Exam 2
What is true regarding DNA replication?
Each new DNA helix contains one parent strand and one newly synthesized strand
Which type of microscope is usually used to examine viruses?
Electron
Input of energy
Endergonic
The process whereby solid and liquid materials are taken into the cell through membrane invagination and engulfment into a vesicle
Endocytosis
Ingestion of foreign bodies including bacteria, pathogens, and nanomaterials
Engulfment
Molecule binds to a carrier protein in a membrane and is carried across to other side
Facilitated diffusion
Aerobe that does not require O2 for its metabolism and is capable of growth in its absence
Facultative anaerobe
T/F: Codons are found on tRNA, and anticodons are found on mRNA
False
T/F: DNA replication begins at multiple sites on the bacterial chromosome
False
T/F: During DNA replication, the lagging strand is synthesized continuously while the leading strand is synthesized discontinuously
False
T/F: The bacterial chromosomes is linear
False
T/F: Unwinding of the DNA during transcription is the result of the activity of a helicase enzyme downstream of the RNA polymerase.
False
T/F: Viruses do independently fulfill the characteristics of life
False
what is a characteristic of double-stranded DNA?
2 nanometers in width, 10 base pairs per turn, and 0.34 nanometers per base pair
How many parts does a virus have? And what are they?
2 parts. Nucleic acid (DNA or RNA) and capsids (Protein coat)
How many bacterial viruses could fit into an average bacterial cell?
2,000+
Virus ultramicroscopic size ranges from what?
20 nm up to 450 nm (diameter)
At best, cells can generate ____ ATP from the complete oxidation of one glucose molecule during aerobic cellular respiration
38
What is the maximum yield of ATP from aerobic respiration in prokaryotes?
38
What DNA sequences is complimentary to 5' TAGAC 3'
5' ATCTG 3'
There are ____ codons and _____ amino acids
64 codons and 20 amino acids
There are how many DNA viruses
7
Which of the following best describes a prion? A. Obligate aerobe B. RNA-based infectious agent C. Proteinaceous-infectious agent D. Obligate intracellular parasite
C. Proteinaceous infectious agent
A persistent infection could last how long in a host? A. Several days B. Several years C. All of these D. Several weeks
C. All of these
Means Chemical
Chemo-
What is another name for matrix?
Fluid/ Enzymes
In binary fission, the doubling time of a particular microbial species is also known as its _____ time
Generation
Describes the length of time of a microbial species needs to divide?
Generation Time
Time required for a complete fission cycle- from parent cell to two new daughter cells; also. Sled doubling time
Generation time
One evolutionary strategy to deal with an "enzymatic-block" to a particularly necessary metabolic product is to
Have alternative enzymatic methods to synthesize the product
What is a obligate intercellular parasite?
Have to be there inside of the cell to feed off of other cells
Function: unzipping the DNA helix
Helicase
The enzyme that unwinds a segment of the DNA molecule is
Helicase
Water diffuses out of the cell and shrinks the cell membrane away from the cell wall.
Hypertonic
Net diffusion of water is into the cell; this swells the protoplast and pushes it tightly against the wall
Hypotonic
DNA polymerase ______ is the main enzyme involved in building of the new DNA chain, whereas DNA polymerase ______ is involved mostly with removing the priers and repairing damaged DNA
III, I
The enzyme involved in replicating a new DNA strand is DNA polymerase _____, and DNA polymerase _____ is involved in removing the RNA primer, closing gaps, and repairing mismatched bases
III, I
Which is the correct order of events when a protein is made in the process of translation?
Initiation, elongation, termination
a single DNA strand that, during DNA replication, is replicated in the 3' - 5' direction
Leading strand
Function: Final binding of nicks in DNA during synthesis and repair
Ligase
The discovery of the light microscope had what type of impact on the observation of viruses?
Little to none
What cycle is an incorporation of viral info into bacterial genome creating a prophage?
Lysogenic Cycle
Incomplete healing of a tattoo led to a case of vibriosis because the tattoo site was a ____ of _____ for the Vibrio vulnificus bacterium
Portal; entry
Function: synthesizing an RNA primer
Primase
Infectious agents composed of a protein that can alter the structure of nerve cells (Max Cow Disease); protein only
Prion
______ is a name given to a disease-causing agent composes only of protein.
Prion
Before the lagging strand can begin assembling new DNA nucleotides, what must occur?
RNA primase constructs a short RNA primer
What use to treat nausea?
Red popsicle
What must occur prior to cell division to ensure that each new cell has a complete set of DNA chromosome(s)?
Replication
is a region where a cell's DNA * double helix has been unwound and separated to create an area where DNA polymerases and the other enzymes involved can use each strand as a template to synthesize a new double helix.
Replication fork
Forms a complex cellular structure that contributes to the process of translation
Ribosomal RNA
Means Rotten
Sapro-
A microbe that decomposes organic remains from dead organisms; also known as a saprophyte or saprotroph
Saprobe
Cloverleaf structure
See pic
Notes for DNA ladder
See pic
Ribosome including large and small units
See pic
the two strands of DNA unwind from each other, and each acts as a template for synthesis of a new, complementary strand
Semiconservative replication
the segment of double stranded DNA. -Runs from 5' to 3'. -has base sequence same as that of mRNA. -also known as coding strand.
Sense strand
Random change in the DNA arising from errors in replication that occur without a known cause
Spontaneous mutation
Cannot tolerate free O2
Strict or Obligate Anaerobe
Virology
Study of infectious agents
changing of single base in the DNA code that may result in the placement of a different amino acid
Substitution mutation
In metabolic pathways, the products of one enzymes reaction may act as the ____ for the next step in the pathway
Substrates
Which of the following compounds make the "best" electron donors in aerobic respiration?
Sugars
At the end of glycolysis, the carbons from glucose are now located in
Two Pyruvic acids
Who discovered bacteriophages in 1915?
Twort and d'Herelle
List the three stop codons
UAA, UAG, UGA
Which term best describes viruses?
Ultramicroscopic
What are functions of RNA polymerase?
Unwinding the DNA so that transcription can take place, Synthesizes an RNA molecule from DNA template
Is oxidized by some bacteria as energy source: found in vitamin B1; sulfhydryl groups are part of certain amino acids, where they form disulfide binds that shape and stabilize proteins
Sulfur
DNA safely and stably stores genetic material in the nuclei of cells as a _______
Template
A(n) __________ phage is a bacteriophage that incorporates itself into the host genome as a lysogenic prophage
Termperate
An ____ is a microorganism that can use oxygen in metabolism and process toxic oxygen products.
aerobe
Lytic Cycle is known as?
The Replication cycle
Most heterotrophic organisms use ____ respiration to obtain energy
aerobic
The principal energy-yielding pathway that involves the breakdown of glucose in the presence of oxygen is called ____
aerobic respiration
_____ involves the complete breakdown of glucose to yield carbon dioxide, water, and energy in the form of ATP
aerobic respiration
_____ are organisms which thrive in the pressure of deep ocean depths
barophiles
Contains the anticodon and an amino acid binding site
Transfer RNA
A genetic change in which a piece of one chromosome breaks off and attaches to another chromosome.
Translocation
T/F: A mutation is an alteration in the DNA sequence or content of a cell that is passed on when the cell divides
True
T/F: A structural gene encodes the information for a specific protein
True
T/F: Doubled-stranded DNA consists of two antiparallel strands, meaning that one strand is oriented in the 5' to 3' direction, while the other is oriented in the 3' to 5' direction.
True
T/F: Metabolic pathways are interconnected
True
T/F: Nucleic acid can be double-stranded DNA or single-stranded DNA
True
T/F: Nucleic acid can be double-stranded RNA or single-stranded RNA
True
T/F: The DNA replication machinery is assembled at the replication fork
True
T/F: The RNA transcript being produced by the RNA polymerase is complementary to the template strand of the DNA.
True
T/F: all atoms and molecules are in a constant state of movement that increases with temperature increases
True
In RNA, which nitrogenous base pairs with adenine?
Uracil
The nitrogenous base thymine is only found in DNA, while ____ is only found in RNA
Uracil
What is NOT a nitrogen base found in DNA
Uracil
What is NOT cellular or alive?
Virus
What is ultramicroscopic?
Virus
Bacteria reproduce by ______ fission
binary
study of the mechanisms of cellular energy release, including catabolic and anabolic pathways, is called
bioenergetics
The indefinite persistence of bacteriophage DNA is a host without bringing about the production of virions. A lysogenic cell can revert to a lytic cycle, the process that ends in lysis
Lysogeny
What is a silent viral infection
Lysogeny
Viruses use what enzyme in order to replicate and live?
Machinery
This cardinal temperature is the highest temperature at which growth and metabolism can proceed
Maximum Temperature
A permanent inheritable alteration in the DNA sequence of a cell is a(n) _______
Mutation
Organisms are obligatory, but mutually they both benefit. Cooperation: nondependent forms gain mutual benefit, but can survive independently
Mutualism
A mechanism that can slow down enzymatic activity once a certain concentration of product is produced is called
Negative
A mechanism that slow down enzymatic activity once a certain concentration of product is produced is called _____ feedback
Negative
Is a term used to describe organisms that exist in environments near the pH of 7?
Neutrophils
Which element is represented by an in CHONPS?
Nitrogen
What term is used to describe the "best" temperature to support a microbes growth?
Optimal temperature
The temperature at which a species shows the most rapid growth is known as the cell's ____ temperature
Optimum
This cardinal temperature covers a small range, intermediate between the minimum and maximum, which promotes the fastest rate of growth and metabolism
Optimum Temperature
A replication begins at a specific site called the
Origin
Describes a microbe that grows in a habitat with a high solute concentration?
Osmophile
Movement of water across a selectively permeable membrane
Osmosis
Which term is used exclusively to describe water's movement across a selectively permeable membrane?
Osmosis
Catalyzes the reduction (addition of electrons and hydrogen ions) to O2
Oxidase
The term "aerobic respiration" implies that ____ is required for the metabolic pathway to be completed
Oxygen
Is necessary for the metabolism of nutrients by aerobes. Is a significant element in organic compounds and inorganic compounds
Oxygen (O2)
A man succumbed to vibriosis due to a combination of swimming in the ocean before a tattoo was completely healed and an underlying condition of liver disease. In this case the tattoo was a ____ for the Vibrio vulnificus bacterium causing the infection.
Portal entry
Mass transport of large particles, cells, and liquids by engulfment and vesicle formation
bulk transport (endocytosis)
Which of the following cell structures is specialized for transport of materials into and out of the cell?
cell membrane
The first three events of translation in the correct order are ______, _______, _______ followed by protein folding and processing
initiation, elongation, termination
What is NOT a type of RNA?
dRNA
The DNA of a chromosome is ______-stranded
double
The genetic material in bacteria is
double stranded DNA
____ are used to cultivate viruses in large quantities for vaccine and research studies
eggs
Each reaction in a metabolic pathway is catalyzed by a separate
enzyme
T/F:The newly synthesized strand of DNA has exactly the same base sequence as that of its template strand.
false
When the mRNA transcript is modified _____________ are excised out and _______________ are spliced back together to code for amino acids.
introns and exons
breaks lactose down into glucose and galactose
lactase
Carries the DNA master code to the ribosome
mRNA (messenger)
What is transcription?
mRNA copies DNA
The combination of all reactions (catabolic + anabolic) within a cell is termed _______
metabolism
______ are organisms that thrive in environments with a pH close to 7.
neutrophiles
The element ______ is represented by the letter N in CHONPS
nitrogen
What occurs first in transcription?
formation of a holoenzyme
Addition or deletion of bases that changes the reading of mRNA codons
frameshift mutation
The ____ is the sum total of genetic material in a cell
genome
The acquisition of chemical substances by organisms for the building of cellular components and processes is _______
nutrition
______ is the acquisition of chemical substances by organisms for use as an energy source or as building blocks of cellular structures.
nutrition
cannot grow without oxygen
obligate aerobe
A filamentous network of carbohydrate-rich molecules that coats cells
glycocalyx
______ is the multi-step energy-yielding conversion of glucose to pyruvic acid
glycolysis
molecule is moved across membrane and simultaneously converted to a metabolically useful substance
group translocation
Genetic inheritance
heredity
An organism which acquires energy by metabolizing the nutrients from other organisms is called a(n) _______
heterotroph
Which organism relies upon organic compounds for its carbon and energy needs?
heterotroph
When one bacterium donates DNA to another bacterium, a type of genetic recombination known as _________ has occurred.
horizontal gene transfer
A(n) ____ is a microorganism that thrives in any hypertonic medium.
osmophile
A(n) _______ is a microorganism that thrives in any hypertonic medium
osmophile
_____ is the diffusion of water across a selectively permeable membrane in the direction of lower water concentration
osmosis
hydrolyzes beta-lactam ring
penicillinase
A _____-troph is an organism that uses the sun's light to provide the chemical energy to produce sugar for cellular respiration.
photo
An autotrophic organism that utilizes the light for energy and carbon dioxide primarily as a carbon source is termed a ________.
photoautotroph
Any microbe that uses photosynthesis to feed is specifically referred to as a(n) _____.
phototroph
Any microbe that uses photosynthesis to feed is specifically referred to as a(n) _____.
phototroph, photoautotroph
During semiconservative ______ the DNA is duplicated prior to binary fission
replication
The enzymes responsible for building the DNA strand, proofreading newly produced DNA strands, and removing the RNA primer are DNA _____ I and III
polymerase
Forms the major part of a ribosome and participates in protein synthesis
rRNA (ribosomal)
DNA replication is said to be
semi-conservative
During ______ DNA replication, the newly made double helices are composed of one parent template and one newly synthesized strand
semiconservative
The product of one reaction may act as the _____ for the next reaction in a metabolic pathway
substrate
During the last steps of glycolysis, ATP is generated by __________ __________ phosphorylation.
substrate level
_____ is a close association between individuals from two species that may be helpful, harmful or neither to both members.
symbiosis
carries amino acids to the ribosome during translation
tRNA (transfer)
The speed and continuous movement of atoms and molecules is largely controlled by ______
temperature
Translation is characterized by
the blueprint of the RNA molecule used to bind amino acids together to form proteins.
Cell (tissue) culture is considered an *in _________ method to propagate virus.
vitro
DNA polymerases are responsible for
Building the DNA chain, Proofreading/repair
Function: Supercoiling
Gyrase
Means Salt
Halo-
Extreme heat; 80-100C
HyperThermophile
the process by which a cell makes an RNA copy of a piece of DNA.
Transcription
Means To live
-obe
Means To love
-phile
List the steps involved in viral replication or multiplication in order
1. Adsorption- attachment to cell surface 2. Penetration/ Uncoating- virus enters cells 3. Replication- copy viral genome within cell 4. Assembly- of new components 5. Maturation- put components into whole 6. Release- escape from host cell
What environmental factors control microbial growth?
1. Nutrients and Energy Sources 2. Ambient Temperature 3. Amount of Moisture 4. Presence or Absence of Gases 5. Presence or Absence of Light 6. Osmotic Pressure 7. pH 8. Other Organisms
How many RNA viruses?
13
In a chromosome, the DNA is composed of _____ strands
2
List the correct order of viral life cycle phases, placing the first phase at the top. A. Adsorption B. Release C. Synthesis D. Penetration/Uncoating E. Assembly
A. Adsorption D. Penetration/Uncoating C. Synthesis E. Assembly B. Release
At minimum, viruses are composed of which of the following? A. Capsid and nucleic acid B. Nucleic acid C. Capsid, nucleic acid, and lipid membrane D. RNA E. Lipid membrane F. Capsid
A. Capsid and nucleic acid
Translation is terminated when a stop codon is presented at the
A site
Which are the criteria used in classifying viruses into families A. Genetic makeup B. Geographic distribution C. Structure D. Pathogenic potential E. Chemical composition
A. Genetic Makeup C. Structure E. Chemical composition
Using laboratory animals for experimentation is considered which of the following? A. In vivo B. In vitro
A. In vivo
Which of the following relate to all viruses? A. Nucleic acid B. RNA C. Acellular D. Cellular E. DNA F. Capsid
A. Nucleic acid C. Acellular F. Capsid
Which of the following is performed viral protein that synthesizes DNA and RNA A. Polymerase B. Reverse transcriptase C. Protease
A. Polymerase
Which of the following is used to describe the phage DNA that is latently into the bacterial host genome? A. Prophage B. Persistent infection C. Temperate D. Bacteriophage E. Lysogenic
A. Prophage
What occurs in the last 3 steps of glycolysis?
ATP forms by substrate-level phosphorylation
As a general rule: ____ and _____ (rarely used) are start codons
AUG; GUG
What is the cytopathic effect?
Accumulated damage over time
Grow in acidic pools
Acidophiles
energy expenditure is required. Molecules need not exist in a gradient. Rate of transport is increased transport may occur against a concentration gradient.
Active Transport
What is a cellular transport system that requires cellular energy?
Active transport
A complex adjustment in biochemistry or genetics that allows microbes to survive in their environment is known as
Adaptation
Uracil, the nitrogenous base unique to RNA molecules, pairs with the nitrogenous base ______
Adenine
What nucleotides are classified as purines?
Adenine (A) Guanine (G)
Which viral stage occurs first? -Assembly -Uncoating -Synthesis -Penetration -Adsorption -Release
Adsorption
Means Air (O2)
Aero-
A microorganism that lives and grows in the presence of free gaseous oxygen
Aerobe
Describes organisms which can use oxygen in their cellular respiration pathways
Aerobic
Is the primary pathway used by heterotrophic microorganisms to obtain energy?
Aerobic respiration
Do not utilize oxygen gas but can survive and grid in its presence
Aerotolerant anaerobe
Grow in basic pools
Alkalinophiles
Viruses can infect what type of cells?
All types of cells
Pertaining to the altered activity of an enzyme due to the binding of a molecule to a region other than the enzyme's active site.
Allosteric inhibition
One microbe that causes an adverse effect in another microbe. Involves competition of some type where the are sharing space and nutrient sources
Amensalism (antagonism)
the opposite directions that the two strands of DNA run with respect to one another. In other words, one strand of DNA will run in a 5' to 3' direction while the other DNA strand will run in a 3' to 5' direction
Antiparallel arrangement
Means Self
Auto-
Derive their energy from one or two possible nonliving sources: sunlight and chemical reactions involving simple chemicals.
Autotroph
Which 3 of the following are usual choices for live anime inoculation with viruses? A. Cats B. Hamsters C. White mice D. Rats E. Dogs
B. Hamsters C. White mice D. Rats
Which of the following is considered an in vitro method for virus propagation? A. Bird eggs B. Tissue culture C. Animals
B. Tissue culture
Obligate intracellular parasites of _______, ________, _______, _______, ________, and ________.
Bacteria, Protozoa, fungi, algae, plants, and animals (All Types of Cells)
A virus that specifically infects bacteria
Bacteriophage
Describes organisms that exist at deep ocean depths
Basophiles
Used to describe the study of the mechanisms of cellular energy release, including catabolic and anabolic pathways
Bioenergetics
Focuses on the natural abilities of microbes
Biotechnology
The term "metabolism" includes which type(s) of cellular reactions?
Both anabolic and catabolic
The cause of viral infections remained unknown for many years longer than other types of infections due to which of the following reasons A. Scientists in the 1800s did not believe that unseen life existed B. Most viral infections mimicked other congenital diseases C. The techniques used to observe other pathogens were useless with viruses D. Viruses are not visualized by light microscopes
C. The techniques used to observe other pathogens were useless with viruses D. Viruses are not visualized by light microscope
When a virus enter through endocytosis and exits through exocytosis, it's effect on the cell causes what?
CPE (Cytopathic effects)
What are 2 types of accumulated damage?
Can cause cell to become multinucleate and cause inclusion bodies
Onco means?
Cancer
Grow best at higher CO2
Capnophiles
Name the parts of a virus and list their functions
Capsid (protein coating) and NA (DNA/RNA). Impact high specificity for attachment to host cells. They multiply by taking control of host cells genetic material and regulate the synthesis and assembly of new viruses.
The capsid is composed of protein subunits called
Capsomers
What is a capsid made of?
Capsomers
_____ are used as cellular energy sources because they are superior electron donors
Carbohydrates
Is produced by respiration and used in photosynthesis; is found in cell walls and skeletons; organic compounds are essential to the structure and function of all organisms and viruses.
Carbon (CO2)
Atoms or molecules are pumped into or out of the cell by specialized receptors; driven by ATP or other high-energy molecules.
Carrier/mediated active transport
Chemical that increase the rate of a chemical reaction without becoming part of it or being consumed
Catalysts
An organism that relies upon inorganic chemicals for its energy and carbon dioxide for its carbon; also called a chemolithotroph. Carbon source is CO2. Energy source is simple inorganic chemicals. Examples are some bacteria and archaea: methanogens and deep-sea vent bacteria
Chemoautotroph
Free living microbes that feed primarily on organic detritis released by dead organisms. Carbon source is organic carbon, energy source is metabolize the organic matter of dead organisms. Examples are fungi, bacteria, some protists.
Chemoheterotroph (saprobe)
Derive their organic nutrients from the bodies of living organisms. Carbon source is organic carbon. Energy source is obtain organic matter from living organisms. Examples are parasites, commensals, mutualistic microbes.
Chemohetertroph (symbiotic microbe)
In eukaryotic cells, what cellular structure is composed of a neatly packaged DNA molecule?
Chromosome
formalized pattern assumed by a tRNA molecule viewed in two dimensions that shows the regions of internal complementarity that allow the polynucleotide to fold back upon itself into base-paired double helices. The stem includes the acceptor stem at the 3'-end, which attaches the amino acid, and the non-complementary loops or ARMS include the anticodon arm, which hybridizes with the codon of an mRNA. In three dimensions the structure can be divided into two sections at a right angle to one another: a coaxial stack that includes the acceptor stem, and the remainder of the molecule, i.e. the common arm that is shared by the two sections.
Cloverleaf pattern
a sequence of three nucleotides which together form a unit of genetic code in a DNA or RNA molecule.
Codon
One member, commensal, receives benefits while the other is neither harmed nor benefited
Commensalism
The blockage of microbial growth through a metabolic analog drug that inserts on the active site of an essential metabolic enzyme and prevents further action of that enzyme
Competitive inhibition
What are two common modes of inhibition that regulate enzyme action
Competitive inhibition and allosteric inhibition
The standard arrangement of bases in nucleotides in relation to their opposite pairing
Complimentary base pairing
What term is used to specifically describe the type of viruses that infect bacteria? A. Archaea B. Viroid C. Prion D. Bacteriophage E. Plasmid
D. Bacteriophage
Which of the following receives their energy from the sun's light to generate a sugar source for cellular respiration? A. Chemotrophs B. Heterotrophs C. Lithotrophs D. Phototrophs
D. Phototrophs
Which of the following terms describes viruses in the carrier state within the host cells? A. Constant infections B. Persistent infections C. Chronic infections D. Transient infections
D. Transient infections
What is reversetrans?
DNA copies RNA
What is the flow of genetic information in a cell?
DNA encodes RNA which encodes protein
Nucleic acid of the viral genome is either what?
DNA or RNA
Synthesizes a strand of DNA using the complementary strand as a model
DNA polymerase
The enzyme that travels along the leading strand assembling new nucleotides on a growing new strand of DNA is
DNA polymerase
Function: Removing RNA primers, replacing gaps between Okazaki fragments with correct nucleotides, repairing mismatched bases
DNA polymerase I
Function: adding bases to the new DNA chain, proofreading the chain for mistakes
DNA polymerase III
The process of making identical copies of DNA before cell division
DNA replication
The flow of genetic information in a cell is a process starting with _____ which encodes _______ which encodes protein
DNA, RNA
Negative feedback is a process that _____ enzymes activity when a certain concentration of ______ is produced
Decreases; product
Break binds of larger molecules to smaller molecules to produce energy
Degradative reactions (catabolism)
The pentose sugar found in DNA is ________
Deoxyribose
Movement from an area of great concentration to an area of lesser concentration
Diffusion
A fundamental property of atoms and molecules that exist in a state of random motion
Diffusion and Osmosis
What is this? (Photo)
Enzyme characteristics
Action: Acts on the amino arginine
Enzyme: Arginase
Action: Hydrolyze protein needed for vesicle transport
Enzyme: Botulinum toxin
Action: breaks down hydrogen peroxide
Enzyme: Catalase
Action: Synthesis of DNA
Enzyme: DNA Polymerase
Action: Transfers phosphate to glucose
Enzyme: Hexokinase
Action: Reduces nitrate to nitrite
Enzyme: Nitrate reductase
Action: Adds electrons to oxygen
Enzyme: Oxidase
Action: Converts pyruvic acid to acetyl CoA and CO2
Enzyme: Pyruvate dehydrogenase
Action: Oxidizes succinate to fumarate in the Krebs cycle
Enzyme: Succinate dehydrogenase
Catalytic agent to facilitate reactions
Enzymes
What do viruses lack?
Enzymes for most metabolic processes and machinery for synthesizing proteins
Releases energy
Exergonic
The process that releases envelope viruses from the membrane of the host's cytoplasm
Exocytosis
Organism capable of living in harsh environments, such as extreme heat or cold
Extremophile
is a process that uses laboratory-based technologies to alter the DNA makeup of an organism
Genetic engineering
The science that studies inheritance of biological characteristics
Genetics
The complete set of chromosomes and genes in an organism is referred to as the _______
Genome
This term represents all the genetic information within a cell
Genome
Metabolic pathways begins with glucose and yields two pyruvates
Glycolysis
What are techniques in culturing animal viruses?
Greater control, uniformity, wide-scale harvesting
Genetic inheritance in microorganisms is best described by ____
Heredity
______ is another term for genetics- the study of inheritance in living things
Heredity
Means Other
Hetero-
May exist at several levels, such as primary (feeds on producers), and secondary (feeds on primary consumers)
Heterotroph
Water is the most abundant compound in cells and a solvent for metabolic reactions; H2, H2S, and CH4 gases are produced and used by bacteria and archaea; H+ ions are the basis for transfers of cellular energy and help maintain the pH of cells
Hydrogen (H2/H2O)
When a virus is injected and exits through lysis, it's effect on the cell causes what?
Immediate cell death
Molecules on virus surface _______ high specificity for attachment to host cells
Impact
Figure out the DNA replication
In notes (Ch. 9) When asking the leading strand going from 5' to 3' (Fig. Will look like the same strand) Giving the corresponding mRNA going from 5' to 3' (doing the same but changing the a to a u) Giving the corresponding tRNA go from 3' to 5' Be careful when it specifies DNA or RNA Remember to start with START in giving the amino acid sequence and that sequence is your ANSWER
Label each stage 1-4: 1. Lag phase 2. Exponential growth phase 3. Stationary phase 4. Death phase
In photos
Which Latin phrase describes the cultivation or testing "in glass" or outside of a living organism?
In vitro
Viruses have ______ macromolecules outside the host cell and _____ only inside host cells
Inactive; Active
During periods of nutrient abundance, some bacteria can compensate by storing nutrients as
Inclusion bodies
What DNA sequences are found within a gene but do not encode the protein specified by that gene?
Introns
_____ are DNA sequences found within a gene that do not encode the protein corresponding to the gene
Introns
Water concentration is equal inside and outside the cell
Isotonic
What is false regarding binary fission?
It leads to genetic variation
What does multinucleate mean?
It tried to go through mitosis and failed to separate
Catalyzes the conversion of pyruvic acid to lactic acid
Lactate dehydrogenase
a single DNA strand that, during DNA replication, is replicated in the 5′ - 3′ direction
Lagging strand
What is dormant/ sits still waiting to infect
Latent
A prophage is a/an _____ stage in the cycle of ____
Latent, bacterial viruses
The cell ____ is specialized to transport substances into and out of the cell.
Membrane
Opt. 20-40C; can grow 10-50C; most human pathogens are 30-40C (body temp is 37C)
Mesophile
Transcribed version of a structural gene or genes in DNA
Messenger RNA
The three types of RNA are _______ RNA, ______ RNA, and _______ RNA
Messenger, Transfer, Ribosomal
All chemical reactions and physical workings of the cell
Metabolism
Compounds given off by the complex networks of metabolism
Metabolites
Requires small amounts of O2
Microaerophile
When microbes are provided with nutrients and the required environment factors they become metabolically active and grow
Microbial growth
This cardinal temperature is the lowest temperature that permits a microbe's continued growth and metabolism
Minimum temperature
The location of the Krebs cycle enzymes in eukaryotic is in the ____ matrix, while in prokaryotes the enzymes are found in the _____
Mitochondria; cytoplasm
Have more than two nuclei
Multinucleated
Viruses_____ by taking control of host cells genetic material, ____ the synthesis and _____ new viruses
Multiply; regulate; assemble
Is available only to certain microbes that fix it into other inorganic nitrogen compounds- nitrates, nitrites, and ammonium- the primary sources of this for algae, plants, and the majority of bacteria; animals and Protozoa require organic nitrogen; all organisms use this to synthesize amino acids and Nucleic acids.
Nitrogen (NH)
What is a combination of capsid and Nucleic acid together
Nucleocapsid
What has the greatest impact on microbial adaptation
O2
What two gases influences microbial growth
O2 and CO2
Is required to replicate the lagging strand of DNA
Okazaki fragments, primase, DNA ligase
A close interaction in which one organism (the parasite) lived on or within another organism (the host), from which it obtains nutrients and receives protection. The parasite produces some degree of harm to the host.
Parasites
Interrelationship where host provides the microbe with nutrients/ habitat
Parasitism
energy expenditure by the cell is not required. Substances exist in a gradient and move from areas of lower concentration in the gradient
Passive Transport
Means "to eat"
Phage
Phosphate a key component of DNA and RNA, is critical to the genetic makeup of cells and viruses; also found in ATP and NAD, where it takes part in numerous metabolic reactions; it's presence in phospholipids provides stability to cell membranes
Phosphorus (PO43-)
Means Light
Photo-
An organism that utilizes light for its energy and carbon dioxide chiefly for its carbon needs. Carbon source is CO2. Energy source is sunlight. Examples are photosynthetic organisms: algae, plants Cyanobacteria
Photoautotroph
Uses light for energy but cannot use carbon dioxide as its sole carbon source and thus uses organic compounds from the environment.Carbon source is organic carbon. Energy source is sunlight or organic matter. Examples are purple and green photosynthetic bacteria.
Photoheterotroph
Extra pieces of DNA found in bacteria are called __________.
Plasmids
Mutations that involve the addition, deletion or substitution of one or a few bases are referred to as _____ mutations
Point
The transcription enzymes first attaches to the _____ of the gene
Promoter
Basic structure of a virus consists of _______ surrounding ______
Protein shell (capsid); nucleic acid core
A structural unit, a collection of one or more (non identical) protein subunits that together for the chemical building block of a larger assembly
Protomer
What are capsomers made of?
Protomers
Means Cold
Psychro-
Opt. Below 15C; can grow at 0C-20C
Psychrophile
The main enzyme responsible for transcription is
RNA polymerase
Consist of protein alone
Simple enzyme
What is retroviridae?
Single strange DNA copies double strand RNA
Short lengths of RNA called ____ have the ability to control the expression of certain genes
Small interfering RNA (siRNA)
What is a protomer?
Small proteins/Molecules
Located on the outer surface of a virus. It uses these to insert into its membrane.
Spikes
Term describes any close relationship between two organisms?
Symbiosis
To live together
Symbiosis or Coevolution
Any process that results in building cell molecules and structures
Synthetic reactions (anabolism and biosynthesis)
Communal feeding of organisms sharing a habitat. Products given off by one organism are usable by another for survival... both benefit. Ex. soil bacteria/plant roots
Syntrophy (synergism or crossfeeding)
This virus looks mechanical and it's legs are fibers
T-even Bacteriophage
When this happens 1 virus can make over 200 other viruses that leave and affect other cells
T-even Bacteriophage
What virus enters cell by injection, replicates, following weakened cells and they burst open and leave by lysis.
T-even bacteriophage
Means Heat
Thermo-
Opt. Above 45C; can grow 45-80C
Thermophile
What is common to replicase and reverse transcriptase?
They are preformed viral proteins
What nucleotides are classified as pyrimidine?
Thymine (T) Cytosine (C)
the process by which the information in a strand of DNA is copied into a new molecule of messenger RNA (mRNA).
Transcribe strand
The term _____, or codon, is a sequence of 3 nucleotides in DNA that encodes an amino acid
Triplet
This term, synonymous with codon, describes a trinucleotide sequence coding an amino acid in DNA
Triplet
three nucleotide bases (one codon) code for one amino acid.
Triplet code
Means food, nourishment
Troph-
Transcription is characterized by
a messenger RNA molecule synthesized from the DNA molecule in the nucleus.
In _______ transport, the cell supplies energy for compounds to move into or out of the cell
active
_____ is the act of successfully adjusting to a new environment
adaptation
Inoculation of _______ is an alternate method for viruses that do not grow in cultures.
animals
It is well known that ______ have no effect on treating viral infections
antibiotics
a sequence of three nucleotides forming a unit of genetic code in a transfer RNA molecule, corresponding to a complementary codon in messenger RNA.
anticodon
Result from exposure to known mutagens, which are primarily physical or chemical agents that damage DNA
induced mutation
The Krebs cycle occurs in the _____ of eukaryotic cells and the _____ of Bacteria
mitochondrion, cytoplasm
Typically, each reaction (step) in a metabolic pathway will require
one enzyme
What is the causative agent of Mad Cow Disease?
prions
By the end of glycolysis, glucose is converted into 2,3-carbon _____ _____ molecules.
pyruvic acid
the process that takes the information passed from DNA as messenger RNA and turns it into a series of amino acids bound together with peptide bonds.
translation