Exam 2
Be familiar with the injury statistics for youth sport and high school sports (estimated number of injuries, hospitalizations and concussions). (lecture)
- 1.35 million a year that require ER visits - most in 12-15 year olds - high school sports has 2 million injuries (500,000 doctor visits and 30,000 hospitalizations) annualy
Be generally familiar with which college sports have relatively high injury rates and the approximate rates of acute versus overuse injuries. (lecture)
- About 500,000 NCAA athletes reporting 200,000 injuries a year -Football is most injuries, but wrestling and women's gymnastics per capita -30% due to overuse, female are more likely to suffer overuse
Jack Johnson
- African-American heavyweight boxing champion in early 1900s - Jim Jeffries, the white champion, refused to fight Johnson and chose to retire instead - Next champion also refused to fight Johnson, but Johnson eventually shamed him into a fight - Jeffries comes out of retirement to fight Johnson. Jeffries is labeled the Great White Hope and the fight was known as the Fight of the Century. Johnson easily defeats Jeffries in Reno
Althea Gibson
- American tennis player and professional golfer - One of the first black female athletes to cross the color line of international tennis - First african american to win a grand slam title in 1956 - Like Jim Thorpe, story was lost and discarded after her role as an athlete disappeared and was never fully accepted by society
Know about the Goldman dilemma discussed in the Pisk reading
- Are athletes really so focused on being "good" and "brave" that they are willing to give up a part or most of their lives in order to be this good - Asked athletes: "If I had a magic drug that was so fantastic that if you took it once you would win every competition you would enter, from the Olympic decathlon to the Mr. Universe, for the next five years, but it had one minor drawback - it would kill you five years after you took it - would you still take the drug?" -52% said yes
Be familiar with any data included in December 8 lecture about athlete deaths.
- As we know, sporting events in previous eras had a higher risk of death than modern sports - Through relatively rare to die during or immediately after completion due to injury, there are still a number of athletes who died during their career - Dwayne Haskins has now joined about 80 NFL players who died before career ended (16 in military who died in action) - Mostly non-competition, but a couple of player illnesses have inspired major motion pictures including Ernie Davis and Brian Piccolo - 12 NBA players (only 2 competition-related including Reggie Lewis) and over 100 male college players (very few competition related, but famously Hank Gathers from Loyola)
Be familiar with various current women's professional leagues in North America including when they began and how long in existence. (lecture and textbook)
- Baseball (A league of their own) - Basketball (WNBA 1997-present) - Golf (since 1950) - Soccer (currently NWSL- 3 different leagues off and on since 2001 in US, growing presence in European leagues) - Softball (70s, reborn in 1997) - Tennis (WTA since 1973 as a separate entity) - Ice Hockey (2007-present in Canada, 2017-present in US) - Opportunities in horse racing and motorsports
University of Michigan varsity jacket scandal
- Block M letterman jacket wasn't given to women at first - first women to receive it: Cheryl Szady - Nearly 700 women who played a varsity sport at U-M between 1973 and 1991 have received brand new varsity letter jackets in 2016
Be familiar with the structural strain theory posited by Merton and how it can be applied to sports. (lecture)
- Culture provides goals for members of society - Structure provides (or fails to provide) the means to attain the goals - IF goals and means are not in balance, a strain is created -> behavior viewed as unacceptable or inappropriate by some members of society - Five possible ways to adapt: conformity; innovation; ritualism (same means, change goals); retreatism; rebellion
Know about the general features of the "death boost" in Parsons and Stern
- Death boosts someones time on earth and is used as a way to remember and their accomplishments - Parsons and Stern: When a player dies, that draws attention to him, and also sympathy
Be familiar with the sport associated with the scandal or set of scandals highlighted by John Oliver during lecture.
- FIFA, highly ranked officials arrested - Take bribes for World Cup and all split the money so there is no incentive to vote him out
Title IX
- Fostered major changes in sport participation opportunities available to girls and women - Evoke continuous resistance since it became law in 1972 - Is a portion of the Education Amendments of 1972 designed as an update to the Civil Rights Act of 1964 - "No person in the US shall, on the basis of sex, be excluded from participation in, be denied the benefits of, or be subjected to discrimination under any educational program or activity receiving federal financial assistance"
Jim Thorpe
- Multi-sport athlete (football, basketball, track+field) - Native American - World's Greatest Athlete of the 20th Century - Tried to sell the idea of being a Native American after his place in society is lost when he is done as an athlete
Recognize how Taylorism (scientific management) pertains to sport (lecture)
- Originally a way of thinking about workplace (especially factories/manufacturing) - Attempt to promote maximum efficiency through close measurement of production - Consider Taylorism (scientific management) as applied to scouting and identifying players (as seen in movie Moneyball)
Be familiar with the themes and topics of the TED Talk videos shown in lecture featuring Matt Roth and David Epstein
- Overuse injuries - Spread awareness that youth athletes can't (mean can??) suffer overuse injuries before 14 - Turf, technique, equipment, specializing in bodies
Jesse Owens Search of the Racially "Natural Athlete"
- Search of the Racially "Natural Athlete" - Jesse Owens' success in track and especially the 1936 Olympics heightened efforts to find racial explanations for athletic success in an age of eugenics - There is no evidence showing that skin color is related to physical traits that are essential for athletic excellence across sports or in any particular sport
From lecture, be able to relate Foucault's ideas about surveillance and panopticism to sports and also be familiar with the some of the effects of surveillance upon the bodies who are being watched.
- Surveillance is a key aspect to modern sport - Serves as a reminder someone is watching you. Makes you self-regulate and act different as if a coach is watching applies to sport: Environment for training - Drills often under surveillance or self-surveillance - Fitness and body regulation
Be familiar with the general trends regarding leadership opportunities in sports for African-Americans and women especially in college including specific information about this year's men's and women's March Madness tournament (lecture)
- Sweet 16 Coaches - Men's 5 out of 16 head coaches are black - Three in 2021 and in the five years before that, never more than 2 - Sweet 16 Coaches - Women's 1 out of 16 - Three black female coaches in 2021 - Nine out of 16 teams coached by women (10 women in 2021)
Harlem Globetrotters
- The Globetrotters were a reflection of American ideas about race relations in the early to mid 20th century - race/ethnic team formation - The role of humor - Victory over (white) professional league champs comparable with Billie Jean King's victory over Bobby Riggs - Note: the Trotters' approach was not a direct challenge to racial ideology - Reflections of American ideas about Race Relations - The Globetrotters created a new way to play basketball and the entertainment to playing with these guys - Gave many white Americans the first experience with Black Americans - The globetrotters used entertainment as a way to attract viewers
Be familiar with the Nika Riots—what were they, what sporting event are they related to and how significant were they (lecture)
- The nika riots was a revolt against Emperor Justinian - Fan rioting is very old phenomenon - Nika riots in 532 AD in Constantinople - riot after the chariot races, 30,000 people were killed
Be familiar with the history of helmets in sports and when different sports mandated their use (lecture)
- The use of helmets in football, baseball and hockey took years to emerge - College football required helmets starting in 1939 and professional football followed in 1943 - Batting helmets in major league baseball did not start until 1941, but it was not mandated until 1958 - Hockey helmets are not mandatory until 1979 and even then players who were already in the league were not required to wear them Helmets in Auto Racing - Auto racing - initially cloth or leather with goggles in early 1900s - Development of harder (metal) helmets in 1950s - Formula one mandates hard helmets in 1950s - NASCAR mandates in 2001 after death of Dale Earnheart
Be familiar with the Schneider-Eitzen theory about illegitimate violence in sport (lecture)
- can be predicted by the structure of the sport - lower scoring = more violence - more body contact and retaliation leads to less illegitimate violence
Be generally familiar with the tenets of colorblind racism and some of its tenets and frames (lecture and Bimper)
- color blindness is a concept describing the idea of a society where racial classifications do not limit a person's opportunities based on their race, or color, as well as race-neutral governmental policies that reject discrimination in any form, and said to promote the goal of racial equality - it becomes an issue when people are so focused on erasing the concept of race that they fail to acknowledge the struggles that a lot of minorities have faced due to their identity, resulting in racism -In sport, still relevant because people see certain sports or athletic abilities as "black dominated" such as dunking in basketball
Be generally familiar with the data regarding how the arrest rates of NFL players compare with the national average for men 25-29 (lecture and Diamond)
-Football players accounted for the majority of arrests. Of course, football rosters are the largest, but the numbers are still disproportionate Diamond Article - Should not focus on arrest rates versus peers as this disregards the effect of income and available resources to avoid arrest - Domestic violence accounts for almost half of arrests for violent crimes among NFL players which leads to a conclusion that NFL players are four times more likely to be arrested for domestic abuse than expected
Know about the history of performance enhancing substances, including steroids, and some of the side effects presented in lecture and also be familiar with Toradol (ketorolac) which is discussed in Easterbrook.
-Started in 1910 - high rates for endurance sports, weightlifting, boxing, baseball. People see benefits but bad side effects (blood pressure, cholesterol, liver, skin/hair, mood and mindset, behavior). - Toradol used to numb players before going on the field. Easterbrook- Painkillers - Societal problem - more deaths due to opioid overdose about 17K in 2011 than heroin and cocaine overdoses about 7K. About 79M pills prescribed in 1991, in 1022 219M -Overdose deaths were about 50k in 2015. Heroin up 23%. Prescription opioid overdose up about 4%. Synthetic option (fentanyl) up 73% -Adderall prescribed for ADHD is chemically similar to ampahetmefimes and was used by players until banned in 2011 - Local anesthetic is administered to numb pain -Toradol (ketorolac) is anti inflammatory used to preemptively reduce sensitivity to pain with no symptoms
Know the norms of the sport ethic (Coakley reading and lecture)
1. Athlete makes sacrifices for the game 2. Athlete strives for distinction 3. Athlete accepts risk and strives through pain 4. Athlete accepts no limits in the pursuit of possibilities
Be able to briefly discuss the NFL concussion timeline presented in lecture notes and can be supplemented at PBS. In general, are the number of concussions in the NFL rising or falling when we consider the game and practice data? Also be familiar with the recent development regarding how former players are tested for eligibility.
1944- mild traumatic brain injury (MTBI) committee formed Oct 1999- Mike Webster deemed permanently disabled from head injuries in football Dec 1999- Average of 180 concussions a year (mostly minor) Oct 2002- Mike Webster dies because of CTE (repeated head trauma) Nov 2003- research that repeat concussions can lead to slowed brain function Late 2009- former players are 19 times more likely to get dementia than general public (challenged by MTBI) 2010- NFL gives $30 mil for brain trauma research 2011- Class Action Lawsuit from Ray Easterling (and 4,500 others) Dave Duerson shot himself in chest for suicide to preserve his brain 2012- 14% increase in concussions, Easterling and Seau suicide 2013- NFL announced concussion safety measures and settles lawsuit with retired players by paying $765 million 2017- recent drop in concussions
Be familiar with the approximate percentage of D1 schools that currently have at least one sports program on probation (lecture)
32 of the approximately 350 (13%) D1 schools currently have at least one of its sport programs currently on probation including 15 of the 130 FBS (upper part of D1) schools
Be generally familiar with the timeline for increased female sport participation and the reasons behind the increase. (lecture)
A limited number of women's events added in 1900 and after slow steady climb women accounted for about 45% of athletes at past 2 summer games and a little over 40% in past 2 winter olympics Increased b/c of Title IX, efforts to bring about gender equity, more opportunities
Be familiar with the definitions of aggression and violence (lecture-similar to textbook)
Aggression - Verbal or physical actions grounded in an intent to dominate, control, or do harm to another person - Aggression is not the same as trying hard or being assertive and achievement oriented - Intimidation refers to words, gestures, and actions that threaten violence or aggression Violence - The use of excessive physical force, which causes or has obvious potential to cause harm or destruction
Be able to discuss how fair play and sporting behavior is an ideal associated with social class (lecture)
Guttmann - cricket vs. baseball Fair play is class ideal. The ruling class makes the rules and these are relatively unchallenged in cricket, but in baseball there are many instances of cheating Bourdieu - fair play is characteristic of those who do not get so carried away by the game as to forget that it is a game
Be familiar with labeling theory and stigma (lecture)
Interactionist Theory of Deviance - Labeling Theory Labeling theory - no act is inherently deviant. Norms and rules are created by those in power and violations of rules and norms may be labeled as such which preserves the structure of relationships Stigma - Once labeled as deviant, the negative view will often continue. Can become part of identity (The Bad Boys)
Be familiar with the general timeline of the desegregation of professional sports as well as the approximate timing of the first black head coaches in pro sports after desegregation (lecture)
LA Rams (NFL)- 1946 Jackie Robinson (MLB)- 1947 Earle Lloyd, Sweetwater Clifton, Chuck Cooper (NBA)- 1950 Willie O'Ree (NHL)-1957 Position Stacking: racial segregation by position, which is based on a player's perceived athleticism or intellectual decision-making ability
Be familiar with the concepts of massification and commodification from the Eitzen article on ethical principles. Also know the four ethical principles that Eitzen says are necessary for an ethical sporting environment
Massification: Transformed social relations in society resulting from a more specialized division of labor, large-scale commodity production and consumption, the widespread use of technology to increase industrial and administrative efficiency, and an increasingly authoritarian state Commodification: Social, psychological, and cultural uses of social structures for the commercial needs of advanced capital 4 principles Eitzen says are necessary for an ethical sporting environment: 1. Athletes must always be considered ends and not means. 2. The competition must be fair. 3. Participation, leadership, resources, and rewards must be based on achievement rather than ascribed characteristics. 4. The activity must provide for the relative safety of the participants.
Be familiar with the relationship between overconformity to the sport ethic and hubris (Coakley reading and lecture) and be able to discuss the differences between deviance related to overconformity compared to deviance that is related to underconformity.
Much of the deviance we see in sports results from overconformity to sport ethic Hubris: pride-driven arrogance and an inflated sense of self-importance that leads one to feel separate from and superior to others
Know the sports that have the highest percentage of positive drug tests (lecture)
Sports with highest rates of positive tests: cycling, weight lifting, boxing, triathlon, baseball
Title IX 3 tests/standards to establish compliance,
The proportionality test - A five percentage point deviation has been okay (if there are 5% more females/males participating, that's ok) The history of progress test - Judged by actions and progress over past three years The accommodation of interest test - Programs and teams meet the interests and abilities of the underrepresented sex
Be familiar with the idea of conspicuous consumption, what it means, and who developed the idea (lecture and textbook)
Thorstein Veblen- Buying items in order to look like you are apart of a higher social class, in sports it is playing sports that give you a higher status, outward expression of social class
Be able to identify at least a few significant sport scandals both historically and in recent years.
Tonya Harding/Nancy Kerrigan, Penn State Sandusky coverup, New Orleans Saints bounty (paying players to injure players on other team), UNC academic fraud, Roy Jones 1988 Olympics boxing judging scandal (lost very controversial match that pretty clear that won)
Title IX: Ways universities tried to get around it
Using loopholes to get around the law - Claiming an indoor track team even though they never competed indoors -Undercounting male athletes and overcounting females (Oregon State Track) - Counting non-existent female athletes on women's crew (USC and Univ of Washington) - Providing less equipment to women's teams
Be familiar with the definition of hegemonic masculinity (lecture)
What: The ideas about masculinity that have become so dominant within a society that they are rarely questioned why this is the way that it is Why is it more important in sport: looking at the relative small number of male athletes who are willing to be something other than straight so it tells us that there is something holding these players back Unrelated class ideas: heroic vs aesthetic, cult of manliness in 1980s and muscular christianty
