within a cell

Genome

Metabolic pathways begins with glucose and yields two pyruvates

Glycolysis

What are techniques in culturing animal viruses?

Greater control, uniformity, wide-scale harvesting

Genetic inheritance in microorganisms is best described by ____

Heredity

______ is another term for genetics- the study of inheritance in living things

Heredity

Means Other

Hetero-

May exist at several levels, such as primary (feeds on producers), and secondary (feeds on primary consumers)

Heterotroph

Water is the most abundant compound in cells and a solvent for metabolic reactions; H2, H2S, and CH4 gases are produced and used by bacteria and archaea; H+ ions are the basis for transfers of cellular energy and help maintain the pH of cells

Hydrogen (H2/H2O)

When a virus is injected and exits through lysis, it's effect on the cell causes what?

Immediate cell death

Molecules on virus surface _______ high specificity for attachment to host cells

Impact

Figure out the DNA replication

In notes (Ch. 9) When asking the leading strand going from 5' to 3' (Fig. Will look like the same strand) Giving the corresponding mRNA going from 5' to 3' (doing the same but changing the a to a u) Giving the corresponding tRNA go from 3' to 5' Be careful when it specifies DNA or RNA Remember to start with START in giving the amino acid sequence and that sequence is your ANSWER

Label each stage 1-4: 1. Lag phase 2. Exponential growth phase 3. Stationary phase 4. Death phase

In photos

Which Latin phrase describes the cultivation or testing "in glass" or outside of a living organism?

In vitro

Viruses have ______ macromolecules outside the host cell and _____ only inside host cells

Inactive; Active

During periods of nutrient abundance, some bacteria can compensate by storing nutrients as

Inclusion bodies

What DNA sequences are found within a gene but do not encode the protein specified by that gene?

Introns

_____ are DNA sequences found within a gene that do not encode the protein corresponding to the gene

Introns

Water concentration is equal inside and outside the cell

Isotonic

What is false regarding binary fission?

It leads to genetic variation

What does multinucleate mean?

It tried to go through mitosis and failed to separate

Catalyzes the conversion of pyruvic acid to lactic acid

Lactate dehydrogenase

a single DNA strand that, during DNA replication, is replicated in the 5′ - 3′ direction

Lagging strand

What is dormant/ sits still waiting to infect

Latent

A prophage is a/an _____ stage in the cycle of ____

Latent, bacterial viruses

The cell ____ is specialized to transport substances into and out of the cell.

Membrane

Opt. 20-40C; can grow 10-50C; most human pathogens are 30-40C (body temp is 37C)

Mesophile

Transcribed version of a structural gene or genes in DNA

Messenger RNA

The three types of RNA are _______ RNA, ______ RNA, and _______ RNA

Messenger, Transfer, Ribosomal

All chemical reactions and physical workings of the cell

Metabolism

Compounds given off by the complex networks of metabolism

Metabolites

Requires small amounts of O2

Microaerophile

When microbes are provided with nutrients and the required environment factors they become metabolically active and grow

Microbial growth

This cardinal temperature is the lowest temperature that permits a microbe's continued growth and metabolism

Minimum temperature

The location of the Krebs cycle enzymes in eukaryotic is in the ____ matrix, while in prokaryotes the enzymes are found in the _____

Mitochondria; cytoplasm

Have more than two nuclei

Multinucleated

Viruses_____ by taking control of host cells genetic material, ____ the synthesis and _____ new viruses

Multiply; regulate; assemble

Is available only to certain microbes that fix it into other inorganic nitrogen compounds- nitrates, nitrites, and ammonium- the primary sources of this for algae, plants, and the majority of bacteria; animals and Protozoa require organic nitrogen; all organisms use this to synthesize amino acids and Nucleic acids.

Nitrogen (NH)

What is a combination of capsid and Nucleic acid together

Nucleocapsid

What has the greatest impact on microbial adaptation

O2

What two gases influences microbial growth

O2 and CO2

Is required to replicate the lagging strand of DNA

Okazaki fragments, primase, DNA ligase

A close interaction in which one organism (the parasite) lived on or within another organism (the host), from which it obtains nutrients and receives protection. The parasite produces some degree of harm to the host.

Parasites

Interrelationship where host provides the microbe with nutrients/ habitat

Parasitism

energy expenditure by the cell is not required. Substances exist in a gradient and move from areas of lower concentration in the gradient

Passive Transport

Means "to eat"

Phage

Phosphate a key component of DNA and RNA, is critical to the genetic makeup of cells and viruses; also found in ATP and NAD, where it takes part in numerous metabolic reactions; it's presence in phospholipids provides stability to cell membranes

Phosphorus (PO43-)

Means Light

Photo-

An organism that utilizes light for its energy and carbon dioxide chiefly for its carbon needs. Carbon source is CO2. Energy source is sunlight. Examples are photosynthetic organisms: algae, plants Cyanobacteria

Photoautotroph

Uses light for energy but cannot use carbon dioxide as its sole carbon source and thus uses organic compounds from the environment.Carbon source is organic carbon. Energy source is sunlight or organic matter. Examples are purple and green photosynthetic bacteria.

Photoheterotroph

Extra pieces of DNA found in bacteria are called __________.

Plasmids

Mutations that involve the addition, deletion or substitution of one or a few bases are referred to as _____ mutations

Point

The transcription enzymes first attaches to the _____ of the gene

Promoter

Basic structure of a virus consists of _______ surrounding ______

Protein shell (capsid); nucleic acid core

A structural unit, a collection of one or more (non identical) protein subunits that together for the chemical building block of a larger assembly

Protomer

What are capsomers made of?

Protomers

Means Cold

Psychro-

Opt. Below 15C; can grow at 0C-20C

Psychrophile

The main enzyme responsible for transcription is

RNA polymerase

Consist of protein alone

Simple enzyme

What is retroviridae?

Single strange DNA copies double strand RNA

Short lengths of RNA called ____ have the ability to control the expression of certain genes

Small interfering RNA (siRNA)

What is a protomer?

Small proteins/Molecules

Located on the outer surface of a virus. It uses these to insert into its membrane.

Spikes

Term describes any close relationship between two organisms?

Symbiosis

To live together

Symbiosis or Coevolution

Any process that results in building cell molecules and structures

Synthetic reactions (anabolism and biosynthesis)

Communal feeding of organisms sharing a habitat. Products given off by one organism are usable by another for survival... both benefit. Ex. soil bacteria/plant roots

Syntrophy (synergism or crossfeeding)

This virus looks mechanical and it's legs are fibers

T-even Bacteriophage

When this happens 1 virus can make over 200 other viruses that leave and affect other cells

T-even Bacteriophage

What virus enters cell by injection, replicates, following weakened cells and they burst open and leave by lysis.

T-even bacteriophage

Means Heat

Thermo-

Opt. Above 45C; can grow 45-80C

Thermophile

What is common to replicase and reverse transcriptase?

They are preformed viral proteins

What nucleotides are classified as pyrimidine?

Thymine (T) Cytosine (C)

the process by which the information in a strand of DNA is copied into a new molecule of messenger RNA (mRNA).

Transcribe strand

The term _____, or codon, is a sequence of 3 nucleotides in DNA that encodes an amino acid

Triplet

This term, synonymous with codon, describes a trinucleotide sequence coding an amino acid in DNA

Triplet

three nucleotide bases (one codon) code for one amino acid.

Triplet code

Means food, nourishment

Troph-

Transcription is characterized by

a messenger RNA molecule synthesized from the DNA molecule in the nucleus.

In _______ transport, the cell supplies energy for compounds to move into or out of the cell

active

_____ is the act of successfully adjusting to a new environment

adaptation

Inoculation of _______ is an alternate method for viruses that do not grow in cultures.

animals

It is well known that ______ have no effect on treating viral infections

antibiotics

a sequence of three nucleotides forming a unit of genetic code in a transfer RNA molecule, corresponding to a complementary codon in messenger RNA.

anticodon

Result from exposure to known mutagens, which are primarily physical or chemical agents that damage DNA

induced mutation

The Krebs cycle occurs in the _____ of eukaryotic cells and the _____ of Bacteria

mitochondrion, cytoplasm

Typically, each reaction (step) in a metabolic pathway will require

one enzyme

What is the causative agent of Mad Cow Disease?

prions

By the end of glycolysis, glucose is converted into 2,3-carbon _____ _____ molecules.

pyruvic acid

the process that takes the information passed from DNA as messenger RNA and turns it into a series of amino acids bound together with peptide bonds.

translation